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We study the coexistence of limit cycles in a predator-prey model of Leslie type with generalized Holling type III functional response. When the prey reproduces much faster than the predator, we prove for this model that: (i) the existence of the configuration of one large stable limit cycle enclosing two small unstable limit cycles, (ii) the cyclicity of singular double-head canard cycles is three and reached, and (iii) the coexistence of two stable limit cycles surrounding three equilibria. The last result gives a positive answer to Coleman's problem on the coexistence of two ecologically stable limit cycles in predator-prey models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the destabilization of synchronous periodic solutions for general patch-models with cross-diffusion-like couplings, where the underlying kinetic systems have stable periodic solutions bifurcating from double homoclinic loops. We first reduce the stability problem of synchronous periodic solutions for patch models into that for lower-dimensional systems, then analyze the destabilization by using the Floquet theory and solving a class of boundary value problems. After establishing the Fredholm alternative properties for an auxiliary linear operator, we give the characteristic function to determine the Floquet spectra for the reduced systems, and then the conditions for the destabilization. Finally, we apply the main results to a patch model with a two-dimensional kinetic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel bismuth-based zero-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid material (C 6 H 5 CH 2 NH 3) 2 (CH 3 CH 3 NH 2) 3 Bi 2 Br 11 was synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The crystal structure, intermolecular interactions, chemical groups, chemical bond characterization, optical and thermal stability of the sample were systematically investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, Hirshfeld surface analysis, field scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, Raman spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, and Ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectra. The results indicated that the (C 6 H 5 CH 2 NH 3) 2 (CH 3 CH 3 NH 2) 3 Bi 2 Br 11 crystal displayed a triclinic crystal system with a P-1 space group at room temperature with a = 8.5290(4) Å, b = 14.2484(10) Å, c = 18.9386(10) Å, α = 94.418(5) °, β = 102.260(4) °, γ = 106.595(5) °, V = 2131.9(2) Å3, Z = 2, R 1 = 0.0936, w R 2 = 0.1536. The compound displayed typical zero-dimensional consisting of two benzylamine organic [C 6 H 5 CH 2 NH 3 ]+ cations, three dimethylamine organic [CH 3 CH 3 NH 2 ]+ cations and a corner-sharing dimer unit [Bi 2 Br 11 ]5–. Infrared and Raman vibrational study indicates the presence of [CH 3 CH 3 NH 2 ]+. The 2D fingerprint plot of Hirshfeld surface analysis shows that H⋯Br/Br⋯H (56.8 %) and H⋯H (31.4 %) are major contributions to the intermolecular contact of (C 6 H 5 CH 2 NH 3) 2 (CH 3 CH 3 NH 2) 3 Bi 2 Br 11. The sample presented relatively perfect thermal stability up to 240 °C and a wide band gap of about 2.75 eV. It provides some reference value for exploring organic-inorganic hybrid materials with low toxicity and high thermal stability. The physical image of (C 6 H 5 CH 2 NH 3) 2 (CH 3 CH 3 NH 2) 3 Bi 2 Br 11 single crystal prepared by hydrothermal method and its crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface, thermal stability and optics analyses. [Display omitted] • Structure and morphology of (C 6 H 5 CH 2 NH 3) 2 (CH 3 CH 3 NH 2) 3 Bi 2 Br 11 were studied. • Synthesis mechanism of (C 6 H 5 CH 2 NH 3) 2 (CH 3 CH 3 NH 2) 3 Bi 2 Br 11 single crystal was studied. • Optical property and stability of (C 6 H 5 CH 2 NH 3) 2 (CH 3 CH 3 NH 2) 3 Bi 2 Br 11 were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrombocytopenia is a critical complication after radiation therapy and exposure. Dysfunction of megakaryocyte development and platelet production are key pathophysiological stages in ionizing radiation (IR)-induced thrombocytopenia. Protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important role in regulating megakaryocyte development and platelet production. However, it remains unclear how PKC regulates IR-induced megakaryocyte apoptosis. In this study, we found that pretreatment of PKC pan-inhibitor Go6983 delayed IR-induced megakaryocyte apoptosis, and inhibited IR-induced mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS production in CMK cells. Moreover, suppressing PKC activation inhibited cleaved caspase3 expression and reduced p38 phosphorylation levels, and IR-induced PKC activation might be regulated by p53. In vivo experiments confirmed that Go6983 promoted platelet count recovery after 21 days of 3 Gy total body irradiation. Furthermore, Go6983 reduced megakaryocyte apoptosis, increased the number of megakaryocyte and polyploid formation in bone marrow, and improved the survival rate of 6 Gy total body irradiation. In conclusion, our results provided a potential therapeutic target for IR-induced thrombocytopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organizer is an essential signaling center required for axial formation during vertebrate embryonic development. In the basal chordate amphioxus, the dorsal blastopore lip of the gastrula has been proposed to be homologous to the vertebrate organizer. Lefty is one of the first genes to be expressed in the organizer. The present results show that Lefty overexpression abolishes the organizer; the embryos were severely ventralized and posteriorized, and failed to develop anterior and dorsal structures. In Lefty knockouts the organizer is enlarged, and anterior and dorsal structures are expanded. Different from Lefty morphants in vertebrates, amphioxus Lefty mutants also exhibited left-right defects. Inhibition of Nodal with SB505124 partially rescued the effects of Lefty loss-of-function on morphology. In addition, while SB505124 treatment blocked Lefty expression in the cleavage stages of amphioxus embryos, activation of Nodal signaling with Activin protein induced ectopic Lefty expression at these stages. These results show that the interplay between Lefty and Nodal signaling plays an essential role in the specification of the amphioxus organizer and axes. • Lefty expression pattern follows essentially that of Nodal after the onset of gastrulation in amphioxus embryos. • Lefty mutation expands dorsal/anterior structures in amphioxus. • Lefty overexpression disrupts organizer formation, and its knockout expands organizer size. • Inhibiting Nodal signaling partially rescues the defects of Lefty mutants. • Nodal signaling is required and sufficient for initial Lefty expression in amphioxus embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torsional vibrations in the drive system of a hybrid electric vehicle powered by an engine are generated by cyclic torque fluctuations. These fluctuations stem from the combustion torque and the reciprocating inertial torque of the cylinder in the reciprocating piston engine. To address this issue, a real-time engine transient torque model that considers the thermodynamic characteristics of each component is established. A method was designed to identify the torsional vibration of a powertrain based on the engine torque, electric motor torque, and powertrain model. Building on this foundation, a method was proposed to calculate the optimal harmonic current instruction of the electric motor to mitigate torsional vibration in the Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) powertrain. Furthermore, a proportional integral-resonance (PIR) controller was designed for the injection