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The beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) is a highly polyphagous agricultural pest that is distributed worldwide. However, the adaptive mechanisms of S. exigua for various insecticides and defensive substances in host plants are unknown. Insect P450 monooxygenases play an important role in the detoxification of plant toxins and insecticides, leading to insecticides resistance. We investigated the induced effects of xanthotoxin exposure on detoxification enzyme activity and larval tolerance to α-cypermethrin in S. exigua. Our results showed that the lethal concentration (LC 50) of α-cypermethrin for xanthotoxin-exposed larvae was 2.1-fold higher than in the control. Moreover, cytochrome P450 enzyme activity was significantly elevated by upregulation of P450 genes in treated larvae. RT-qPCR results showed that CYP9A10 expression level was significantly increased in all treatments, while maximal expression level was observed in xanthotoxin+α-cypermethrin-fed larvae. RNAi-mediated silencing of CYP9A10 further increased mortality by 18%, 26% and 35% at 48 h and by 27%, 43% and 55% at 72 h when larvae were exposed to diets containing chemicals as compared to the control. The results show that CYP9A10 might play an important role in xanthotoxin and α-cypermethrin detoxification in S. exigua. RNAi-mediated silencing could provide an effective synergistic agent for pest control or insecticide resistance management. Unlabelled Image • Plant secondary metabolites induce insecticide resistance in S. exigua and the activity of insect P450 detoxification enzymes • Xanthotocin induced up-regulation of P450s gene in α-cypermethrin fed Spodoptera exigua larvae • This systematic study enlightening the effect of plant secondary metabolite xanthotoxin on α-cypermethrin sensitivity of S. exigua • Exposure of S. exigua larvae to xanthotocin from host plants may compromise the efficacy of α-cypermethrin insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most destructive insect pests owned strong resistance to different insecticides. Indoxacarb as a novel oxadiazine insecticide becomes the main pesticide against S. litura. DIMBOA [2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2 H-1,4-benz-oxazin-3(4 H)-one] is involved in important chemical defense processes in corn plants. However, the insects' adaptation mechanism to insecticides when exposed to defensive allelochemicals in their host plants remains unclear. Here, we assessed multi-resistance, and resistance mechanisms based on S. litura life history traits. After 18 generations of selection, indoxacarb resistance was increased by 61.95-fold (Ind-Sel) and 86.06-fold (Dim-Sel) as compared to the Lab-Sus. Also, DIMBOA-pretreated larvae developed high resistance to beta-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, chlorantraniliprole, and emamectin benzoate. Meanwhile, indoxacarb (LC 50) was applied to detect its impact on thirty-eight detoxification-related genes expression. The transcripts of SlituCOE073, SlituCOE009, SlituCOE074 , and SlituCOE111 as well as SlGSTs5, SlGSTu1 , and SlGSTe13 were considerably raised in the Ind-Sel strain. Among the twenty-three P450s, CYP6AE68, CYP321B1, CYP6B50, CYP9A39, CYP4L10 , and CYP4S9v 1 transcripts denoted significantly higher levels in the Ind-Sel strain, suggesting that CarEs, GSTs and P450s genes may be engaged in indoxacarb resistance. These outcomes further highlighted the importance of detoxification enzymes for S. litura gene expression and their role in responses to insecticides and pest management approaches. [Display omitted] • Indoxacarb resistance ratio in S. litura larvae over 18 generations was studied. • Detoxifying enzyme mechanisms of P450s, GSTs, and CarEs were explored. • DIMBOA enhanced resistance of S. litura to indoxacarb. • PBO significantly synergized indoxacarb toxicity in S. litura larvae. • The longevity of adults was significantly shorter in the Dim-Sel Strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop plants in natural environments can be exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses that occur simultaneously or sequentially throughout their plant developmental stages. Abiotic stress, such as heat, salinity, drought, waterlogging, and cold stress, can impact plant tolerance and disease infestation. The outcomes of abiotic stresses on disease virulence largely depend on host susceptibility, pathogen virulence, stress type, intensity, and exposure time. Healthy plants can suppress disease virulence, while susceptible plants intensify pathogen infestation under abiotic stress. This tripartite interaction between plants, pathogens, and the environment involves signaling responses that play a significant role in the evolution of adapted organisms (plant and/or pathogen) under unfavorable conditions. This review provides a conceptual framework for understanding