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Abstract In existing multi-vision tracking methods, a distributed collaborative tracking mode based on homography constraints is often adopted, yet there are significant shortcomings to this approach. For example, visual information complementation is not used to improve the robustness of tracking, and collaborative tracking is limited by homography constraints. In this study, a three-dimensional spatial particle filter tracking method was proposed, and multi-vision joint tracking and collaboration were effectively achieved. This method was based on the existing particle filter framework. A two-dimensional plane particle was taken as the projection of a three-dimensional spatial particle on the imaging plane, and the formula for calculating a spatial particle's weight was derived based on Bayesian posterior probability recursion. In addition, an approximation method to determine spatial particle weight was given. The resampling of spatial particles was performed by using an epipolar line resampling method, and a collaborative tracking mechanism was established based on the concept of resolution. The results showed that the proposed method had higher tracking precision and anti-occlusion performance than other existing methods. In this method, the robustness of tracking was effectively improved, and unlimited optimization cooperation between visual sensing was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short battery life limits the applicability of wearable sensors in animal behaviour monitoring. This research developed an ear-attached acceleration sensor of low power consumption for sow welfare studies. The sensor weighed only 10.0 g and was composed of a 3-axis accelerometer, a Bluetooth Low Energy module, a printed circuit board antenna, and a 3-V, 230-mAh CR2032 battery. It entered into a sleeping state when no activities of the monitored sow were detected, to conserve battery energy. In the sleeping state, the sensor still read data from the accelerometer at 1 Hz, but did not transfer data wirelessly to a receiver if a first-order difference that differentiated sow resting from its other activities was below a defined threshold. Laboratory and 8-sow field tests were conducted to assess the sensor performance in three operational modes (continuous, data grouping, and power saving). Results showed that there were three major behaviours of the sows (resting, moving, and eating) and the behaviour patterns differed from sow to sow. The ear-attached sensors could in principle be used to monitor and predict sow farrowing while not causing sow abnormal behaviours. In the continuous mode, data broadcasting consumed 97.6% energy and the battery life was only about 31 days. The average battery life could be extended to about 288 days in power saving mode when the first-order difference threshold was set at 0.1 g. Compared with reported similar acceleration sensors, this new sensor provided more than double the battery life while reducing the sensor mass by more than 70%. Highlights • A new acceleration sensor was developed for animal behaviour monitoring. • Its mass was reduced by more than 70% from that of previously reported sensors. • Eight sensors were attached to ears of 8 sows and tested in real-time measurement. • Average life of one CR2032 button battery can be 288 days in power saving mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Panoramic visual tracking has high application value in many situations, but its visual distortion is likely to cause low tracking robustness or loss of target. This paper presents a panoramic visual tracking method based on adaptive feature fusion method, the size of the trapezoidal frame is calibrated with target moving in the method, and the linear model of trapezoidal frame parameters is fitted, then according to the model trapezoidal area of target extracted, and are modified to target trapezoidal region through the affine transformation; Based on filter tracking framework, the fusion of color and shape information is as the main characteristics of the target tracking, and Bayesian fusion recursive formula is used for calculating the particle weights. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is better than the existing methods in tracking precision and anti occlusion, and effectively improves the robustness of panoramic visual tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) relapse contributes predominantly to the mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). However, the mechanism of B-ALL relapse after allo-HSCT remains unknown. The eradication of leukemia after allo-HSCT largely relies on graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects mediated by donor T cells. T cell exhaustion, characterized by the increased expression of inhibitory receptors and impaired function, may suppress GVL effects. In this study, we evaluated whether T cell exhaustion was involved in B-ALL relapse after allo-HSCT. The results showed that CD4 + and CD8 + T cells exhibited increased coexpression of PD-1 and Tim-3, and compromised proliferative capacity, cytokine production and cytotoxic potentials in relapsed patients. Additionally, T cells at the tumor site were more easily exhausted than T cells in the peripheral blood. Moreover, the reversal of T cell exhaustion might correlate with effective anti-leukemic responses after reinduction. These results suggested that T cell exhaustion was associated with B-ALL relapse after allo-HSCT as well as its treatment outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play essential roles in defending against various invading pathogens. Although antibacterial or antifungal properties of AMPs have been well characterized, the contribution of AMPs to immune defenses against viruses especially baculoviruses is still unclear. In this study, four full-length AMP genes (Ldcec , Ldatt , Ldglo and Ldmor) that encode the cecropin, attacin, gloverin and moricin, respectively, were characterized in Lymantria dispar (Asian gypsy moth). All four AMPs were cationic peptides and exhibited hydrophilicity. Structural analysis showed that the Ldcec and Ldmor were α-helical peptides. Tissue-specific Ldcec expression was the highest in fat body, while expression of Ldatt , Ldglo and Ldmor was the highest in epidermis. All four AMP genes were expressed during all developmental stages with the highest expression in the pupa and adult. Compared to mock infection, expression of these four AMP genes were significantly induced following Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) challenge and sharply increased at 72 h post infection. After Ldglo gene silencing, the DNA replication levels of LdMNPV in L. dispar larvae significantly increased at 48 and 72 h post infection, indicating that the Ldglo could suppress the DNA replication of LdMNPV. Our results suggest that four AMPs of L. dispar may play important roles in antiviral immunity against LdMNPV. [Display omitted] • Four antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes from Lymantria dispar have been identified and characterized. • Expression of these four AMP genes were significantly induced by LdMNPV infection. • The DNA replication of LdMNPV was suppressed by an AMP, gloverin in