of an electric motor reference harmonic current. Finally, a method was proposed for suppressing the torsional vibration in HEV drive systems that incorporate active harmonic current injection. The simulation and test results indicate that the proposed method can effectively diminish the amplitudes of the drive system's 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th harmonic torque, ensuring stable operation of the powertrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We study adsorption behaviors of isomorphic metal-doped metal-organic frameworks in the field of dyeing wastewater treatment technology. Herein, a series of 3D isostructural Co2+/Cd2+ metal-doped metal-organic frameworks named compounds 1 – 5 were successfully synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and used in adsorbing and separation dyes. We demonstrate that dye molecules can be adsorbed on the external surface of the MOFs and their loadings can be tuned by adjusting the rate of the central metal atoms. We show that compound 5 crystals containing Cd2+ are selective adsorbent for pH, temperature, ionic strength responsive adsorption. Their adsorptive properties of cationic dyes in aqueous solutions are higher than that of neutral and anionic dyes. Our method of isomorphic metal-doped opens new possibilities to construct adsorption strength regulation systems for a wide range of applications and facilitates new efforts in environmental purification. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • Study on the effect of metal ions on the adsorption of dyes by isomorphic metal doping. We characterize the synthesized compounds, which adsorb a series of dyes (cationic, neutral and anionic dyes). • Some typical organic dyes such as Methylene Blue(MB), Methyl Violet(MV), Phenol Red(PR), Methyl Orange(MO) and Congo Red(CR) were selected as targeted models. For compounds 1 – 5 doped with different contents of metal, the adsorption amount of MV increased with the increasing content of Cd2+ which is in the frameworks. The compound 5 has maximum adsorption amount which can reach 5.93 mg g−1. • Compounds 1-5 have the adsorption capacity for cationic dyes, and the adsorption capacity for MV is better than MB. Compound 5 almost don't carry the neutral dye PR, while compound 5 hardly adsorb anionic dye, such as MO and CR. • We study many factors (pH, temperature, ionic strength)of the adsorption of dye on the compound 5. The experiment shows that the increase of temperature is beneficial to the adsorption in a specific range and the dye adsorption is better under alkaline conditions. • Compound 5 successfully adsorbed MV and MB from mixed dyes with removal percentages of 80% and 90%, respectively. it is stable in the solvent environment. The recyclability of compound 5 adsorbed MV which was investigated over five cycles, the fluctuation of the adsorption capacity was less than 5%. Perform correlation calculations between adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gambierdiscus spp. is mainly responsible for the ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) around the world. The gambiertoxin produced by Gambierdiscus can be passed through the food chain to form ciguatoxins (CTXs) that cause ciguatoxins poisoning. However, the toxic effects of Gambierdiscus on fish through the food chain and related mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the toxicity of Gambierdiscus caribaeus on the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) was investigated, where the simulated food chain toxic algae-food organism-fish (G. caribaeus - Artemia metanauplii- O. melastigma) was set. The results showed that direct or indirect exposure through the food chain of G. caribaeus could affect the swimming behaviour of O. melastigma , manifested as decreased swimming performance and spontaneous abnormal swimming behaviours. Histological observation showed that direct or indirect exposure of G. caribaeus caused different degrees of pathological damage to the gills, intestine and liver tissues of O. melastigma. Transcriptome sequencing and RT-qPCR demonstrated that G. caribaeus exposure could trigger a series of physiological and biochemical responses, mainly reflected in energy metabolism, reproductive system, neural activity, immune stress and drug metabolism in marine medaka. Our finding may provide novel insight into the toxicity of Gambierdiscus on fish. [Display omitted] • Toxicity of Gambierdiscus caribaeus can be transferred through food chain. • G. caribaeus have a negative effect on swimming behavior in O. melastigma. • G. caribaeus can cause damage to the gills, liver and intestinal tissues of fish. • G. caribaeus may affect energy metabolism, reproduction, and immune stress in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptin has been well-established as a canonical anorexic peptide hormone in mammals, though much of its function in fish remains obscure. In this study, the cDNAs of two leptin isoforms ( leptin -A and leptin -B) were cloned from the liver of a small cyprinid fish, Tanichthys albonubes . The two T. albonubes leptins, sharing low primary amino acid sequence homology with their mammalian counterparts, and between themselves, are highly conserved in three-dimensional protein structures and gene structures. Liver is a major source of leptin mRNA in T. albonubes with leptin -A being the dominant form. The expression of hepatic leptin -A but not leptin -B mRNA in female fish is significantly higher than in male fish. Transcriptional hepatic levels of leptin -A and leptin -B in both male and female fish were demonstrated to increase after long-term fasting (10–25 days) but decline upon re-feeding (3 days). Strikingly, estrogen (E 2 ) administration induced only leptin -A but not leptin -B hepatic mRNA expression in both male and female fish. Our study here provides the first evidence for differential regulation of two leptins in fish, and sheds new light on the possible origin of leptin in lower vertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the initiation and progression of multiple cancers has drawn great attention in cancer research. In this study, we report that BMP-2 can promote the proliferation of the pancreatic tumor cell line, PANC-1. Secreted phosphoprotein 24 kD (Spp24), a BMP binding protein, did not affect the proliferation of the cells but promoted the apoptosis of the cells in vitro. In a xeneograft tumor model using PANC-1 cells, BMP-2 dramatically promoted tumor growth, while Spp24 not only abolished the effect of BMP-2, but also dramatically induced tumor shrinking when used alone. Activation of Smad1/5/8 participated in this process as demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining of phosphorylated Smad 1/5/8. We conclude that Spp24 can be developed into a therapeutic agent that could be employed in clinical situations where the inhibition of BMPs and related proteins is advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effect of Triton X-100 on the colloidal dispersion stability of CuPc-U (unsulfonated and hydrophobic) and CuPc-S (surface sulfonated and hydrophilic) particles in aqueous solutions (water and NaNO3) was investigated at 25°C. Its adsorption density was determined from surfactant concentrations analyzed by an HPLC method with a UV detector. The experimental dispersion stability ratios of the particles were determined from dynamic light scattering (DLS) data, with the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans (RDG) light scattering theory. The adsorption densities of Triton X-100 on both the CuPc-U and CuPc-S increase with increasing concentration of surfactant up to the critical micelle concentration (cmc), and then reach a plateau. The maximum adsorption density Γm is higher for the CuPc-U (dh =160nm) than that for the CuPc-S (dh =90nm). The hydrophobic chains are inferred to be adsorbed onto the surfaces, and the hydrophilic ethylene oxide chains are in a coil conformation. The W app-values for the CuPc-U dispersions are affected mainly by the surfactant fractional surface coverage θ. Adding NaNO3 has no significant effect on the dispersion stability. The stabilization mechanism for the CuPc-U is inferred to be primarily steric, as expected. The stability ratios for the CuPc-S in solutions with NaNO3 are higher than those for CuPc-U, and decrease with increasing concentration of NaNO3, indicating that the stabilization is affected by the screening of electrostatic repulsive forces. The zeta potential is not a good predictor of the electrostatic stabilization, pointing to the need for new and improved theories. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Previous phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequence data have partially resolved taxonomic relationships among Pestalotiopsis species. There are still some morphological characters whose phylogenetic significance have not been assessed properly due to limited taxon sampling, in particular the degree of pigmentation of median cells. In this study, the stability of pigmentation of median cells of conidia in Pestalotiopsis species was evaluated in subculture, and a molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted on 45 strains belonging to 26 species in order to reappraise the pigmentation of median cells for its significance in the taxonomy of Pestalotiopsis. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from nucleotide sequences in ITS regions (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) and β-tubulin 2 gene (tub2). The results showed that pigmentation of median cells was stable and it could be a key character in the taxonomy of Pestalotiopsis species. Instead of “concolorous” and “versicolor” proposed by , “brown to olivaceous” and “umber to fuliginous” are described and proposed in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Single crystals of the strontium phosphate orthoborate metaborate, Sr10[(PO4)5.5(BO4)0.5](BO2), were grown from the melt and investigated by X-ray diffraction (space group , No. 147; a=9.7973(8)Å, c=7.3056(8)Å, V=607.29(10)Å3, Z=1). The crystal structure is closely related to apatite and contains linear metaborate groups, [BO2]− (point group D∞h , B–O=1.284(11)Å) taking positions within the channels running along the three-fold inversion axis. Strontium sites are found to be fully occupied while [PO4]3− tetrahedra are partially replaced by [BO4]5− groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Non-infectious uveitis is an intraocular autoimmune disease mainly characterized by immune dysregulation of the eye, which may cause blindness if not well treated. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a potent cytokine with multiple immunoregulatory functions. However, it's in vivo activity is unstable owing to its inherent protein instability and short plasma half-life. Therefore, our previous research tried to establish IL-10-overexpressing MSC-sEVs (sEVs-IL10) using lentiviral transfection. While this approach indeed improved drug delivery, it also suffered from tedious procedures and limited loading efficiency. Accordingly, we constructed a novel MSC-sEVs-based delivery system for IL-10 (IL-10@sEVs) by sonication. The obtained formulation (IL-10@sEVs) had relatively higher loading efficiency and exerted a more profound immunomodulatory effect than sEVs-IL10 in vitro. Furthermore, IL-10@sEVs had significant therapeutic effects in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) by decreasing the percentage of Th17 cells, increasing regulatory T cells in the eye, and draining lymph nodes. In summary, sonication outperforms conventional transfection methods for loading IL-10 into MSC-sEVs. • Sonication can successfully load IL-10 into small extracellular vesicles (IL-10@sEVs). • IL-10@sEVs had relatively higher loading efficiency. • IL-10@sEVs inhibit CD4+ T cell proliferation and enhance Treg differentiation in vitro. • IL-10@sEVs showed a better therapeutic effect on EAU mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrazines are one type of the most important aroma compounds in Baijiu, and a novel method of pyrazines detection was developed in this work. Baijiu samples were analyzed by direct injection ultra–performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry operating in positive electrospray ionization mode. The approach achieved good extraction recoveries (78.24–102.58%), good repeatability with intra-day, inter-day, and inter-week relative standard deviations of 0.84–4.17%, 0.78–6.71%, and 4.50–8.61% in respective, and short analysis time. Moreover, the optimized method was applied to the analysis of different typical aroma-type Baijiu. The unsupervised principal component analysis clearly differentiated four typical aroma-type Baijiu samples based on the pyrazines concentrations. The pyrazines concentrations showed a significant increase during fermentation steps and distillation time. This work provides an efficient strategy for determining the pyrazines levels in Baijiu and is beneficial for improving Baijiu quality. • A new quantitative UPLC-MS/MS method for analysis of pyrazines has been developed. • The types of Baijiu showed high correlations with pyrazines concentrations. • A general trend of increasing pyrazines concentrations for the Baijiu production process. • Soy sauce aroma-type Baijiu have significantly higher pyrazines concentrations than other aroma-type Baijiu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposites were prepared with soy protein isolate and vitamin D 3 (SPI-VD 3) as raw materials under high-pressure homogenization conditions to study their stability and in vitro digestion. Various nanocomposites of SPI and VD 3 combined with high-pressure homogenization and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) were analyzed. The average particle size of SPI decreased from 384.4 nm to 82 nm after VD 3 addition and high-pressure homogenization. When CMC was added for ion crosslinking, the average particle size increased to 85 nm. After 4 h of UV irradiation, the content of VD 3 was 48% after high pressure homogenization, which was three times higher than that of pure VD 3. In the simulated in vitro digestion process, the content of pure VD 3 in gastric juice was 0.568, while the release rate of VD 3 in the CMC (SPI-VD 3) h sample was only 0.133, thus achieving the effect of sustained release. Fourier infrared results showed that hydrogen bonding was also an important interaction between SPI and VD 3. In sample CMC (SPI-VD 3) h, CMC and Ca2+ showed strong electrostatic interactions and were cross-linked. • Homogenization can significantly improve the load rate of SPI-VD 3. • The content of VD 3 was increased after light stability after homogenization. • CMC(SPI-VD 3)h can reduce the decomposition rate of VD 3 in vitro digestion simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For structural design and optimization, precise knowledge of dynamic load on structures is essential. However, load identification can be sensitive to the initial conditions, and even small variations can lead to inaccurate results. The existing load identification methods always assume that the structure's initial condition is zero, which is not the case in real engineering problems where structures are already in a state of vibration before load identification implementation. In this work, we propose a novel dynamic load identification method that takes into