the integrated signaling responses of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses, highlighting the relevance of disease infestation and plant tolerance with individual and combined abiotic stresses. Understanding the co-occurrence of these stresses can help predict the effects of weather uncertainty and pathogen behavior on traditional crops, informing multivariate strategies for agricultural planning and regional policy development. • Abiotic stresses can severely impact disease progression and infestation. • The effects of abiotic stresses on disease virulence depend on host, pathogen and stress type. • Healthy plants can suppress disease virulence under abiotic stress. • Susceptible plants intensify pathogen sporulation under abiotic stress. • Understanding co-occurrence of stresses can predict weather and pathogen behavior effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly polyphagous pest which causes considerable economic losses to cotton and many vegetable crops. Tannins are among the most important secondary metabolites in cotton plants. We show that tannic acid enhances the toxic effect of chlorantraniliprole on S. exigua when presented in combination. Bioassays using third-instar S. exigua larvae on an artificial diet showed that consumption of tannic acid with chlorantraniliprole at the concentration of (2 mg/g and LC 50 0.018 mg/L) had higher toxicity when compared to either chlorantraniliprole or tannic acid alone (LC 50 0.027 mg/L). The diet containing tannic acid with chlorantraniliprole significantly prolonged larval and pupal developmental time and extended mean generation time and total pre-oviposition period compared to either chemical alone. Moreover, fecundity, survival rate, reproductive value, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase and net reproduction rate declined significantly when exposed to the combined treatment. No difference was observed between tannic acid and the control. Meanwhile, tannic acid with chlorantraniliprole had markedly antifeedant effects; causing significant decline in the relative growth rate (RGR), the relative consumption rate (RCR), the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), the efficiency of conversion of digested food and an increase in the approximate digestibility (AD) compared to either chemical alone. Tannic acid with chlorantraniliprole also decreased the insect's carbohydrate, lipid and protein contents significantly. The results showed that the interaction between tannic acid and chlorantraniliprole on the growth inhibition of larvae was additive and tannic acid increased the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole to insects. The results of this study provide information useful in integrated pest management programs for S. exigua and show that tannic acid combined with chlorantraniliprole may be a route to reducing the use of synthetic pesticides. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Tannic acid enhances toxicity of chlorantraniliprole against S. exigua. • Dietary tannic acid & chlorantraniliprole reduces fecundity and fitness of S exigua. • Additive effects decreased the carbohydrate, lipid and protein contents of pest. • Enhancement effect observed in combination tannic acid with insecticide [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is one of the leading cereal crops feeding millions across the globe. Various factors including stand establishment methods (direct seeding, transplanting), water management (continuous flooding, intermittent flooding (alternate wetting and drying), aerobic culture), plant population, soil type and its management, weed-crop competition duration and weed management, fertilizer type- dose- and application timing affect the quality of rice. Although direct seeded aerobic rice production systems are eco-friendly, nonetheless poor grain quality in terms of amylose/amylopectin contents, mineral nutrients, amino acids, grain protein, chalkiness percentage, viscosity, rice recovery percentage, grain weight, and milling quality has been reported widely in these systems which need substantial improvement. Soil and fertilizer management with conjugative use of organic and inorganic fertilizers (macro-and micro), planting at the optimum time with optimum seed rate, and integrated weed management. There is also a need to develop rice varieties that are well-suited to direct seeded aerobic rice production systems. This review discusses the factors affecting the grain quality in different rice production systems and suggests strategies for improving rice grain quality with a focus on direct seeded aerobic rice system. [Display omitted] • Rice production systems have a strong impact on grain quality. • The rice grain quality is compromised in a direct seeding system (DSR). • Soil and fertilizer management, and weed management may help improve grain quality in DSR. • Genotypes, with focus