infected host larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] FoxM1 is highly expressed in human acute myeloid leukemia cells. [•] The over-expression of FoxM1 is correlated with FLT3-ITD and adverse prognosis. [•] FLT3-ITD inhibition decreases the expression of FoxM1. [•] Thiostrepton induces apoptosis in both FLT3-ITD and wild-type FLT3 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Glucosamine (GlcN) and its acetylated derivative, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), are widely used in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, GlcN and GlcNAc are mainly produced by hydrolysis from crab and shrimp shells, which can cause severe environmental pollution and carries the potential risk of allergic reactions. In this study, we attempted to achieve microbial production of GlcNAc by pathway engineering of Bacillus subtilis 168. Specifically, glmS (encoding GlcN-6-phosphate synthase) from B. subtilis 168 and GNA1 (encoding GlcNAc-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C were firstly co-overexpressed in B. subtilis; the level of GlcNAc reached 240mg/L in shake flask culture. Next, nagP, encoding the GlcNAc-specific enzyme of phosphotransferase system, was deleted to block the importation of extracellular GlcNAC, thus improving GlcNAc production to 615mg/L in shake flask culture. Then, nagA (encoding GlcNAc-6-phosphate deacetylase), gamA (encoding GlcN-6-phosphate deaminase), and nagB (encoding GlcN-6-phosphate deaminase) were deleted to block the catabolism of intracellular GlcNAc, thereby further increasing the GlcNAc titer to 1.85g/L in shake flask culture. Finally, microbial production of GlcNAc by the engineered B. subtilis 168 was conducted in a 3-L fed-batch bioreactor, and the GlcNAc titer reached 5.19g/L, which was 2.8-fold of that in shake flask culture. This is the first report regarding the pathway engineering of B. subtilis for microbial production of GlcNAc, and provides a good starting point for further metabolic engineering to achieve the industrial production of GlcNAc by a generally regarded as safe strain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As a precursor of bioengineered heparin, heparosan is currently produced from Escherichia coli K5, which is pathogenic bacteria potentially causing urinary tract infection. Thus, it would be advantageous to develop an alternative source of heparosan from a non-pathogeneic strain. In this work we reported the biosynthesis of heparosan via the metabolic engineering of non-pathogenic E. coli BL21 as a production host. Four genes, KfiA, KfiB, KfiC and KfiD, encoding enzymes for the biosynthesis of heparosan in E. coli K5, were cloned into inducible plasmids pETDuet-1 and pRSFDuet-1 and further transformed into E. coli BL21, yielding six recombinant strains as follows: sA, sC, sAC, sABC, sACD and sABCD. The single expression of KfiA (sA) or KfiC (sC) in E. coli BL21 did not produce heparosan, while the co-expression of KfiA and KfiC (sAC) could produce 63mg/L heparosan in shake flask. The strain sABC and sACD could produce 100 and 120mg/L heparosan, respectively, indicating that the expression of KfiB or KfiD was beneficial for heparosan production. The strain sABCD could produce 334mg/L heparosan in shake flask and 652mg/L heparosan in 3-L batch bioreactor. The heparosan yield was further increased to 1.88g/L in a dissolved oxygen-stat fed-batch culture in 3-L bioreactor. As revealed by the nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, the chemical structure of heparosan from recombinant E. coli BL21 and E. coli K5 was identical. The weight average molecular weight of heparosan from E. coli K5, sAC, sABC, sACD, and sABCD was 51.67, 39.63, 91.47, 64.51, and 118.30kDa, respectively. This work provides a viable process for the production of heparosan as a precursor of bioengineered heparin from a safer bacteria strain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The control of premixed and late combustion is crucial for marine diesel engine. • An effective procedure is proposed for detecting SOC, SODC and SOLC. • Instantaneous energy concept and peak detection are utilized in this procedure. • This procedure is validated by two different types of marine diesel engines. In order to improve the energy efficiency and suppress the environmental pollutants of marine diesel engines, analysis and control of combustion phases including late combustion phase and premixed combustion phase are considered as an attractive potential strategy. Consequently, it is necessary to accurately identify the combustion parameters that are representative to these combustion phases, such as start of combustion (SOC), start of diffusive combustion (SODC) and start of late combustion (SOLC). The real-time analysis of the combustion phases can be further applied for closed-loop combustion control (CLCC). However, the existing methods can't guarantee the accurate detection of combustion parameters simultaneously even though high computational resources are invested. In this study, the resonance excitation of in-cylinder pressure was found to be capable for identifying all of the three combustion phases parameters. Hence, several effective signal processing techniques were proposed to detect these combustion phases parameters from resonant pressure signal. Without complex mathematic algorithms, the proposed method shows high potential for CLCC since it is relatively easier and faster to achieve than other existing techniques. The accuracy of this method was validated by experimental heat release rate and in-cylinder temperature. Furthermore, based on combustion phase parameters obtained, the estimations of combustion state and energy efficiency were discussed. Finally, this method was also applied for combustion phase detection in another type of marine diesel engine, which verified the robustness of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green rust-coated expanded perlite (GR-coated Exp-p) microelectrode was synthesized and incorporated into a column-mode three-dimensional electrokinetic (3D-EK) platform to effectively pursue a continuous Cr(VI) removal from the aqueous solution. Brucite-like layers of GR were decorated onto the Exp-p material. The molar ratio of Fe(II) to Fe(III) played a most vital role among the three synthesis factors in influencing the performance of the particle electrode. For the equilibrium adsorption experiments, the target maximum adsorption capacity of 122 mg/g was predicted by a target optimizer and desirability function at the conditions following the pH of 4.7, the initial concentration of 172.4 mg/L, the dosage of 0.28 g/L, and the temperature of 28.96 °C, respectively. SO 4 2 − , Cl−, and NO 3 − fiercely competed with Cr(VI) anions in the acidic conditions for the locally positive sites. A low concentration and a slow flow were favored in the column-mode 3D-EK platform. The pseudo-first-order and Langmuir models were suitable for describing the kinetics and isotherms of the adsorption process, respectively. Cr(VI) anions were electrostatically attracted to the silanol groups and GR surface of the adsorbent, subsequently reduced in both heterogeneity and homogeneity, and finally immobilized by coordinating with silanediol groups and silanetriol groups. [Display