account unknown initial conditions of structures which is based on the improved basis functions and implicit Newmark- β method. The real vibration response is decomposed into forced vibration caused by dynamic load and free vibration caused by initial condition, which are characterized by the coefficients of undetermined orthogonal polynomials. Moreover, to overcome the ill-posedness problem arising from factors such as response noise and model error, we introduce the L1 regularization method. To validate the performance of the proposed method, numerical simulations and tests of load identification are conducted on simply supported beam. The effects of noise and model error on the load identification results are analyzed. Finally, we discuss the impact of modal truncation order and the effect of measurement points on load identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction is a bottleneck reaction in hydrolysis and electrolysis because the four-step electron transfer leads to slow reaction kinetics and large overpotentials. This situation can be improved by fast charge transfer by optimizing the interfacial electronic structure and enhancing polarization. Herein, a unique metal (Ni) organic (diphenylalanine, DPA) framework Ni(DPA) 2 (Ni-MOF) with tunable polarization is designed to bond with FeNi-LDH (layered double hydroxides) nanoflakes. The Ni-MOF@FeNi-LDH heterostructure delivers excellent oxygen evolution performance exemplified by an ultralow overpotential of 198 mV at 100 mA cm−2 compared to other (FeNi-LDH)-based catalysts. Experiments and theoretical calculations show that FeNi-LDH exists in an electron-rich state in Ni-MOF@FeNi-LDH due to polarization enhancement caused by interfacial bonding with Ni-MOF. This effectively changes the local electronic structure of the metal Fe/Ni active sites and optimizes adsorption of the oxygen-containing intermediates. Polarization and electron transfer of Ni-MOF are further enhanced by magnetoelectric coupling consequently giving rise to better electrocatalytic properties as a result of high-density electron transfer to active sites. These findings reveal a promising interface and polarization modulation strategy to improve electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal tropical waters are experiencing rapid increases in anthropogenic pressures, yet coastal biogeochemical dynamics in the tropics are poorly studied. We present a multi-year biogeochemical time series from the Singapore Strait in Southeast Asia's Sunda Shelf Sea. Despite being highly urbanised and a major shipping port, the strait harbours numerous biologically diverse habitats and is a valuable system for understanding how tropical marine ecosystems respond to anthropogenic pressures. We observed strong seasonality driven by the semi-annual reversal of ocean currents: dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus varied from ≤0.05 μmol l−1 during the intermonsoons to ≥4 μmol l−1 and ≥0.25 μmol l−1, respectively, during the southwest monsoon. Si(OH) 4 exceeded DIN year-round. Based on nutrient concentrations, their relationships to salinity and coloured dissolved organic matter, and the isotopic composition of NO x −, we infer that terrestrial input from peatlands is the main nutrient source. This input delivered dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen, but was notably depleted in dissolved organic phosphorus. In contrast, particulate organic matter showed little seasonality, and the δ 13C of particulate organic carbon (−21.0 ± 1.5‰) is consistent with a primarily autochthonous origin. The seasonal pattern of the diel changes in dissolved O 2 suggests that light availability controls primary productivity more than nutrient concentrations. However, diel changes in pH were greater during the southwest monsoon, when remineralisation of terrestrial DOC lowers the seawater buffer capacity. We conclude that terrestrial input results in mesotrophic conditions, and that the strait might undergo further eutrophication if nutrient inputs increase during seasons when light availability is high. Moreover, the remineralisation of terrestrial DOC within the Sunda Shelf Sea may enhance future ocean acidification. [Display omitted] • Multi-year time-series data show strong monsoonal seasonality. • River input from regional peatlands is a major driver of seasonal variation. • Light limitation likely modulates phytoplankton response to nutrient input. • Lower buffer capacity from peatland carbon remineralisation raises diel pH variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The link between phthalates exposure and arterial stiffness in adults remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the associations of urinary phthalate metabolites with arterial stiffness in a longitudinal panel study involving 3 repeated visits among 127 Chinese adults. Urine samples were collected once a day for 4 consecutive days and 10 urinary phthalate metabolites were measured by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) were determined using an oscillometric device (BP-203RPEIII; Omron) in physical examinations during each visit. Linear mixed-effect (LME) models with the adaptive Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) method were applied to assess the associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and arterial stiffness parameters. The odds ratio (OR) for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) was estimated using generalized estimating equations. For ABI, mono-methyl phthalate (MMP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) at lag 0 day were selected by the adaptive LASSO, whereas no phthalates were selected for baPWV. After adjusting for potential covariates and other metabolites, we found ABI reduction was associated with one-unit increase of ln-transformed urinary MBP at lag 0 day [β = 0.013 (SE = 0.006), P = 0.003)]. Stratified analysis revealed that the inverse association was more evident in males (P interaction = 0.025). In addition, we observed a borderline risk of PAD in relation to MBP exposure at lag 0 day (P = 0.06). Our data suggested that environmental exposure to MBP may contribute to arterial stiffness, and the effect seems to be sex-specific. • 10 urinary phthalate metabolites and arterial stiffness were repeatedly measured in three seasons. • MBP levels at lag 0 day were inversely related to ABI and the association was more pronounced in males. • MBP exposure at lag 0 day may increase the risk of PAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerodynamic noise in the gas turbines primarily originates from the pulsations generated by the air within compressors, and it is a combination of single-tone noise caused by the pressure fluctuation of blades and broadband noise generated by interactions between turbulent fluid and blades. Therefore, the separation of single-tone noise is vital in predicting the contribution of each noise source for noise reduction and health monitoring. In current practice, the Vold-Kalman filter (VKF) is widely employed for single-tone noise separation. However, the optimal VKF bandwidth is often difficult to determine, thereby impeding the separation accuracy of single-tone noise. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a single-tone noise separation method by utilizing computed order tracking based on double criteria VKF (DC-VKF). Firstly, the order spectrum of the original signal is obtained by order analysis. Secondly, the relative error of order amplitude (REOA) and total relative standard deviation (TRSD) of the extracted signal are calculated under different bandwidths and corresponding curves are separately carried out. The optimal bandwidth is determined by identifying the first bandwidth that meets either the REOA or TRSD threshold, which are respectively set based on trend of curves. Finally, the corresponding order components are separated by VKF with optimized bandwidth. The effectiveness of DC-VKF is validated on simulation and gas turbine datasets. This paper provides an efficient extraction method for the separation of single-tone aerodynamic noise of gas turbines, and provides a scientific basis for noise monitoring, evaluation, and reduction. • Single-Tone aerodynamic noise source separation for gas turbines. • Double criteria vold-kalman filter for single-tone noise separation is proposed. • The optimal bandwidth is selected using double criteria of the order spectra. • Double criteria ensure that the optimal bandwidth is closer to the practical value. • The simulation and acoustic measurement data analysis are carefully carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new copper(II) oxide phosphate chloride, NaCuII[(CuII 3O)(PO4)2Cl], has been synthesized by flux synthesis. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data show that the title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c (No. 14), with lattice parameters a=8.392(2)Å, b=6.3960(10)Å, c=16.670(2)Å, β=109.470(10)°, V=843.6(3)Å3, Z=4. The crystal structure is characterized by a complex chain of copper-centered polyhedra running along [010] which are connected by phosphate tetrahedra. The resulting three-dimensional polyhedra framework exhibits channels filled by additional copper and sodium atoms. Field and temperature dependent measurements of the specific heat and the magnetic susceptibility reveal low-dimensional magnetic behavior. The compound starts to decompose at 700K under release of oxygen and evaporation of CuICl as shown by simultaneous thermogravimetry and mass spectrometry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Fast development of farming practices in China is projected to result in additional carbon emissions and thus affect farmland ecosystems' environmental performance. Based on 454 farm surveys on the North and Northeast China Plain, the carbon footprint (CF) of two farmland ecosystems (irrigated system for wheat and maize on the North China Plain and rainfed system for maize on the Northeast Plain) were assessed and emission reduction pathways explored by quantifying greenhouse gas emissions of agricultural inputs and farm practices during the entire crop growing seasons with an agricultural footprint model. The results demonstrated that the GHG emissions from wheat and maize rotation in the irrigated system were 7.63 t CO 2 eq ha−1 and 3.17 t CO 2 eq ha−1 for single season maize in the rainfed system. While energy consumption accounted for 12.5%–21.3% of the carbon footprint in both systems, the group assessment found that the largest difference in GHG emissions between the high and low emission groups came from mechanical energy consumption. Approximately 50.6% and 39.2% of the mechanical carbon footprint of wheat and maize, respectively, were caused by irrigation practices in the irrigated system. Regarding the rainfed system, where 46.6% of mechanical carbon emissions were generated by maize tillage operations. In addition, scenario analysis indicated that the mechanical carbon footprint could be reduced to 56 kg CO 2 eq t−1 for NCP-wheat and 26 kg CO 2 eq t−1 for NCP-maize, respectively, by optimizing yields and irrigation practices in irrigated systems and that the mechanical carbon footprint of NEP-maize could be reduced to 25 kg CO 2 eq t−1 by optimizing yields and tillage practices in rainfed systems. Therefore, improvement in mechanization in irrigation and tillage practices can contribute to reduce GHG emissions in China. Water-saving irrigation technology is recommended in irrigated area and conservation tillage is recommended in rainfed agricultural area to reduce carbon footprints. [Display omitted] • Carbon footprint of farming practices was studied on the North and Northeast China Plains. • Irrigation practice affects the carbon footprint of the winter wheat–summer maize system. • Tillage practice determines the carbon footprint of the rain-fed spring maize system. • Promoting drip irrigation in irrigated system and strip-tillage in rainfed system could reduce the carbon intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioma is a brain tumor that originates from brain or spine glial cells. Despite alternative treatments, the overall survival rate remains low. Oridonin (ORI) is purified from the Chinese herb Rabdosia rubescens, which has exhibited positive effects on tumors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ORI on U87MG glioblastoma cells and whether the Hippo/YAP-related signaling pathway was involved. Malignant glioblastoma U87MG cells and male athymic nude mice (BALB/cnu/nu) were used as the experimental models. The YAP inhibitor Verteporfin (VP) and the overexpression of YAP were used to investigate its potential relation with glioma. Here, we found that ORI inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in U87MG cells. Moreover, ORI inhibited Bcl-2, YAP, and c-Myc protein expression but increased Bax, caspase-3, and p-YAP protein expression. Furthermore, the effect of ORI was also confirmed in a mouse model bearing glioma. ORI reversed the effect of overexpression of YAP. Collectively, oridonin suppressed glioblastoma oncogenesis via the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway and could be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of glioblastoma. [Display omitted] • Oridonin suppressed glioblastoma oncogenesis in U87MG glioblastoma cells. • Oridonin suppressed glioblastoma oncogenesis growth in mouse model bearing glioma. • Oridonin suppressed glioblastoma oncogenesis via the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagram illustrates the interactions of ROS/RNS with inflammatory molecules and the application of Omics for studying such interactions, and discovering Chinese Medicine compounds and formulae. During the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, the central nervous system interacts with and peripheral system. ROS/RNS interacts with inflammatory cells and factors for mediating ischemic stroke injury. Chinse medicine compounds and TCM formulae can target those interactions for neuroprotection. Omics techniques serve as useful tools for understanding the interaction of ROS/RNS with inflammation, and investigating the mechanisms of Chinse medicine compounds and formulae for treating stroke. Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Reactive nitrogen species (RNS); Advanced glycation end products (RAGE); Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4); poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP); TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine. • Interactions of oxidative/nitrosative stress, neuroimmune and inflammatory responses in ischemic brain injury. • Omics and systematic biology approach reveal network regulations related to oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathology of stroke. • Active compounds from medicinal herbs with the bioactivity of anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation for reducing ischemic brain injury. • Omics approach for exploring the molecular mechanisms and active compounds of Traditional Chinese Medicine for neuroprotection. Oxidative/nitrosative stress and neuroinflammation are critical pathological processes in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and their intimate interactions mediate neuronal damage, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and hemorrhagic transformation (HT) during ischemic stroke. We review current