on grain quality, should be developed for different production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua , is a highly polyphagous pest originated from Southeast Asia but has spread globally, attacking economically important crops and fruits. Bistrifluron insecticide is one of the highly active insect growth regulators that has been reported to inhibit development and longevity in other lepidopteran species and could be used in the control of S. exigua. In the present study, the age-stage, two-sex life table technique was applied to assess the sublethal effects of bistrifluron on biological traits and vitellogenin gene (SeVg) expression when 2nd instar larvae fed to sublethal concentrations (LC 10 , LC 20 and LC 40) of bistrifluron. Mean generation time from eggs to adults was longer at LC 40 (37.79 ± 0.81 d) and LC 20 (37.04 ± 0.72) compared to the LC 10 (36.89 ± 0.63 d) and control groups (36.07 ± 0.38 d). Fecundity of female at LC 40 (279.17 ± 42.8 eggs), LC 20 (347 ± 35.4 eggs) and LC 10 (411.58 ± 42.38 eggs) were significantly lower than the control treatment (532.47 ± 7.13). Furthermore, the lower intrinsic rates of increase (LC 40 ; r = 0.1207 ± 0.009, LC 20 ; r = 0.1329 ± 0.009 and LC 10 ; r = 0.14398 ± 0.009 compared to the control r = 0.164 ± 0.0076), was observed along with significantly extended mean generation times (LC 40 ; T = 34.825 ± 0.317 days, LC 20 ; T = 33.27 ± 0.368 days and LC 10 ; T = 31.899 ± 0.398 days compared to the control 30.927 ± 0.255 days). Furthermore, the contents of energy reserve macronutrients (carbohydrate, lipid and protein) significantly reduced in dose and time dependent manner in treated insects as compared to control. Furthermore, the expression level of SeVg mRNA significantly decreased by 43.8% in the female adults when one-day-old second instar larvae were treated with sublethal concentrations of bistrifluron in comparison with the control. Documenting these sublethal effects is a vital, and often overlooked factor, in assessing the overall efficacy of insecticides in the management of pest populations. [Display omitted] • Sublethal effects of bistrifluron insecticide on Spodoptera exigua. • Sublethal concentrations negatively affected key life-history traits of Spodoptera exigua. • The contents of macronutrients (carbohydrate, lipid and protein) significantly reduced in dose and time dependent manner. • Expression level of SeVg gene significantly reduced at sublethal concentrations of bistrifluron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pot study was conducted to explore the effectiveness of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) foliar exposure on growth and development of wheat, zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) uptake in Cd-contaminated soil under various moisture conditions. Four different levels (0, 25, 50, 100 mg/L) of these NPs were foliar-applied at different time periods during the growth of wheat. Two soil moisture regimes (70% and 35% of water holding capacity) were maintained from 6 weeks of germination till plant harvesting. The results revealed that the growth of wheat increased with ZnO NPs treatments. The best results were found in 100 mg/L ZnO NPs under normal moisture level. The lowest Cd and highest Zn concentrations were also examined when 100 mg/L NPs were applied without water deficit stress. In grain, Cd concentrations decreased by 26%, 81% and 87% in normal moisture while in water deficit conditions, the Cd concentrations decreased by 35%, 66% and 81% compared to control treatment when ZnO NPs were used at 25, 50 and 100 mg/L. The foliar exposure of ZnO NPs boosted up the leaf chlorophyll contents and also decreased the oxidative stress and enhanced the leaf superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities than the control. It can be suggested that foliar use of ZnO NPs might be an efficient way for increasing wheat growth and yield with maximum Zn and minimum Cd contents under drought stress while decreasing the chances of NPs movement to other environmental compartment which may be possible in soil applied NPs. • Cadmium (Cd) and water stress negatively affected shoot, roots and grain yield of wheat. • Foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) improved the growth under stress. • Foliar ZnO NPs improved chlorophyll contents and minimized oxidative stress in shoots. • Foliar ZnO NPs increased Zn and decreased Cd contents in wheat grains under Cd and water deficient stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) have been associated with plant-plant-herbivorous-natural enemies communication and an enhanced response to the subsequent attack. Spodoptera litura is a serious cosmopolitan pest that has developed a high level of resistance to many insecticides. However, the underlying molecular and biochemical mechanism by which HIPV priming reduces S. litura larval sensitivity to insecticides