omitted] • Microelectrode of hydroxysulfate green rust-coated expanded perlite was synthesized. • A column-mode 3D electrokinetics was assembled to set a continuous removal of Cr(VI). • Microelectrode synthesis and 3D platform were optimized in a central composite design. • Mechanisms were explored by mathematical models and characterization strategies. • This work supports a technical guide for the Cr-contaminated purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibration is a problem worthy of attention in gearbox design. In the case of high speed and heavy load, vibration may be more significant, so some methods are needed to predict the vibration of the gearbox. At present, most vibration prediction methods have the problems of few research parameters, low fidelity and a large amount of calculation. In this paper, a fully coupled finite method model of variable stiffness gearbox based on lumped parameter method (LPM) is proposed, and the vibration prediction of gearbox housing is carried out considering time-varying meshing stiffness (TVMS), transmission error and other factors. Firstly, a new stiffness calculation method was proposed based on finite element theory and potential energy method, which can accurately solve the TVMS of fault gear. At the same time, the comprehensive meshing error of gear was solved. At then, the TVMS and comprehensive meshing error of the healthy gear and fault gear were brought into the dynamic equation of two-stage spur gear to obtain meshing force. After that, the meshing force was used as an excitation to solve the vibration of the gearbox housing. Finally, the vibration regularity of the health gearbox and fault gearbox was compared. The sensitivity of each gear shaft to the vibration caused by fault and the vibration regularity of different bearing seats of the same gear shaft was explored. The effectiveness of the simulation results was verified by experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cs 2 Ag 0.6 Na 0.4 In 0.8 Bi 0.2 Cl 6 @xKBr synthesized by hydroxy-induced surface reconstruction successfully achieved 467 nm blue-light excitation. The free exciton transport mechanism constructed by –OH becomes an important pathway for blue light excitation after surface reconstruction. [Display omitted] Molecular surface reconfiguration strategies have been instrumental to performance improvements of halide perovskite photovoltaic applications in recent years. However, research into the optical properties of the lead-free double perovskite Cs 2 AgInCl 6 on the complex reconstructed surface is still lacking. Here, blue-light excitation in double perovskite Cs 2 Na 0.4 Ag 0.6 InCl 6 with Bi doping has been successfully achieved by excess KBr coating and ethanol-driven structural reconstruction. Ethanol drives the formation of hydroxylated Cs 2-y K y Ag 0.6 Na 0.4 In 0.8 Bi 0.2 Cl 6-y Br y in the Cs 2 Ag 0.6 Na 0.4 In 0.8 Bi 0.2 Cl 6 @ x KBr interface layer. The hydroxyl group adsorbed on the interstitial sites of the double perovskite structure induces a transfer of local space electrons to the [AgCl 6 ] and [InCl 6 ] octahedral regions, enabling them to be excited with blue light (467 nm). The passivation of KBr shell reduces the non-radiative transition probability of excitons. Blue-light-excited flexible photoluminescence devices based on hydroxylated Cs 2 Ag 0.6 Na 0.4 In 0.8 Bi 0.2 Cl 6 @16KBr are fabricated. The application of hydroxylated Cs 2 Ag 0.6 Na 0.4 In 0.8 Bi 0.2 Cl 6 @16KBr as down-shift layer in GaAs photovoltaic cell module can increase its power conversion efficiency by 3.34%. The surface reconstruction strategy provides a new way to optimize the performance of lead-free double perovskite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms discrete junctions with the plasma membrane (PM) that play a critical role in the regulation of Ca 2 + signaling during cellular bioenergetics, apoptosis and autophagy. We have previously confirmed that acetylcholine can inhibit ER stress and apoptosis after inflammatory injury. However, limited research has focused on the effects of acetylcholine on ER-PM junctions. In this work, we evaluated the structure and function of the supramolecular sodium-calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1)-transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3)-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1) complex, which is involved in regulating Ca 2 + homeostasis during inflammatory injury. The width of the ER-PM junctions of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was measured in nanometres using transmission electron microscopy and a fluorescent probe for Ca 2 + . Protein-protein interactions were assessed by immunoprecipitation. Ca 2 + concentration was measured using a confocal microscope. An siRNA assay was employed to silence specific proteins. Our results demonstrated that the peripheral ER was translocated to PM junction sites when induced by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and that NCX1-TRPC3-IP3R1 complexes formed at these sites. After down-regulating the protein expression of NCX1 or IP3R1, we found that the NCX1-mediated inflow of Ca 2 + and the release of intracellular Ca 2 + stores were reduced in TNF-α-treated cells. We also observed that acetylcholine attenuated the formation of NCX1-TRPC3-IP3R1 complexes and maintained calcium homeostasis in cells treated with TNF-α. Interestingly, the positive effects of acetylcholine were abolished by the selective M3AChR antagonist darifenacin and by AMPK siRNAs. These results indicate that acetylcholine protects endothelial cells from TNF-alpha-induced injury, [Ca 2 + ] cyt overload and ER-PM interactions, which depend on the muscarinic 3 receptor/AMPK pathway, and that acetylcholine may be a new inhibitor for suppressing [Ca 2 + ] cyt overload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To utilize Chinese cabbage waste (CCW) recovered from the pickle industry, a simple medium named Chinese cabbage medium (CCM) was developed for Levilactobacillus growth and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production. The optimal medium compositions were 30% Chinese cabbage waste extracts (CCWE), 3% glucose, 0.25% yeast extract (YE), 0.25 X salts (0.25% sodium acetate, 0.1% sodium citrate, 0.1% ammonium sulfate, 0.005% magnesium sulfate and 0.0025% manganese sulfate), and initial pH 5.0 adjusted by HCl. L. brevis was incubated in this medium with 1% monosodium glutamate (MSG) at 30 °C for 24 h. Cell counts reached 4.16 × 109 CFU/ml, and the control results from MRS medium was 4.07 × 109 CFU/ml. GABA conversion rate at 18 h of this medium was 99.12%, higher than the MRS medium of 95.01%. Fructose and maltose were beneficial to the growth of L. brevis , but glucose was conducive to GABA synthesis. To obtain a high yield of GABA, CCM medium with 10% MSG was optimized by response surface methodology and resulted in 21.84% CCWE, 5.5% glucose, 4% YE, 1 X salt, 0.2% disodium phosphate, and initial pH of 4.5. GABA conversion rate reached 100% at 48 h with a final yield of 55.1 g/L. [Display omitted] • Fructose and maltose were beneficial to L. brevis growth. • Glucose was conducive to GABA synthesis. • CCM with 1% MSG were 30% CCWE, 3% glucose, 0.25% YE, 0.25 X salt and initial pH 