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This review deals with the current research on wind-tree interaction, focusing on methods and technologies applied on tree monitoring. 101 studies were included and classified according to the different biomechanical approach used, dividing them according to methods and technologies applied. The studies were selected following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement. A great variety of sensors and testing protocols have been used in the last 30 years, and several new technologies have been proposed and tested especially in the last five years, considerably expanding the available systems for the study of wind-tree interaction. The most modern technologies are based on smart sensing technologies and on developing real-time monitoring and alarm systems, understanding and forecasting the interaction between windstorms and trees, then preventing wind damage to human beings. The works based on actual field observation of the tree's response to wind appears to provide the most reliable comprehension of the wind-tree interaction phenomena, especially when wind data monitoring is included. Main outcomes shows that the choice of specific methods and sensors are, in a qualitative form, strongly dependent to the purpose of the study. An important result is the total absence of any clear standard procedures provided for these applications. Comparative analyses involving multiple sensors simultaneously applied could be encouraged to shed light about requirements on measuring systems and consequent signal processing in order to define standardised procedures to be used for each given procedure. • Wind-tree interaction is progressively being more researched in the last 30 years. • Which monitoring systems and how they should be used for given aim is unclear. • No standardized protocols and lacks on wind monitoring requirements has been found. • Smart sensing technologies are becoming increasingly included in monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze applications of biform games to linear production (LP) and sequencing processes. Biform games apply to problems in which strategic decisions are followed by some cooperative game, where the specific environment of the cooperative game is in turn determined by these strategic decisions. In biform LP-processes, we allow firms to compete for resources, rather than assuming the resource bundles are simply given. With strategy dependent resource bundles that can be obtained from two locations, we show that the induced strategic game has a (pure) Nash equilibrium, using the Owen set or any game-theoretic solution concept that satisfies anonymity to solve the cooperative LP-game. In biform sequencing processes, we no longer assume an initial processing order is given. Instead, this initial order is strategically determined. Solving the second-stage cooperative sequencing game using a gain splitting rule, we fully determine the set of Nash equilibria of the induced strategic game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we perform the joint study of scale-invariant operators and self-similar processes of complex order. More precisely, we introduce general families of scale-invariant complex-order fractional-derivation and integration operators by constructing them in the Fourier domain. We analyze these operators in detail, with special emphasis on the decay properties of their output. We further use them to introduce a family of complex-valued stable processes that are self-similar with complex-valued Hurst exponents. These random processes are expressed via their characteristic functionals over the Schwartz space of functions. They are therefore defined as generalized random processes in the sense of Gel'fand. Beside their self-similarity and stationarity, we study the Sobolev regularity of the proposed random processes. Our work illustrates the strong connection between scale-invariant operators and self-similar processes, with the construction of adequate complex-order scale-invariant integration operators being preparatory to the construction of the random processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a high-resolution machine learning based surrogate model to identify a robust land-use future for Australia which meets multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals. We compared machine learning models with different architectures to pick the best performing model considering the data type, accuracy metrics, ability to handle uncertainty and computational overhead requirement. The surrogate model, called ML-LUTO Spatial , was trained on the Land-Use Trade-Offs (version 1.0) model of Australian agricultural land system sustainability. Using the surrogate model, we generated projections of land-use futures at 1.1 km resolution with 95% classification accuracy, and which far surpassed the computational benchmarks of the original model. This efficiency enabled the generation of numerous SDG-compliant (SDGs 2, 6, 7, 13, 15) future land-use maps on a standard laptop, a task previously dependent upon high-performance computing clusters. Combining these projections, we derived a single, robust land-use future and quantified the uncertainty. Our findings indicate that while agricultural land-use remains dominant in all Australian regions, extensive carbon plantings were identified in Queensland and environmental plantings played a role across the study area, reflecting a growing urgency for offsetting greenhouse gas emissions and the restoration of ecosystems