remains largely unknown. This study was conducted to explore the potential of volatile from undamaged, or artificially damaged, or S. litura -damaged tomato plants on the susceptibility of S. litura to the insecticides beta-cypermethrin indoxacarb and chlorpyrifos. We found that larvae exposed to volatile from S. litura -damaged or artificially damaged tomato plants were significantly less susceptible to the three insecticides than those exposed to volatile from undamaged tomato plants. Elevated activities of detoxifying enzymes [cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), glutathione S -transferases (GSTs), and esterases (ESTs)], were expressed in S. litura larvae exposed to volatile from S. litura -damaged tomato plants than those exposed to volatile from undamaged tomato plants. Similarly, seven detoxification-related genes [GSTs (SlGSTe1 , SlGSTo1, and SlGSTe3) and P450s (CYP6B48 , CYP9A40 , CYP321A7, and CYP321B1)] in the midgut and fat body of larvae were up-regulated under exposure to volatile from S. litura -damaged tomato plants. Increased volatile organic compounds emissions were detected in the headspace of tomato plants damaged by S. litura compared to the undamaged plants. Collectively, these findings suggest that HIPVs can considerably reduce caterpillar susceptibility to insecticides, possibly through induction-enhanced detoxification mechanisms, and provide valuable information for implementing an effective integrated pest management strategy. [Display omitted] • HIPVs in tomato treatments induced detoxification genes expression in S. litura. • The activity of detoxification-related enzymes shows an increased response to HIPVs. • HIPVs exposure priming S. litura reduced sensitivity to insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a widely recognized global agricultural pest that has significantly reduced crop yields all over the world. S. frugiperda has developed resistance to various insecticides. Insect cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs or P450s) play an important role in detoxifying insecticides, leading to increased resistance in insect populations. However, the function of the specific P450 gene for lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in S. frugiperda was unclear. Herein, the expression patterns of 40 P450 genes in the susceptible and lambda-cyhalothrin-resistant populations were analyzed. Among them, CYP321A7 was found to be overexpressed in the resistant population, specifically LRS (resistance ratio = 25.38-fold) derived from a lambda-cyhalothrin-susceptible (SS) population and FLRS (a population caught from a field, resistance ratio = 63.80-fold). Elevated enzyme activity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) was observed for LRS (2.76-fold) and the FLRS (4.88-fold) as compared to SS, while no significant differences were observed in the activities of glutathione S -transferases and esterases. Furthermore, the knockdown of CYP321A7 gene by RNA interference significantly increased the susceptibility to lambda-cyhalothrin. Remarkably, the knockdown of CYP321A7 reduced the enzymatic activity of P450 by 43.7%, 31.9%, and 22.5% in SS, LRS, and FLRS populations, respectively. Interestingly, fourth-instar larvae treated with lambda-cyhalothrin at the LC 30 dosage had a greater mortality rate due to RNA interference-induced suppression of CYP321A7 (with increases of 61.1%, 50.0%, and 45.6% for SS, LRS, and FLRS populations, respectively). These findings suggest a link between lambda-cyhalothrin resistance and continual overexpression of CYP321A7 in S. frugiperda larvae, emphasizing the possible importance of CYP321A7 in lambda-cyhalothrin detoxification in S. frugiperda. [Display omitted] • Synergist bioassay confirmed the important roles of P450s in lambda-cyhalothrin resistance. • PBO significantly synergized lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity in S. frugiperda larvae. • CYP321A7 was overexpressed in lambda-cyhalothrin resistance population. • CYP321A7 gene played a role in lambda-cyhalothrin resistance of S. frugiperda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid rising energy crises and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, designing energy efficient, GHG mitigation and profitable conservation farming strategies are pertinent for global food security. Therefore, we tested a hypothesis that no-till with residue retaining could improve energy productivity (EP) and energy use efficiency (EUE) while mitigating the carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF) and GHG emissions in rice-wheat double cropping system. We studied two tillage viz., conventional and conservation, with/without residue retaining, resulting as CT0 (puddled-transplanted rice, conventional wheat -residue), CTR (puddled-transplanted rice, conventional wheat + residue), NT0 (direct seeded rice, zero-till wheat -residue), and NTR (direct seeded