5.0. • CCM with 10% MSG was optimized by RSM and GABA yield reached 55.1 g/L at 48 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidized polyvinyl alcohol hydrolase (OPH) catalyzes the cleavage of C–C bond in β-diketone. It belongs to the α/β-hydrolase family and contains a unique lid region that covers the active site. The lid is the most variable region when pOPH from Pseudomonas sp. VM15C and sOPH from Sphingopyxis sp. 113P3 are compared. The wild-type enzymes and the pOPH mutants W255A, W255Y and W255F were analyzed for lipase activity by using p-nitrophenyl (pNP) esters as the substrates. The wild-type enzymes showed increased K m and decreased k cat / K m with the acyl chain length, and the mutants showed reduced k cat / K m for pNP acetate, indicating the importance of Trp255 in sequestering the active site from solvent. The significantly lower activity for pNP butyrate can be a result of product inhibition, as suggested by the complex crystal structures, in which butyric acid, DMSO or PEG occupied the same substrate-binding cleft. The mutant activity was retained with pNP caprylate and pNP laurate as the substrates, reflecting the amphipathic nature of the cleft. Moreover, the disulfide bond formation of Cys257/267 is important for the activity of pOPH, but it is not essential for sOPH, which has a shorter lid structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitooligosaccharides (COSs) have a widespread range of biological functions and an incredible potential for various pharmaceutical and agricultural applications. Although several physical, chemical, and biological techniques have been reported for COSs production, it is still a challenge to obtain structurally defined COSs with defined polymerization (DP) and acetylation patterns, which hampers the specific characterization and application of COSs. Herein, we achieved the de novo production of structurally defined COSs using combinatorial pathway engineering in Bacillus subtilis. Specifically, the COSs synthase NodC from Azorhizobium caulinodans was overexpressed in B. subtilis, leading to 30 ± 0.86 mg/L of chitin oligosaccharides (CTOSs), the homo-oligomers of N -acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) with a well-defined DP lower than 6. Then introduction of a GlcNAc synthesis module to promote the supply of the sugar acceptor GlcNAc, reduced CTOSs production, which suggested that the activity of COSs synthase NodC and the supply of sugar donor UDP-GlcNAc may be the limiting steps for CTOSs synthesis. Therefore, 6 exogenous COSs synthase candidates were examined, and the nodCM from Mesorhizobium loti yielded the highest CTOSs titer of 560 ± 16 mg/L. Finally, both the de novo pathway and the salvage pathway of UDP-GlcNAc were engineered to further promote the biosynthesis of CTOSs. The titer of CTOSs in 3-L fed-batch bioreactor reached 4.82 ± 0.11 g/L (85.6% CTOS5, 7.5% CTOS4, 5.3% CTOS3 and 1.6% CTOS2), which was the highest ever reported. This is the first report proving the feasibility of the de novo production of structurally defined CTOSs by synthetic biology, and provides a good starting point for further engineering to achieve the commercial production. • First report of the de novo production of structurally defined and homogeneous CTOSs in Bacillus subtilis. • Both the de novo pathway and the salvage pathway of UDP-GlcNAc were engineered to promote the biosynthesis of CTOSs. • The DP distribution of CTOSs was not affected by the NodC protein origin and UDP-GlcNAc concentration. • 4.82 g/L CTOSs was produced in 3-L fermentor (85.6% CTOS5, 7.5% CTOS4, 5.3% CTOS3 and 1.6% CTOS2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chicken has a Z-W sex chromosome system, in which the males are the homogametic sex (ZZ) and the females the heterogametic sex (ZW). The smaller W chromosome is generally considered to be a highly degraded copy of the Z chromosome that retains around 28–30 homologous protein-coding genes' These Z-W homologues are thought to have important, but undefined, roles in development, and here we explore the role of one of these genes, VCP (Valosin Containing Protein) in gonadogenesis. We established RNA expression levels of both Z and W VCP homologues, the levels of VCP protein, and the cellular localization of VCP protein in male and female embryonic gonads during development. We also assessed the effects of female-to-male sex-reversal on VCP expression in developing gonads. The results showed that both VCP RNA and protein are expressed at higher levels in female than male gonads, and the expression levels of VCP protein and VCP-Z transcript, but not VCP-W transcript, are decreased in female-to-male sex reversed gonads. In addition, the spatial expression of VCP protein differs between male and female embryonic gonads: in testes, VCP protein is mainly confined to the medullary sex cords, while in ovaries, VCP protein is expressed throughout the medulla and at higher levels in the cortex. The results suggest that sexually dimorphic expression of chicken VCP reflects differences in gonadal morphology between sexes. • VCP RNA and protein express higher in female than male developing gonads. • Expression of VCP protein decreased in female-to-male sex reversed gonads. • VCP expressed throughout the medulla of female gonad while confined to male sex cords. • Chicken VCP protein is restricted to the cytoplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulation of single gene transcription level in the metabolic pathway is often failed to significantly improve the titer of the target product, and even leads to the imbalance of carbon/nitrogen metabolic network and cofactor network. Global transcription machinery engineering (gTME) can activate or inhibit the synergistic expression of multiple genes in specific metabolic pathways, so transcription factors with specific functions can be expressed according to different metabolic regulation requirements, thus effectively increasing the synthesis of target metabolites. In addition, maintaining intracellular redox balance through cofactor engineering can realize the self-balance of cofactors and promote the efficient synthesis of target products. In this study, we rebalanced the central carbon/nitrogen metabolism and redox metabolism of Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114 by gTME and redox cofactors engineering to promote the production of the nutraceutical N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Firstly, it was found that the overexpression of the transcription factor RamA can promote GlcNAc synthesis, and the titer was further improved to 16 g/L in shake flask by using a mutant RamA (RamAM). Secondly, a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) system based on dCpf1 was developed and used to inhibit the expression of global negative transcriptional regulators of GlcNAc synthesis, which promoted the GlcNAc titer to 27.5 g/L. Thirdly, the cofactor specificity of the key enzymes in GlcNAc synthesis pathway was changed by rational protein engineering, and the titer of GlcNAc in shake flask was increased to 36.9 g/L. Finally, the production of GlcNAc was scaled up in a 50-L fermentor, and the titer reached 117.1 ± 1.9 g/L, which was 6.62 times that of the control group (17.7 ± 0.4 g/L), and the