to support biodiversity across Australia to meet the 2050 Sustainable Development Goals. • ML-LUTO-Spatial machine learning surrogate model of Land-Use Trade-Offs model. • Able to produce future land-use projections with 95% accuracy. • Quick to train and test with basic laptop computer to help decision support. • Robust land-use pathways produced for Australia for meeting SDG targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circadian system consists of individual cellular clocks. It organizes and synchronizes biochemical and physiological processes in order to optimally adapt an organism to its environment. This requires that the circadian system is responsive to environmental cues, which contain information about geophysical time (e.g., light), and allows an organism to predict daily recurring events. However, the system needs to be responsive to unpredictable cues (e.g., predators, stress) as well, which makes it vulnerable in its task to synchronize body functions on a 24-h time scale. If unpredictable signals occur only occasionally, this will have a minor effect on the clock system. Conversely, stress signals that occur more frequently will desynchronize the various cellular and tissue clocks in the body. This will result in biochemical and physiological disorder and as a consequence will lead to various diseases including neurological and mood disorders. In this review, I will describe molecular mechanisms that have been associated with the circadian clock and mood-related behaviors. Image 1 • Clock genes regulate transcription of enzymes important for dopamine metabolism. • The HPA axis, the clock, and mood regulation influence each other. • Light affects the HPA axis, the clock, and mood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper we study the multiplicative function ρ k , λ (n) that counts the number of solutions of the equation x 1 2 + ⋯ + x k 2 ≡ λ (mod n) in (Z / n Z) k. In particular we give closed explicit formulas for ρ k , λ (p s). This leads to an algorithm with an arithmetic complexity of constant order that improves previous work by Tóth [10] and completes the quadratic case considered by Li and Ouyang in [8]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Following outbreaks of feed and food adulterations with a melamine and cyanuric acid mixture in 2007 and melamine in 2008 respectively, the kinetics and toxicodynamics of the mixture have been investigated particularly in sensitive species such as the rainbow trout. Tissue concentrations and intensity of the adverse effect, melamine-cyanurate crystal formation in kidney, were reported in similar experimental conditions. Here, a recent PBTK model for rainbow trout has been applied to model the kinetics of both single compounds based on residue levels in tissues. Both PBTK models for the single compounds were combined and a model of crystal formation for the mixture melamine-cyanuric acid was also added to predict the intensity of crystal formation under the assumptions that crystals formed either in urine or in kidney tissue. Modelling the kinetics of melamine and cyanuric acid provided a better understanding and prediction of intensity of crystal formation in case of sequential exposures with varying intensity or co-exposure. This study demonstrates, for the first time, how fish PBTK models can play a key role in the understanding and prediction of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of mixtures. This study also illustrates how adverse effects may potentially occur even when the compounds are not administered together as a mixture. Highlights • Formation of melamine cyanurate crystals was modelled as a first order process. • A toxicodynamic component was added to a toxicokinetic model in fish. • Intensity in case of sequential exposure depends on single compound toxicokinetics. • Lack of data on chemical-specific excretion in fish hinders model development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust and efficient automatic model order reduction is important in the design process of vibro-acoustic structures. For correct assessment of the reduction error without requiring the solution of the full order model, reliable error estimation techniques are required. Such error estimators can be used in iterative algorithms to automatically determine a reasonable order and expansion point distribution for reduced-order models. An accurate estimation of the approximation error is important in order to design an efficient adaptive model order reduction process requiring as little a priori knowledge of the system response as possible. In this contribution, different techniques for estimating the approximation error of reduced-order models are compared and employed in adaptive algorithms aiming at generating reduced-order models of vibro-acoustic systems. For many applications, vibro-acoustic systems need to be evaluated in a specific frequency range, as certain system characteristics are only observed in this region. Therefore, the employed error estimation methods are assessed regarding their effectiveness estimating the error in a particular frequency region. • We compare methods for estimating the approximation error of reduced-order models. • They are employed in a greedy algorithm to find locations for expansion points. • We show strategies to reduce the number of required error estimator evaluations. • We present an IRKA-like algorithm computing a reasonable size for a reduced model. • Its computational cost is reduced by employing reduced models of intermediate