progress towards understanding the interactions of oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammatory responses in ischemic brain injury. The interactions between reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and innate immune receptors such as TLR2/4, NOD-like receptor, RAGE, and scavenger receptors are crucial pathological mechanisms that amplify brain damage during cerebral ischemic injury. Furthermore, we review the current progress of omics and systematic biology approaches for studying complex network regulations related to oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation in the pathology of ischemic stroke. Targeting oxidative/nitrosative stress and neuroinflammation could be a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke treatment. We then review recent advances in discovering compounds from medicinal herbs with the bioactivities of simultaneously regulating oxidative/nitrosative stress and pro-inflammatory molecules for minimizing ischemic brain injury. These compounds include sesamin, baicalin, salvianolic acid A, 6-paradol, silymarin, apocynin, 3H-1,2-Dithiole-3-thione, (−)-epicatechin, rutin, Dl-3 -N- butylphthalide, and naringin. We finally summarize recent developments of the omics and systematic biology approaches for exploring the molecular mechanisms and active compounds of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulae with the properties of antioxidant and anti-inflammation for neuroprotection. The comprehensive omics and systematic biology approaches provide powerful tools for exploring therapeutic principles of TCM formulae and developing precision medicine for stroke treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract SDSePS-Re-based microemulsions (MEs) could be reversibly switched on the basis of the redox reactions of SDSePS-Re with H 2 O 2 and then N 2 H 4. After oxidation with H 2 O 2 , more water-soluble SDSePS-Ox was formed, resulting in an SDSePS-Ox-based ME (phase separation could be observed when the mass fraction of water in the SDSePS-Ox-based ME exceeded around 54%); after reduction with N 2 H 4 , SDSePS-Ox could be restored to SDSePS-Re, resulting in recovery of the SDSePS-Re-based ME. Abstract Hypothesis Stimuli-responsive surfactants (also known as switchable surfactants) can undergo reversible conversions between active and inactive forms under particular stimuli, affecting surface and interfacial activity, aggregation structure, emulsification and solubilisation. Selenium-containing surfactants are of reversibly redox-responsive. Hence, microemulsions (MEs) stabilized by selenium-containing surfactants should reversibly respond to redox reactions. Experiments The formation of MEs, consisting of sodium dodecylselanylpropyl sulfate (reduced form, SDSePS-Re) or its oxidized form (SDSePS-Ox), n -butanol, n -heptane, and water, was verified based on a pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Changes in molecular structure between SDSePS-Re and SDSePS-Ox were verified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The transition between SDSePS-Re- and SDSePS-Ox -based MEs was systematically characterized through electrical conductivity measurements, cryo-transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light-scattering. Findings Both SDSePS-Re and SDSePS-Ox could stabilize the mixture of n -butanol– n -heptane–water to form MEs. A reversible transition between an SDSePS-Re-based ME and the corresponding SDSePS-Ox-based ME was achieved, which was realized by the oxidation of SDSePS-Re with H 2 O 2 and then reduction with N 2 H 4. Compared with SDSePS-Re, SDSePS-Ox has a lower surface activity, resulting in a difference in solubilization capacity of the oil between SDSePS-Re- and SDSePS-Ox -based MEs. After oxidation with H 2 O 2 , phase separation could be observed in some SDSePS-Re-based MEs; however, the SDSePS-Re-based MEs could be recovered after reduction of SDSePS-Ox-based MEs with N 2 H 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract This work not only exhibits the importance of interfacial polarization in EM wave absorbing process, but also demonstrates that the incident angle of EM wave plays an important role in EM wave absorption performance. Abstract Hierarchical chrysanthemum-like CuCo 2 O 4 -CuO composites were successfully synthesized by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method after calcination at 500 °C. Based on the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), we found that not only the morphology (from 2 dimensional to 3 dimensional) but also the crystalline structure (Cu0 + Cu 2 O + CoO x → CuO + CuCo 2 O 4) of the samples could be tuned by the calcination temperature. The existed interfaces of CuCo 2 O 4 -CuCo 2 O 4 , CuCo 2 O 4 -CuO, and CuO-CuO played a key role on the attenuation of electromagnetic waves. The effective absorption frequency bandwidth is up to 4.02 GHz with a matched thickness of 2.8 mm. The CuCo 2 O 4 -CuO/paraffin composites can even exhibit bigger effective frequency bandwidth (from 4.02 to 4.65 GHz) if we turn the incident angle of electromagnetic (EM) wave to a proper value (i.e. , 45°). We believe that the hierarchical chrysanthemum-like CuCo 2 O 4 -CuO composites can be a good candidate for the high-performance Co-based spinel microwave absorbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Selenium supplementation can be used to treat tumors. However, inorganic selenium is highly toxic, and natural organic selenium is extremely rare. Polysaccharides can improve drug bioavailability and targeting. Lentinan is a polysaccharide that has been approved as an anti-cancer drug in Japan and China. Methods Lentinan, an antitumor polysaccharide extracted from Lentinus edodes , was conjugated with seleninic acid to be transformed into ester (Se–lentinan) and utilized as drug carrier. The enhancement of the anti-tumor effects of Se–lentinan was evaluated by cell viability, cell cycle, migration, and transwell assays and animal xenograft models. The effects of Se-lentinan on the expression levels of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were determined through immunofluorescence, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry analyses. Results Se–lentinan inhibited the invasiveness of B16-BL6 and HCT-8 cells by suppressing EMT. In vivo, Se–lentinan significantly inhibited tumor growth and metastasis of the transplanted melanoma and colon cancer cells and showed less toxicity than sodium selenite. Moreover, Se–lentinan reduced the accumulation of selenium in the liver and kidney tissues of mice and exhibited low organ toxicity. Conclusion The antitumor activity of selenium was enhanced greatly, and its side effects were reduced with the use of lentinan as drug carrier. Highlights • Lentinan was utilized as a drug carrier. • Se-lentinan inhibited the invasion abilities and growths of Melanoma. • Se-lentinan inhibited tumor growth and metastasis with less toxicity. • Se-lentinan reduced the accumulation of selenium in the tissues of mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of limited hydrolysis combined with Maillard-induced glycation on improving the freeze-thaw stability of soy protein isolate (SPI) was carried out. Soy protein isolate hydrolysate (SPH) was first prepared by trypsin, with a hydrolysis degree of 2% and 5%. Afterwards, SPI and SPH were conjugated with dextran to form a covalent complex macromolecule, which were named SPI-D, SPH2-D and SPH5-D, respectively. Covalent bond was formed between SPI/SPH and dextran molecules via the glycation reaction has been confirmed by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. Subsequently, the freeze-thaw stability of SPI-D and SPH-D was evaluated. After