yield was increased from 0.19 g/g to 0.31 g/g glucose. The results obtained here highlight the importance of engineering the global regulation of central carbon/nitrogen metabolism and redox metabolism to improve the production performance of microbial cell factories. • Global transcription machinery engineering was used to increase GlcNAc production. • Redox metabolism was balanced to achieve high GlcNAc titer. • A CRISPR-dCpf1 based CRISPR interference system was constructed in Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114. • 117.1 ± 1.9 g/L GlcNAc was produced in 50-L fermentor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzyme clustering can improve catalytic efficiency by facilitating the processing of intermediates. Functional membrane microdomains (FMMs) in bacteria can provide a platform for enzyme clustering. However, the amount of FMMs at the cell basal level is still facing great challenges in multi-enzyme immobilization. Here, using the nutraceutical N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) synthesis in Bacillus subtilis as a model, we engineered FMM components to improve the enzyme assembly in FMMs. First, by overexpression of the SPFH (stomatin-prohibitin-flotillin-HflC/K) domain and YisP protein, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of squalene-derived polyisoprenoid, the membrane order of cells was increased, as verified using di-4-ANEPPDHQ staining. Then, two heterologous enzymes, GlcNAc-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNA1) and haloacid dehalogenase-like phosphatases (YqaB), required for GlcNAc synthesis were assembled into FMMs, and the GlcNAc titer in flask was increased to 8.30 ± 0.57 g/L, which was almost three times that of the control strains. Notably, FMM component modification can maintain the OD 600 in stationary phase and reduce cell lysis in the later stage of fermentation. These results reveal that the improved plasma membrane ordering achieved by the engineering FMM components could not only promote the enzyme assembly into FMMs, but also improve the cell fitness. • The plasma membrane order degree was improved by the engineering of FMM components. • FMM component modification promoted the enzyme assembly to increase the synthesis of GlcNAc. • FMM component modification can obviously improve the cell fitness at the later stage of fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anchoring of metabolic pathway enzymes to spatial scaffolds can significantly improve their reaction efficiency. Here, we successfully constructed a multi-enzyme complex assembly system able to enhance bioproduction in bacteria by using the endogenous spatial scaffolds─functional membrane microdomains (FMMs). First, using VA-TIRFM and SPT analysis, we reveal that FMMs possess high temporal and spatial stability at the plasma membrane and can be used as endogenous spatial scaffolds to organize enzyme pathways. Then, taking the synthesis of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in Bacillus subtilis as a proof-of-concept demonstration, we found that anchoring of various enzymes required for GlcNAc synthesis onto FMMs to obtain the FMMs-multi-enzyme complex system resulted in a significant increase in GlcNAc titer and an effectively alleviate in cell lysis at the later stage of fermentation compared to that in control strains expressing the related enzymes in the cytoplasm. Combining with metabolic model and kinetics analysis, the existence of a constructed substrate channel that maximizes the reaction efficiency is verified. In summary, we propose a novel metabolic pathway assembly model which allowed improved titers and compartmentalized flux control with high spatial resolution in bacterial metabolism. • A synthetic multi-enzyme complex system was successfully created based on an endogenous spatial scaffold named FMMs. • The existence of a synthetic substrate channel is verified by combinatorial metabolic model and kinetics analysis. • The synthetic multi-enzyme complex system can effectively alleviate the cell lysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bladder cancer (BCa) is one of the most common urological malignancies. While Inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1 (ISYNA1) expression and function were largely unknown in BCa. We aimed to study the expression and role of ISYNA1 in bladder cancer and investigate its potential mechanisms via ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). ISYNA1 expression was quantified by qRT-PCR in bladder cancer cell lines as well as normal urothelial cell line. Knocking down ISYNA1 gene in BCa T24 cells was achieved by shRNA lentivirus transfection. MTT and Celigo assay were used to assess cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was applied to test cell cycle and apoptosis. In addition, IPA was performed using PrimeView™ Human Gene Expression Array. Imunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed in BCa patient tissue microarray to verify the association between ISYNA1 expression and patients' clinicopathological features. ISYNA1 was significantly upregulated in BCa samples vs. para-tumor tissues. Higher expression were significantly associated with tumor T stage and lymph node metastasis of bladder cancer patients. Similarly, it was elevated in BCa cell lines (5637 and T24) compared with SVHUC cells. Knocking down ISYNA1 significantly decreased proliferation, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in T24 cells. Furthermore, IPA indicated that ISYNA1 was an important regulatory factors and related networks were involved in multiple functional processes. Taken together, current study suggest ISYNA1 promotes proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in bladder cancer cells, and its expression correlated with BCa patients' clinicopathological features. Thus, ISYNA1 may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for BCa patients. • Inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1 (ISYNA1) promotes proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. • Expression of ISYNA1 is correlated with BCa patients' clinicopathological features. • ISYNA1 may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for BCa patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aptamer-based regulatory biosensors can dynamically regulate the expression of target genes in response to ligands and could be used in dynamic metabolic engineering for pathway optimization. However, the existing aptamer-ligand biosensors can only function with non-complementary DNA elements that cannot replicate in growing cells. Here, we construct an aptamer-based synthetic regulatory circuit that can dynamically upregulate and downregulate the expression of target genes in response to the ligand thrombin at transcriptional and translational levels, respectively, and further used this system to dynamically engineer the synthesis of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) in Bacillus subtilis. First, we demonstrated the binding of ligand molecule thrombin with the aptamer can induce the unwinding of fully complementary double-stranded DNA. Based on this finding, we constructed a bifunctional gene expression regulatory circuit using ligand thrombin-bound aptamers. The expression of the reporter gene