size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to the recent advances in digital vision systems, a question might arise about where the full-field optical and contactless methods can bring modern design procedures. An answer lies on the methodologically detailed comparison of the results, processed from different full-field optical techniques, in exploring consistent and high-resolution maps of rotational and strain FRFs that is done through this paper. Great exertions were first put in thoroughly testing a thin aluminium plate, in its real dynamics as a lightweight structure with broad frequency band dynamics and high modal density, in a unique comparative set-up, to obtain Receptance FRF maps of displacements-over-force by means of 3 different full-field optical techniques (SLDV, DIC, ESPI). There resulted superior quality Receptance maps in a broad and dense frequency domain, with high-resolution and continuity-wise consistent mapping at each frequency line. This paper exploits the here detailed robust numerical differentiation and signal processing in order to calculate the Impedance -based models of rotational and strain FRFs. Especially for DIC and for ESPI, both rarely used on many frequency lines, the fully populated FRFs for rotations and strains are a clear novelty, with rotational Coherence functions as added quality assessment features. The systematic comparison of the results obtained in the same location of the sample, by means of spatial and frequency domain metrics, is possible because of the proposed pointwise procedure, permitting the first numerical matching assessment of the 3 optical technologies on these awaited experiment-based quantities, as the full-field rotational and strain FRFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A Stroop-like letter order judgment task was used to study ordinal processing. • Experiment 1 and 2 both revealed interaction between letter order and physical size. • Facilitation effect found in alphabetical sequences with earlier letters in larger size. • Findings suggests earlier rank may be represented as "more" in magnitude code. Processing ordinal information is an important aspect of cognitive ability, yet the nature of such ordinal representations remains largely unclear. Previously, it has been suggested that ordinal position is coded as magnitude, but this claim has not yet received direct empirical support. This study examined the nature of ordinal representations using a Stroop-like letter order judgment task. If ordinal position is coded as magnitude, then letter ordering and font size should interact. Experiments 1 and 2 identified a significant interaction between letter size and ordering. Specifically, a facilitation effect was observed for alphabetically ordered sequences with decreasing font size (e.g., ▪). This suggests an overlap in the mechanisms for order and magnitude processing. The finding also suggests that earlier ranks may be represented as "more" in such a magnitude-based code, and vice versa for later ranks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A subfamily G ⊆ F ⊆ 2 [ n ] of sets is a non-induced (weak) copy of a poset P in F if there exists a bijection i : P → G such that p ≤ P q implies i (p) ⊆ i (q). In the case where in addition p ≤ P q holds if and only if i (p) ⊆ i (q) , then G is an induced (strong) copy of P in F. We consider the minimum number sat (n , P) [resp. sat ⁎ (n , P) ] of sets that a family F ⊆ 2 [ n ] can have without containing a non-induced [induced] copy of P and being maximal with respect to this property, i.e., the addition of any G ∈ 2 [ n ] ∖ F creates a non-induced [induced] copy of P. We prove for any finite poset P that sat (n , P) ≤ 2 | P | − 2 , a bound independent of the size n of the ground set. For induced copies of P , there is a dichotomy: for any poset P either sat ⁎ (n , P) ≤ K P for some constant depending only on P or sat ⁎ (n , P) ≥ log 2 ⁡ n. We classify several posets according to this dichotomy, and also show better upper and lower bounds on sat (n , P) and sat ⁎ (n , P) for specific classes of posets. Our main new tool is a special ordering of the sets based on the colexicographic order. It turns out that if P is given, processing the sets in this order and adding the sets greedily into our family whenever this does not ruin non-induced [induced] P -freeness, we tend to get a small size non-induced [induced] P -saturating family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, research has reported that items at the beginning of a memorized sequence are responded to faster with the left hand, whereas items at the end are responded to faster with the right hand. This Spatial-Positional Associations of Response Codes effect has been extensively studied using behavioral methods. However, the neural networks underlying it remain unclear. We found using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that the dorsal attention network was involved in spatial-positional associations, in particular a region of the right superior frontal cortex / pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), within which neural activity correlated with behavioral measures of the strength of spatial-positional associations. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis revealed functional connectivity between this area and other regions of the dorsal attentional network including the SMA, and with the hippocampal-retrosplenial network. In contrast, explicit processing of serial order independent of spatial-positional associations was related to activity in the inferior parietal cortex. Our results provide new insight into positional coding theories of working memory, including the mental whiteboard hypothesis. They suggest that the behavioral effects of positional coding (congruency between hand and ordinal position within the list) are mediated through spatial and motor control maps in the dorsal attentional system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Armillaria mellea and A. solidipes are two of the primary causal agents of Armillaria root rot (ARR) in over 500 woody hosts. Although extensive research on this disease has been conducted over the past few decades, finding controls for ARR has been challenging. This is largely due to the lack of knowledge of the fungal infection and host response processes. It is important to understand the infection process in order to develop new strategies to control the disease. In this review, the initial steps of the infection process of A. mellea and A. solidipes are discussed, with focus on fungal attachment and penetration. A mucilaginous substance produced at the rhizomorph tip is thought to aid attachment of the pathogen to host. Toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes produced by the fungus together with mechanical pressure generated by the rhizomorph is speculated to support fungal penetration. However, a detailed description of the Armillaria spp. infection process is lacking in the literature, and this illustrates the need for further studies. • Lack of knowledge of Armillaria infection process in the literature. • Mucilaginous substance produced at the rhizomorph tip may aid attachment. • Fungal toxins, cell wall degrading enzymes, and mechanical pressure speculated to support fungal penetration. • Further research regarding modes of penetration either individually or together is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Order processing skills relate strongly to math ability in middle childhood. • Order processing tasks do not all tap the same ordering skill. • Number ordering mediates the link between magnitude comparison and math. • Order WM and number line estimation mediate the link between math and reading. This study investigated whether different types of ordering skills were related to mathematics achievement in children (n = 100) in middle childhood, after the effects of age, socio-economic status, IQ, and processing speed were taken into account. The relations between ordering skills and magnitude processing were also investigated, as well as the possibility that some of the shared variance between math and reading is explained by ordering abilities. The ordering tasks included the ordering of familiar numerical and non-numerical sequences, a parental report of children's everyday ordering skills, and an order working memory task. Three magnitude processing tasks (symbolic and non-symbolic comparison and number line estimation), were also administered, as well as measures of inhibition and spatial working memory. From this set of measures, number ordering, order working memory and number line estimation emerged as the most important predictors of mathematics skills. We found that number ordering mediated the effect of both symbolic and non-symbolic comparison skills on mathematics, further confirming that this task captures some essential skills related to mathematics. Additionally, order working memory mediated the effect of both number comparison and reading skills on math. Finally, whereas non-symbolic comparison and number line estimation are considered important indicators of magnitude processing skills, there was no relationship between these abilities, but there was a correlation between each of these abilities and reading skills, with number line estimation also mediating the effect of reading skills on math. These novel findings could contribute to a better understanding of the basic processes underlying math ability, and why math and reading are strongly related in typical populations and in children with learning difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryo-EM Single Particle Analysis workflows require tens of thousands of high-quality particle projections to unveil the three-dimensional structure of macromolecules. Conventional methods for automatic particle picking tend to suffer from high false-positive rates, hampering the reconstruction process. One common cause of this problem is the presence of carbon and different types of high-contrast contaminations. In order to overcome this limitation, we have developed MicrographCleaner, a deep learning package designed to discriminate, in an automated fashion, between regions of micrographs which are suitable for particle picking, and those which are not. MicrographCleaner implements a U-net-like deep learning model trained on a manually curated dataset compiled from over five hundred micrographs. The benchmarking, carried out on approximately one hundred independent micrographs, shows that MicrographCleaner is a very efficient approach for micrograph preprocessing. MicrographCleaner (micrograph_cleaner_em) package is available at PyPI and Anaconda Cloud and also as a Scipion/Xmipp protocol. Source code is available at https://github.com/rsanchezgarc/micrograph_cleaner_em. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the computational efficiency of vibration characteristics and reliability analysis for a detailed numerical model of the mistuned turbine bladed disk, a new methodology called extremum response surface method-based improved substructural component modal synthesis (ERSM-ISCMS) is proposed by combining the ISCMS and ERSM. First, the degrees of freedom of the detailed finite element model for the numerical mistuned turbine bladed disk are decreased by ISCMS, which is called as reduced-order model. Compared with high fidelity finite element model, the time saving ratio and the computational accuracy of the first 40 order frequencies are, respectively, 36.37% and 99.99%~99.86% obtained by ISCMS under the same working environment, which can satisfy the engineering requirements. Then, the ERSM is applied to analyze the dynamic probability of the maximum vibration response for the numerical mistuned turbine bladed disk. The investigation indicates that the computational efficiency of ERSM is higher 38.92% than that of traditional RSM in the same computer and the same reduced-order model. Thus, the ERSM-ISCMS is a more effective method to investigate dynamic probabilistic analysis of the mistuned turbine bladed disk, it benefits for the complex structures and develops the theory method for the mechanical reliability design. • The ISCMS method is proposed. • Computational efficiency of deterministic analysis is increased. • The ERSM is proposed and computational efficiency of nondeterministic analysis is increased. • The ISCMS-ERSM is presented to investigate mistuned turbine bladed disk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reading engagement directly predicts reading comprehension growth across school year. • Executive functioning directly and indirectly predicts reading comprehension growth. • Strategy use partly mediates executive functioning-reading comprehension relations. • Above findings consistent for Dual Language Learners and English Monolinguals. Given concerns about the reading achievement of Dual Language Learners (DLLs) in comparison to English Monolinguals (EMs), this study examined individual difference variables contributing to English reading comprehension growth in Spanish-speaking DLLs and their EM counterparts in Grades 1–4. The participants, who included 578 DLLs and 412 EMs, were primarily from low-income backgrounds. They were assessed in the fall and spring of one school year on decoding, vocabulary, and oral language comprehension (established predictors of reading comprehension for DLLs and EMs); higher order strategic processes, executive functions, and reading engagement (understudied predictors for DLLs); and reading comprehension. Among the key findings were that each of the three understudied predictors was associated with reading comprehension growth over the school year, over and above the contributions of the established predictors, in both language groups. Additionally, higher order strategic processes partially mediated the relations of executive functioning in the fall with reading comprehension in the spring for both DLLs and EMs. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings for understanding and strengthening the reading achievement of all students are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, some stable and efficient numerical methods are developed for two-dimensional Maxwell equations. To avoid solving large scale algebraic equations, we use local one-dimensional (LOD) technique and split the original equations into several LOD equations. Then, the resulted LOD equations are discretized by Wendroff scheme which is usually applied to simulate hyperbolic-type equations. The Lie-Trotter composition and Strang composition are employed. To improve the computational efficiency and the convergent accurate, the space direction is approximated by high order compact method. Some benchmark symbols, such as stability, conservation laws of the schemes are analyzed. Some numerical examples confirm the theoretical analysis. Numerical results show that the new schemes can not only accurately simulate the electromagnetic waves, including profiles, amplitude, but also capture the energy structures exactly. • Two kinds of novel numerical schemes are proposed for 3D Maxwell equations. • The new schemes are more efficient than general finite difference schemes. • The new schemes are energy structure-preserving. • A new skill is used to get the truncation error that is important for convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) tomography reconstructs 3-D volumes from stacks of SAR images. High resolution satellites such as TerraSAR-X provide images that can be combined to produce 3-D models. In urban areas, sparsity priors are generally enforced during the tomographic inversion process in order to retrieve the location of scatterers seen within a given radar resolution cell. However, such priors often miss parts of the urban surfaces. Those missing parts are typically regions of flat areas such as ground or rooftops. This paper introduces a surface segmentation algorithm based on the computation of the optimal cut in a flow network. This segmentation process can be included within the 3-D reconstruction framework in order to improve the recovery of urban surfaces. Illustrations on a TerraSAR-X tomographic dataset demonstrate the potential of the approach to produce a 3-D model of urban surfaces such as ground, façades and rooftops. • Scatterers in dense urban areas are most likely to be surface distributed. • The urban surface is piecewise smooth. • The urban surface is close to high intensity scatterers. • A ray from the sensor to the scene intersects the surface exactly once. • The surface corresponding to these priors can be estimated by graph-cut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]