three freeze-thaw cycles, the characters of SPH-D emulsions exhibited smaller values than those of SPI-D emulsions in terms of oiling off, particle size, flocculation degree (FD) and coalescence degree (CD). In addition, SPH2-D emulsions were more stable after freeze-thaw treatment compared with SPH5-D emulsions. Optical microscopy analysis also supported the results above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven new compounds, [Zn(pypymba) 2 ] n ( 1 ), [Co(pypymba) 2 ] n ( 2) , [Cd(pypymba) 2 ] n ( 3 ), [Cd(Hpypymba)Cl 2 ] n ( 4 ), {[Cd(pypymba)Cl]·C 2 H 5 OH·H 2 O} n ( 5 ), [Cd(pypyaa)Cl] n ( 6 ), {[Cd 2 (pyznpy) 2 Cl 2 H 2 O]·H 2 O} n ( 7 ) [Hpypymba = 4-((3-(pyrazin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)benzoic acid, Hpyznpy = 4-((3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)benzoic acid, Hpypyaa = 2-(3-pyridin-2-yl)-1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid], were hydrothermally synthesized by tuning the metal ion's species, counter anions, solvents and pH values and characterized by routine methods: XRD, elemental analysis, fluorescence properties analysis, TGA and crystal structure analysis and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The main structures of the compounds 1 , 2 , and 3 are extended to similar 3D structures by C – H … N, C – H … O hydrogen bonds and π … π stacking under the same synthesis method. Each Cd(II) node of compound 4 has four chlorine bridges (two pairs of double chlorine); Each Cd(II) node of compounds 5, 6 has two chlorine bridges (a pair of double chlorine bridges), while their spatial structures are expanded in different ways. Compound 7 also contains chlorine atoms, but does not contain chlorine bridged structures. The luminescent properties of compound 7 and the ones immersed in various kinds of organic compounds and nitrate@EtOH solutions have been investigated. Importantly, 7 shows highly sensitive response to nitrobenzene and Fe 3+ through luminescence quenching effects, making it a promising luminescent sensor for nitrobenzene and Fe 3+ . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soy protein isolate-dextran (SPI-D) conjugates were prepared by ultrasound (power output 500 W for 40 min) and microwave (power output 800 W for 2 min) assisted glycosylation to improve the freeze-thaw stability of soy protein isolate stabilized oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence emission spectroscopy analyses confirmed that covalent bonds were formed between soy protein isolate (SPI) and dextran molecules through the Maillard reaction. The stability of SPI, SPI+D mixture, ultrasound SPI-D conjugates (SPI-D U ) and microwave SPI-D conjugates (SPI-D M ) emulsions subjected to from one to three freeze-thaw cycles was investigated. In comparison with SPI and SPI+D emulsions, SPI-D U and SPI-D M emulsions exhibited smaller creaming index, oiling off, droplet diameters, flocculation degree (FD) and coalescence degree (CD) after each freeze-thaw cycle. In addition, the zeta potential and specific surface area (SSA) were greater. Appearance and microstructure indicated that SPI-D U and SPI-D M emulsions exhibited a relative stable state after three freeze-thaw cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous evidences suggested that atorvastatin not only reduced blood lipids but also reduced myocardial hypertrophy and remodeling. And it was reported that C/EBPβ (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β) played a pivotal role both in the physiologic and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. However, it has not been reported before whether this signaling pathway of C/EBPβ participates in protective effect of atorvastatin for hypertrophy cardiomyocytes. In present study, We found that overexpression of C/EBPβ significantly abrogated the effect of atorvastatin on increasing Bcl-2/Bax and PGC-1α while the early and late apoptosis rate increased and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was reduced. In conclusion, we further identified the protective effect of atorvastatin on hypertrophic cardiomyocytes induced by Angiotensin II by rescuing the MMP and inhibiting apoptosis, which might be at least partly attributed to down-regulation of C/EBPβ. And C/EBPβ might be a new target to rescue mitochondrion function and apoptosis in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO 2 and Ce/TiO 2 were synthesized and subsequently used for the catalytic combustion of DCM. TiO 2 had abundant Lewis acid sites and was responsible for the adsorption and the rupture of C–Cl bonds. However, TiO 2 tended to be inactivated because of chloride poisoning due to the adsorption and accumulation of Cl species over the surface. While, Ce/TiO 2 obtained total oxidation of CH 2 Cl 2 at 335 °C and exhibited stable DCM removal activity on 100 h long-time stability tests at 330 °C without any catalyst deactivation. The doped cerium generated Ce 3+ chemical states and surface active oxygen, and therefore played important roles from two aspects as follows. First of all, the poisoning of Cl for Ce/TiO 2 was inhibited to some extent by CeO 2 due to the rapid removal of Cl on the surface of CeO 2 , which has been verified by NH 3 -IR characterization. In the other hand, CeO 2 enhanced the further deep oxidation of C–H from byproducts and retained the certain oxidation of CO to CO 2 . Based on the DRIFT characterization and the catalysts activity tests, a two-step reaction pathway for the catalytic combustion of DCM on Ce/TiO 2 catalyst was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have demonstrated a strong link between Chlamydia pneumoniae ( Cp ) infection and atherosclerosis progression/exacerbation. Here, we try to understand whether a single administration of Cp could exacerbate atherosclerosis. Apoe −/− mice were intranasally infected with Cp followed by a high fat diet. Mice were sacrificed at different time points after Cp infection to monitor the development of the atheroma. Cp infection increased lipid content in the aortic sinus of Apoe −/− mice starting from 8 weeks. This was associated with increased numbers of active myeloid dendritic cells and plasmacytoid DCs which were co-localized with T-cells in the atherosclerotic plaque. The serum levels of IFN-γ showed a Th1-like environment typical of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that one dose of Cp could exacerbate atherosclerotic lesion development, triggering innate immune cell accumulation early on that allowed the involvement of Th1-like cells in the exacerbation of the atherosclerotic plaque at later time points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that are uniquely capable of either inducing immune responses or maintaining a state of self-tolerance, depending on their stage of maturation. In the present study, we describe a way to interfere with DCs maturation. The compound butyrate can affect the differentiation of DCs generated from human monocytes and can inhibit T cell proliferation. We demonstrate that butyrate substantially down-regulates the expression of CD80, CD83, and MHC class II molecules; increases endocytic capability; reduces allostimulatory abilities; promote interleukin-10 (IL-10) production; and inhibits interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production. These results demonstrate a specific immune suppression property of butyrate and supports further investigation for butyrate as a new immunotherapeutic agent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (ITON) is a major cause of permanent loss of vision after blunt head trauma. Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases. The present study concentrated on JNK/c-Jun-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia during the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in ITON. An impact acceleration (IA) model was employed to induce ITON, which could produce significant neurodegeneration in the visual system. Pharmacological approaches were employed to disrupt JNK and to explore whether JNK and the microglial response contribute to RGC death and axonal degeneration. Our results indicated that the ITON model induced significant RGC death and axonal degeneration and activated JNK/c-Jun signaling, which could further induce the microglial response and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, JNK disruption is sufficient to suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia and to prevent RGC death and axonal degeneration. ITON could promote JNK/c-Jun signaling, which further activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and contributes to the degeneration of axons and death of RGCs. JNK inhibition is able to suppress the inflammatory reaction and improve RGC survival. Although further work is needed to determine whether pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome can prevent ITON, our findings indicated that such intervention could be promising for translational work. • ITON activated NLRP3 inflammasome and microglial response via JNK/c-Jun activation. • Activated microglial response and NLRP3 inflammasome contributed to RGCs degeneration. • JNK/c-Jun inhibition suppressed the inflammatory reaction and improve RGC survival in ITON. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) can cause serious pathological changes and inflammation in chickens. Schizandrin has anti-inflammatory activity and can prevent damage to various tissues and organs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of schizandrin on APEC-induced lung lesions in chickens and explore the potential mechanism of schizandrin protection. The schizandrin (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was intragastrically administered for 3 days. APEC was administered using intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection to induce lung lesions. Then, chickens were sacrificed by CO 2 inhalation 24 h later and the lung tissues were collected for examining histopathological changes, wet/dry (W/D) ratio, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Our findings showed that schizandrin markedly inhibited pathological changes, pulmonary edema, MPO activity and MDA content. Moreover, schizandrin markedly reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in lung tissue. Importantly, the mechanism responsible for these effects was attributed to the inhibitory effect of schizandrin on NF-κB and MAPK signaling activation. In conclusion, our findings reveal that schizandrin displays anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity against APEC-induced lung lesions in chickens, paving the way for rational use of schizandrin as a protective agent against lung-related inflammatory disease. • The protective effect of schizandrin on APEC-induced lung lesions in chickens was studied. • Schizandrin reduced the pathological changes and pulmonary edema of lung tissue induced by APEC-O78. • Schizandrin markedly inhibited MPO activity and MDA content in lung tissue. • Schizandrin markedly decreased the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 in lung tissue. • The protective effect of schizandrin on APEC-induced lung lesions was related to NF-κB pathways and MAPK pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The goldfish hepatic insulin , glucagon , leptin -AI and -AII mRNA during fasting and refeeding were examined. • Insulin suppresses leptin -AI and -AII mRNA in in vivo and in vitro experiments. • Insulin inhibits leptin expression via insulin receptor coupled with MAPK-dependent cascades. • Insulin reduces the glucagon-induced leptin expression. • The fish-specifically high leptin level under food deprivation may be mediated by insulin and glucagon. Leptin is primarily considered a peripheral satiety hormone and is also found to perform important roles in energy homeostasis in vertebrates ranging from fish to mammals. The liver is a major source of leptin production in teleost fish. Using goldfish as a model, a previous report by our group illustrated the positive regulation of leptin mRNA levels by treatment with the hyperglycemic hormone glucagon, and our present study provided evidence for the negative regulation of hepatic leptin -AI and leptin -AII transcripts through the administration of the hypoglycemic hormone insulin. This study is the first to demonstrate changes in the hepatopancreatic insulin , glucagon , leptin -AI and leptin -AII mRNA levels in goldfish during fasting and refeeding. Insulin was found to be effective in suppressing leptin -AI and leptin -AII transcript levels in goldfish liver via both in vivo intraperitoneal injection and in vitro cell incubation approaches. Only the insulin receptor, not the IGF-I receptor, was involved in insulin-inhibited leptin mRNA level. The suppression of leptin levels by insulin was caused by the activation of MKK 3/6 /p38MAPK and MEK 1/2 /Erk 1/2 cascades. Insulin treatment could eliminate the stimulation of glucagon on leptin mRNA level. Our study describes the regulation and signal transduction mechanism of insulin on leptin mRNA levels in the goldfish liver, suggesting that the leptin function in fish is speculated to be not only an anorexigenic factor but also a metabolic mediator. This also supports the hypothesis that the poikilothermal fish use a passive survival strategy during the periods of food deprivation, which is mediated by the fish-specifically high leptin levels induced by the cooperation of insulin and glucagon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been closely associated with cellular transformation, and promoting and sustaining tumorigenesis. Elevated ROS levels have been shown to trigger opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), which can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately, cell death. In cancer cells the MPTP appears to be less susceptible to opening, which may account for their ability to proliferate in a more oxidative environment. It is well established that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), is constitutively activated in numerous human cancers. Recent studies indicate that STAT3 is also present in the mitochondria where it controls the activity of the electron transport chain, the production of ROS, Ras transformation of cells and growth of breast cancer cells. We now provide evidence that in response to oxidative insult, mitochondrial STAT3 interacts with Cyclophilin D (CypD), the key regulator and activator of the MPTP. Treatment of a variety of cells with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) induces a rapid cycling of mitochondrial STAT3 where we have observed both its loss and re-accumulation in the mitochondria. We hypothesize that binding of CypD with STAT3 protects against oxidative stress induced cell death in cancer cells by preventing activation of the MPTP. We also provide evidence that mitochondrial STAT3 may play an important role in cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy. Consistent with this possibility, we observe a robust and selective increase in mitochondrial STAT3 levels following chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer cells. While prior reports have focused on the nuclear function of STAT3 in mediating tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance, these results suggest a previously unappreciated and analogous role of STAT3 in the mitochondria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]