ranged from 0.084- to 48.1-fold. Finally, by using the bifunctional regulatory circuit, we dynamically upregulated the expression of key genes fkp and futC and downregulated the expression of gene purR , resulting in the significant increase of 2′-FL titer from 24.7 to 674 mg/L. Compared with the other pathway-specific dynamic engineering systems, here the constructed aptamer-based regulatory circuit is independent of pathways, and can be generally used to fine-tune gene expression in other microbes. • We demonstrated that the binding of ligand thrombin with aptamer can induce the unwinding of fully complementary double-stranded DNA. • Simultaneous up-regulation and down-regulation of in vivo gene expression were achieved by the ligand thrombin-bound aptamer. • The in vivo bifunctional gene expression system by ligand thrombin-bound nucleic acid aptamer can be used for dynamic metabolic engineering in B. subtilis. • The aptamer-ligand based circuit is independent of any pathway, and thus, can be generally used to fine-tune gene expression in the other microbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-terminal coding sequences (NCSs) of genes significantly influence gene expression at the translation level and are important for fine-tuning gene expression in bacteria, however, engineering NCSs to fine-tune metabolic pathways is challenging. Here, we developed a statistics-guided native and synthetic NCSs engineering approach to fine-tune gene expression in the industrially important microorganism Bacillus subtilis. This method is based on experimentally characterizing and statistically analyzing 96 rationally selected NCSs from B. subtilis endogenous genes. These NCSs exhibited a magnitude difference of greater than 4 orders in their ability to drive gene expression in 4 different dynamic patterns, including growth-coupled, growth-delayed, consistent expression, and inhibitory patterns. Synthetic and native NCSs were used to fine-tune expression of key enzymes, identified via pathway analysis and kinetic modeling, in the biosynthetic pathway of the useful nutraceutical N -acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc). We observed a 3.21-fold improvement in NeuAc biosynthesis, indicating that NCSs can provide a synthetic biology toolbox to fine-tune gene expression for metabolic engineering. • N-terminal coding sequences (NCSs) from Bacillus subtilis exhibited broad dynamic range for gene expression regulation. • Synthetic NCSs were developed guided by statistical analysis, which expanded dynamic range of gene expression regulation. • Synthetic and native NCSs were used to fine-tune N -acetylneuraminic acid pathway aided by kinetic modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract One of the primary goals of microbial metabolic engineering is to achieve high titer, yield and productivity (TYP) of engineered strains. This TYP index requires optimized carbon flux toward desired molecule with minimal by-product formation. De novo redesign of central carbon and redox metabolism holds great promise to alleviate pathway bottleneck and improve carbon and energy utilization efficiency. The engineered strain, with the overexpression or deletion of multiple genes, typically can't meet the TYP index, due to overflow of central carbon and redox metabolism that compromise the final yield, despite a high titer or productivity might be achieved. To solve this challenge, we reprogramed the central carbon and redox metabolism of Bacillus subtilis and achieved high TYP production of N -acetylglucosamine. Specifically, a "push–pull–promote" approach efficiently reduced the overflown acetyl-CoA flux and eliminated byproduct formation. Four synthetic NAD(P)-independent metabolic routes were introduced to rewire the redox metabolism to minimize energy loss. Implementation of these genetic strategies led us to obtain a B. subtilis strain with superior TYP index. GlcNAc titer in shake flask was increased from 6.6 g L−1 to 24.5 g L−1, the yield was improved from 0.115 to 0.468 g GlcNAc g−1 glucose, and the productivity was increased from 0.274 to 0.437 g L−1 h−1. These titer and yield are the highest levels ever reported and, the yield reached 98% of the theoretical pathway yield (0.478 g g−1 glucose). The synthetic redesign of carbon metabolism and redox metabolism represent a novel and general metabolic engineering strategy to improve the performance of microbial cell factories. Highlights • First description of yield depends on theoretical pathway yield and rigidity. • Simultaneous coordination of carbon and redox metabolism achieved high TYP. • Introduction of synthetic reactions coordinated the imbalanced redox metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bacillus subtilis is the most characterized gram-positive bacterium that has significant attributes, such as growing well on cheap carbon sources, possessing clear inherited backgrounds, having mature genetic manipulation methods, and exhibiting robustness in large-scale fermentations. Till date, B. subtilis has been identified as attractive hosts for the production of recombinant proteins and chemicals. By applying various systems and synthetic biology tools, the productivity features of B. subtilis can be thoroughly analyzed and further optimized via metabolic engineering. In the present review, we discussed why B. subtilis is the primary organisms used for metabolic engineering and industrial applications. Additionally, we summarized the recent advances in systems and synthetic biology, engineering strategies for improving cellular performances, and metabolic engineering applications of B. subtilis. In particular, we proposed emerging opportunities and essential strategies to enable the successful development of B. subtilis as microbial cell factories. Highlights • The product portfolio of B. subtilis is expanding from proteins to bio-chemicals. • Reason of B. subtilis as a primary strain for metabolic engineering was discussed. • Recent advances in basic studies and applications of B. subtilis were summarized. • Essential strategies of developing B. subtilis to be cell factories were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Glucose and xylose are the two most abundant sugars in renewable lignocellulose sources; however, typically they cannot be simultaneously utilized due to carbon catabolite repression. N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a typical nutraceutical and has many applications in the field of healthcare. Here, we have developed a gene repressor system based on xylose-induced CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) in Bacillus subtilis, aimed at downregulating the expression of three genes (zwf , pfkA , glmM) that control the major competing reactions of GlcNAc synthesis (pentose phosphate pathway (HMP), glycolysis, and peptidoglycan synthesis pathway (PSP)), with the potential to relieve glucose repression and allow the co-utilization of both glucose and xylose. Simultaneous repression of these three genes by CRISPRi improved GlcNAc titer by 13.2% to 17.4 ± 0.47 g/L, with the GlcNAc yield on glucose and xylose showing an 84.1% improvement, reaching 0.42 ± 0.036 g/g. In order to further engineer the synergetic utilization of glucose and xylose, a combinatorial approach