rice, zero-till wheat + residue). The overall results showed that the NTR/NT0 had 34% less energy consumption and 1.2-time higher EP as compared to CTR/CT0. In addition, NTR increased 19.8% EUE than that of CT0. The grain yield ranged from 8.7 to 9.3 and 7.8–8.5 Mg ha−1 under CT and NT system, respectively. In NTR, CF and WF were 56.6% and 17.9% lower than that of CT0, respectively. The net GHG emissions were the highest (7261.4 kg CO 2 ha−1 yr−1) under CT0 and lowest (4580.9 kg CO 2 ha−1 yr−1) under NTR. Notably, the carbon sequestration under NTR could mitigate half of the system's CO 2 -eq emissions. The study results suggest that NTR could be a viable option to offset carbon emissions and water footprint by promoting soil organic carbon sequestration, and enhancing energy productivity and energy use efficiency in the South Asian Indo-Gangetic Plains. • Net GHG emissions were 58.5% greater in CT0 compared to NTR. • No-till with residue returning (NTR) decreased water and C footprints. • Overall, no-till had ∼18% less input cost than conventional tillage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A total of fifty seven wheat advanced lines were screened to detect the existence of leaf rust resistant genes (Lr9, Lr13, Lr19, Lr24, Lr26, Lr28, Lr32, Lr34, Lr35, Lr36, Lr37, Lr39 and Lr46) using thirteen SSR markers. Only four markers for Lr13, Lr32, Lr34 and Lr35 produced separate, reproducible bands which indicated the positive linkage of leaf rust resistance with these SSR markers. The highest frequency was observed for Lr32 (100%), as it was detected in all fifty seven lines, followed by Lr34 (89.4%) in 51 lines, Lr35 (87.7%) in 50 lines and Lr13 (31.5%) in 18 lines respectively. All the four resistant genes were identified in fifteen lines which is only 26% of the studied population. These results indicate that there are limited number of variant genes for leaf rust resistance in the studied wheat advanced lines. Therefore, strategies for arraying these genes to lengthen infection resistance are advised to eliminate wheat rust diseases. In addition, more reliable and capable markers are essential to be settled for marker assisted selection of these and other genes. Highlights • In this study, we used wheat advanced lines to characterize leaf rust resistant genes. • Total of 57 wheat advanced lines were used. • Loci associated with all the four resistant genes were identified in fifteen lines only (26% of studied population). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), is one of the major crop pests and is a target for current pest control approaches using insecticides. S. exigua melanic mutants (SEM) spontaneously occurred in the S. exigua wild type (SEW) strain and have been maintained under laboratory conditions on an artificial diet. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the inner cuticle of the SEM had a denser and less orderly structure. We investigated the cuticle protein genes using RNA-seq at three different developmental stages of both SEM and SEW. Comparison of cDNA libraries showed that 7257 CPs were significantly up-regulated and 664 genes were significantly downregulated in SEM at the developmental stage of 46-h in the fifth instar. In addition, 460 genes were significantly up-regulated and 439 genes were significantly down-regulated in the SEM at the development stage of 4-h before pupation. Moreover, 162 genes were significantly up-regulated and 293 genes were significantly downregulated in the SEM, just after pupation. Two genes CPR63 and CPR97 were identified from RNA sequences to verify the differentially expressed gene (DEG) results through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results show that expression of both CPR63 and CPR97 structural cuticular proteins were significantly different between SEM and SEW. This functional analysis may help in understanding the role that these genes play in the cuticle pattern of the SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is a widely distributed, highly polyphagous pest that can cause severe damage to a variety of economically important crops. Various populations have developed resistance to different classes of insecticides. In this study, we report on two indoxacarb-resistant S. litura populations, namely Ind-R (resistance ratio = 18.37-fold) derived from an indoxacarb-susceptible (Ind-S) population and a population caught from a field (resistance ratio = 46.72-fold). A synergist experiment showed that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with indoxacarb produced higher synergistic effects (synergist ratio = 5.29) in the Ind-R population as compared to Ind-S (synergist ratio = 3.08). Elevated enzyme activity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) was observed for Ind-R (2.15-fold) and the Field-caught population (4.03-fold) as compared to Ind-S, while only minor differences were noticed in the activities of