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[Display omitted] • Amanita sect. Vaginatae originated and diversified in Africa ca. 56 Ma. • Temperate lineages diversify at a faster rate than tropical/subtropical lineages. • Tropical niche conservatism might be occurring over long periods in the Americas. • Sect. Vaginatae likely spread faster and/or farther than sect. Caesareae. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) sustain nutrient recycling in most terrestrial ecosystems, yet we know little about what major biogeographical events gave rise to present-day diversity and distribution patterns. Given the strict relationship between some ECM lineages and their hosts, geographically well-sampled phylogenies are central to understanding major evolutionary processes of fungal biodiversity patterns. Here, we focus on Amanita sect. Vaginatae to address global diversity and distribution patterns. Ancestral-state-reconstruction based on a 4-gene timetree with over 200 species supports an African origin between the late Paleocene and the early Eocene (ca. 56 Ma). Major biogeographic "out-of-Africa" events include multiple dispersal events to Southeast Asia (ca. 45–21 Ma), Madagascar (ca. 18 Ma), and the current Amazonian basin (ca. 45–36 Ma), the last two likely trans -oceanic. Later events originating in Southeast Asia involve Nearctic dispersal to North America (ca. 20–5 Ma), Oceania (Australia and New Zealand; ca. 15 Ma), and Europe (ca. 10–5 Ma). Subsequent dispersals were also inferred from Southeast Asia to East Asia (ca. 4 Ma); from North America to East Asia (ca. 11–8 Ma), Southeast Asia (ca. 19–2 Ma), Northern Andes (ca. 15 Ma), and Europe (ca. 15–2 Ma), respectively; and from the Amazon to the Caribbean region (ca. 25–20 Ma). Finally, we detected a significant increase in the net diversification rates in the branch leading to most northern temperate species in addition to higher state-dependent diversification rates in temperate lineages, consistent with previous findings. These results suggest that species of sect. Vaginatae likely have higher dispersal ability and higher adaptability to new environments, in particular compared to those of its sister clade, sect. Caesareae. Overall, the much wider distribution of A. sect. Vaginatae , from pan-tropical to pan-arctic, provides a unique window to understanding niche conservatism across a species-rich clade of ECM fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Most taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny for Charadriiformes to date. • Shorebirds originated in the Paleocene, earlier than indicated by recent studies. • Rapid radiations detected for select gull genera and Old World oystercatchers. • Plover monophyly and the exact position of the ibisbill remain unresolved. Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) are a globally distributed clade of modern birds and, due to their ecological and morphological disparity, a frequent subject of comparative studies. While molecular phylogenies have been key to establishing the suprafamilial backbone of the charadriiform tree, a number of relationships at both deep and shallow taxonomic levels remain poorly resolved. The timescale of shorebird evolution also remains uncertain as a result of extensive disagreements among the published divergence dating studies, stemming largely from different choices of fossil calibrations. Here, we present the most comprehensive non-supertree phylogeny of shorebirds to date, based on a total-evidence dataset comprising 353 ingroup taxa (90% of all extant or recently extinct species), 27 loci (15 mitochondrial and 12 nuclear), and 69 morphological characters. We further clarify the timeline of charadriiform evolution by time-scaling this phylogeny using a set of 14 up-to-date and thoroughly vetted fossil calibrations. In addition, we assemble a taxonomically restricted 100-locus dataset specifically designed to resolve outstanding problems in higher-level charadriiform phylogeny. In terms of tree topology, our results are largely congruent with previous studies but indicate that some of the conflicts among earlier analyses reflect a genuine signal of pervasive gene tree discordance. Monophyly of the plovers (Charadriidae), the position of the ibisbill (Ibidorhyncha), and the relationships among the five subfamilies of the gulls (Laridae) could not be resolved even with greatly increased locus and taxon sampling. Moreover, several localized regions of uncertainty persist in shallower parts of the tree, including the interrelationships of the true auks (Alcinae) and anarhynchine plovers. Our node-dating and macroevolutionary rate analyses find support for a Paleocene origin of crown-group shorebirds, as well as exceptionally rapid recent radiations of Old World oystercatchers (Haematopodidae) and select genera of gulls. Our study underscores the challenges involved in estimating a comprehensively sampled and carefully calibrated time tree for a diverse avian clade, and highlights areas in need of further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]