was developed based on 27 arrays containing sgRNAs with different repression capacities targeting the three genes. We further optimized the temporal control of the system and found that when 15 g/L xylose was added 6 h after inoculation, the most efficient strain, BNX122, synthesized 20.5 ± 0.85 g/L GlcNAc with a yield of 0.46 ± 0.010 g/g glucose and xylose in shake flask culture. Finally, the GlcNAc titer and productivity in a 3-L fed-batch bioreactor reached 103.1 ± 2.11 g/L and 1.17 ± 0.024 g/L/h, which were 5.0-fold and 2.7-fold of that in shake flask culture, respectively. Taken together, these findings suggest that a CRISPRi-enabled regulation method provides a simple, efficient, and universal way to promote the synergetic utilization of multiple carbon sources by microbial cell factories. Highlights • A xylose induced CRISPRi system was constructed in B. subtilis. • The efficient synergetic utilization of glucose and xylose was achieved. • The first report of utilization of xylose and glucose mixtures for GlcNAc production. • 103.1 ± 2.11 g/L GlcNAc was produced in 3-L fed-batch bioreactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This paper aimed to elucidate the correlations of VDR and VDBP polymorphisms with susceptibility to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and efficacy of brace treatment. Methods AIS patients and healthy controls were enrolled. Lumbar spine bone mineral density (LSBMD) and femoral neck bone mineral density (FNBMD) were detected by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. VDR and VDBP polymorphisms were detected by PCR-RFLP. Efficacy of brace treatment was evaluated by Cobb measurement. Results The frequencies of Bsm I Bb genotype and B allele, and rs222020 CC genotype and C allele in the AIS patients were higher than in the controls. After treatment, the correction rates of average Cobb angle, AVT, AVR and TS in patients with Bsm I Bb and VDBP rs222020 CC genotypes were relatively low. Conclusion VDR Bsm I and VDBP rs222020 C > T polymorphisms may be predisposition factors of AIS and the efficacy of brace treatment in AIS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) contributes to insulin resistance (IR) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mammals. However, we recently demonstrated that overfeeding with a traditional diet (mainly consisting of cooked maize) does not induce ERS in goose. As cellular studies show that high glucose and palmitate can trigger ERS in mammalian cells, we hypothesized that supplementing sugar to the traditional diet could induce ERS, thus promoting insulin resistance and fatty liver. To test the hypothesis, we first treated goose primary hepatocytes with high glucose (25 mM and 50 mM) and palmitate (0.5 mM) supplemented with or without 0.25 mM oleate. Data indicated that, as in mammalian cells, high glucose and palmitate indeed induced ERS in goose primary hepatocytes, and palmitate-induced ERS was suppressed by supplemental 0.25 mM oleate. We then tested the hypothesis with an in vivo study, in which Landes geese overfed with traditional or novel diets (i.e., the traditional diet supplemented with sugar) were compared with control geese (normally fed with cooked maize) for ERS, IR and fatty liver. The differences in glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance and postprandial blood glucose between the geese overfed with traditional and novel diets suggested that supplementing dietary sugar promoted IR. This promotion was accompanied with an increasing trend of liver weight and abdominal fat weight relative to body weight. Surprisingly, compared to overfeeding with the traditional diet, overfeeding with the novel diet did not induce ERS, even further suppressed ERS in goose fatty liver. Together, our findings suggest that supplementing dietary sugar promotes ERS-independent IR and fatty liver in goose. It is intriguing to discover the factor(s) protecting goose liver from ERS as well as the non-ERS mechanism underlying IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis (AS) is chronic pathological process based on the inflammatory reaction associated with factors including vascular endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Inflammasomes are known to be at the core of the inflammatory response. As a pattern recognition receptor of innate immunity, the NLRP3 inflammasome mediates the secretion of inflammatory factors by activating the Caspase-1, which is important for maintaining the immune system and regulating the gut microbiome, and participates in the occurrence and development of AS. The intestinal microecology is composed of a large number of complex structures of gut microbiota and its metabolites, which play an important role in AS. The gut microbiota and its metabolites regulate the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and regulating intestinal microecology represent a new direction for the treatment of AS. This paper systematically reviews the interaction between the NLRP3 inflammasome and gut microbiome in AS, strategies for targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and gut microbiome for the treatment of AS, and provides new ideas for the research and development of drugs for the treatment of AS. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In previous work, we constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain for microbial production of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), which has applications in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. In this work, we improve GlcNAc production through modular engineering of B. subtilis. Specifically, the GlcNAc synthesis-related metabolic network in B. subtilis was divided into three modules—GlcNAc synthesis, glycolysis, and peptidoglycan synthesis. First, two-promoter systems with different promoter types and strengths were used for combinatorial assembly of expression cassettes of glmS (encoding GlcN-6-phosphate synthase) and GNA1 (encoding GlcNAc-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase) at transcriptional levels in the GlcNAc synthesis module, resulting in a 32.4% increase in GlcNAc titer (from 1.85g/L to 2.45g/L) in shake flasks. In addition, lactate and acetate synthesis were blocked by knockout of ldh (encoding lactate dehydrogenase) and pta (encoding phosphotransacetylase), leading to a 44.9% increase in GlcNAc production (from 2.45g/L to 3.55g/L) in shake flasks. Then, various strengths of the glycolysis and peptidoglycan synthesis modules were constructed by repressing the expression of pfk (encoding 6-phosphofructokinase) and glmM (encoding phosphoglucosamine mutase) via the expression of various combinations of synthetic small regulatory RNAs and Hfq protein. Next, GlcNAc, glycolysis, and peptidoglycan synthesis modules with various strengths were assembled and optimized via a module engineering approach, and the GlcNAc titer was improved to 8.30g/L from 3.55g/L in shake flasks. Finally, the GlcNAc titer was further increased to 31.65g/L, which was 3.8-fold that in the shake flask, in a 3-L fed-batch bioreactor. This work significantly enhanced GlcNAc production through modular pathway engineering of B. subtilis, and the engineering strategies used herein may be useful for the construction of versatile B. subtilis cell factories for the production of other industrially important chemicals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