esterases and glutathione S-transferases. Furthermore, expression levels of P450 genes of S. litura were determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR to explore differences among the three populations. The results showed that the mRNA levels of CYP6AE68 , a novel P450 gene belonging to the CYP6 family, were constitutively overexpressed in Ind-R (32.79-fold) and in the Field-caught population (68.11-fold). CYP6AE68 expression in S. litura was further analyzed for different developmental stages and in different tissues. Finally, we report that RNA interference-mediated silencing of CYP6AE68 increased the mortality of fourth-instar larvae exposed to indoxacarb at the LC 50 dose level (increase by 33.89%, 29.44% and 22.78% for Ind-S, Ind-R and the Field-caught population, respectively). In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that expression levels of CYP6AE68 in S. litura larvae are associated with indoxacarb resistance and that CYP6AE68 may play a significant role in detoxification of indoxacarb. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authentication of gelatin in food matrices comes in prominence since various religious and cultural communities have selectivity and sensitivity regarding the consumption of various ingredients. Globally, several methods have been investigated to classify unknown gelatin into its species of origin. The most common techniques employed to distinguish different gelatin sources include calcium phosphate precipitation, amino acid analysis and ELISA but the major bottlenecks associated with the use of these approaches are the need of repeated results, intensive labor requirements and experience. To overcome the nuisance, other reliable, fast and modern techniques have also been introduced which have shown the potential to differentiate the various gelatin sources. These approaches include FTIR spectroscopy, HPLC, PCR, ELISA, ESI-LC-MS/MS, MALDI-TOF, Nano-UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MSE, UPLC/Q-TOF-MS and SPR biosensors. Accordingly, the major desideratum of the current treatise is to highlight the potential of various methods to discern the origin of gelatin. • Methods to determine gelatin authenticity. • Role of modern techniques to detect gelatin sources. • ELISA and PCR based methods to differentiate the origin of gelatin. • HPLC quantification of gelatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial consortia accompanied to all eukaryotes can be inherited from ancestors, environment, and/or from various food source. Gut microbiota study is an emerging discipline of biological sciences that expands our understanding of the ecological and functional dynamics of gut environments. Microorganisms associated with honey bees play an important role in food digestion, colony performance, immunity, pollination, antagonistic effect against different pathogens, amelioration of food and many more. Although, many repots about honey bee gut microbiota are well documented, microbiome with other key components of honey bees such as larvae, adults, their food (pollen, beebread, and honey), honey combs, and floral nectar are poorly understood. Mutual interactions and extent of the roles of microbial communities associated with honey bees are still unclear and demand for more research on the nutritional physiology and health benefits of this ecologically and economically important group. Here in this study, we highlighted all the honey bee microbiome that harbored from different life stages and other relevant components. The anatomical parts of honey bee (larvae, adults), food source (pollen, beebread, and honey), honey combs, and floral nectar were highly flourished by numerous microorganisms like bacteria (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Actinomycetes, Bacilli, Bacteroidetes, Cocci, Clostridia, Coliforms, Firmicutes, Flavobacteriia, Mollicutes) and fungi (Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Mucormycotina, Saccharomycetes, Zygomycetes, Yeasts, Molds). Some distinctive microbial communities of a taxonomically constrained species have coevolved with social bees. This contribution is to enhance the understanding of honey bee gut microbiota, to accelerate bee microbiota and microbiome research in general and to aid design of future experiments in this growing field. • Microbial consortia accompanied to all eukaryotes can be inherited from ancestors. • Gut microbiota studies is an emerging discipline that expands our understanding of the ecological and functional dynamics of gut environments. • Honey bee life stage, food source, pollen comb and pollen nectar were harbored with diverse microbial communities. • This study enhance the understanding of honey bee gut microbiota, to accelerate bee microbiota and microbiome research in general and to aid design of future experiments in this growing field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]