αA- and αB-crystallins are distinct antiapoptotic regulators. Regarding the antiapoptotic mechanisms, we have previously demonstrated that under staurosporine treatment, HαA- and HαB-crystallins can interact with Bax and Bcl-XS, proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, to sequester their translocation into mitochondria, and thus prevent the staurosporine-induced apoptosis. In the present study, we further compared the anti-apoptotic mechanisms of HαA- and HαB-crystallin in preventing human lens epithelial cells from UVA-induced apoptosis. UVA-irradiation of human lens epithelial cells turned on the apoptotic death program. Moreover, associated with the activation of the death program, UVA also activated the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. In contrast, p38 kinase and JNK1/2 signaling pathways were not activated. Inhibition of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway by a dominant negative mutant RAF1 greatly attenuated UVA-induced apoptosis. Expression of the exogenous human αB-crystallin prevented UVA-induced activation of RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and thus substantially abrogated UVA-induced apoptosis. In contrast, expression of the exogenous human αA-crystallin did not prevent UVA-induced activation of RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. Instead, it activated AKT kinase pathway to promote survival and thus counteracted the UVA-induced apoptosis. Together, our results for the first time reveal that by regulating multiple signaling pathways the two α-crystallins can prevent stress-induced apoptosis through different mechanisms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Silencing SeBP disrupted active immunization of termites. • SeBP knockdown improved lethal effect of Metarhizium anisopliae. • SeBP downregulation decreased antifungal activity and GNBP2 expression. Active immunization is a process by which naïve termites receive sublethal doses of pathogenic spores from infected termites through social contact to enhance their immune responses; this process significantly diminishes the termite biocontrol effect of commercial entomopathogenic products, such as Metarhizium anisopliae. We found that the expression of selenium-binding protein (SeBP) was significantly increased by active immunization of the nestmates of fungus-contaminated termites, suggesting a close relationship between SeBP and active immunization in termites. To elucidate this relationship, we used the fungus M. anisopliae to contaminate the termite Reticulitermes chinensis and then measured the changes in the grooming behavior, antifungal activity, immune gene expression and survival of the double-stranded SeBP (ds SeBP)-injected nestmates of these fungus-contaminated termites. Our results showed that there was no significant change in the grooming behavior of the ds SeBP -injected nestmates of the fungus-contaminated termites, but the antifungal activity and expression of the immune gene Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein 2 (GNBP2) were significantly reduced. Moreover, the survival of the ds SeBP -injected nestmates of the fungus-contaminated termites was significantly decreased. These findings showed that SeBP knockdown disrupted the active immunization of R. chinensis and improved the lethal effect of M. anisopliae , which suggested that enhancing immune dysregulation by targeting SeBP was a sound strategy for the biological control of termites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensory tests involving taste-sensitive individuals provide the food industry with valuable information. However, the traditional evaluation of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) tasters, which is assumed to reflect general taste sensitivity, is controversial. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a rapid method for the classification of an individual's sensitivity to chemesthetic sensation, and to investigate the relationship between taste and chemesthetic sensation sensitivity at the suprathreshold level. In all, 72 young adults were screened and participated in the tests. The intensity of the pungency, heat, bitterness and saltiness that were presented via five concentrations of Sichuan pepper oleoresin (Spo), capsaicin, PROP and NaCl, respectively, were rated using generalized Labeled Magnitude Scales (gLMS). The method, namely 20% relative standard deviation (RSD), was developed for the classification of an individual's sensitivity. The results of ordinal multinomial logistic regression showed that the sensitivity to bitterness could be partly predicted by the sensitivity to saltiness, as well as the heat and pungency sensations. Furthermore, it was found that threshold should be used in conjunction with suprathreshold intensity ratings for classifying individuals. These findings regarding panelist sensitivity will be most useful in sensory evaluations of pungent food and in large-scale consumer studies. • A rapid method was developed for the classification of individual sensitivity. • The correlations between the taste and chemesthetic sensation in different individuals were analyzed. • The relationship between the recognition threshold and suprathreshold intensity was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biohazard performance of Sr radionuclide can be significantly magnified by its release from the contaminated sedimentation. In this study, hydroxyapatite nanoparticle-functionalized activated carbon electrode (AC-HAP) was synthesized and stacked to the cathode compartment of the electrokinetic (EK) system to develop a unipolar three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical process for Sr2+ removal from spiked soils. Sr2+ adsorption by AC-HAP can be fitted by the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. The largest monolayer adsorption capacity of AC-HAP of 69.49 mg g−1 was evaluated in the pH range of 10–12 and at 40 °C. 3D EK further intensified the adsorption process of AC-HAP and the corresponding Sr2+ removal from aqueous environments. Voltage gradients and proposing time had a significant effect on the migration and transmission of Sr2+ in the electrolyzer. The influence of competitive ions on Sr2+ removal in the stock solutions followed Al3+ < Mg2+ < K+ < Na+ < Ca2+ while followed Al3+ < Na+ < K+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ in 3D EK. The first three cycles for AC-HAP had taken roughly 50% of the reusability percentage. Sr2+ removal from spiked samples in 3D EK was achieved by acid dissolution, electromigration, and selective uptake on particle electrode. Image 1 • Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles-loaded activated carbon electrode was synthesized. • AC-HAP was incorporated into a unipolar 3D electrokinetics to remove Sr2+ from soil. • 3D electrokinetic removal of Sr2+ was optimized in an orthogonal design. • Competitivity and repeatability in the adsorption process were quantitatively analyzed. • Mechanisms for Sr2+ removal from spiked soils in 3D electrokinetics were explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]