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Rationale: Incorporating pharmacists into interdisciplinary healthcare teams can improve patient outcomes across disease states; however, there is little evidence describing pharmacists' contributions to epilepsy care. Previous research from our group revealed that community pharmacists are well positioned to serve as patient advocates, monitor medications, and provide education for people living with epilepsy. However, pharmacists would like to receive additional training in epilepsy management. Advanced training in neurology is not a practical approach for community pharmacists who engage daily with patients having a variety of conditions and medications., Objective: To develop and evaluate a flexible, community pharmacist-centered training program to improve both confidence and competence in delivering epilepsy care., Methods: The training program consisted of five 1-hour, self-paced online modules and two 90-minute synchronous virtual sessions. Topics included the classification of the epilepsies, comorbid conditions, antiseizure medicine (ASM) therapy, special populations (pregnancy, people of childbearing potential, older adults), seizure emergencies, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), as well as social determinants of health. The training program was delivered over 6 weeks to pharmacists located at two community pharmacies in Washington State. Learning was assessed using a pre- and post-training questionnaire containing questions that evaluated knowledge and confidence in the training material., Results: The training program did not significantly change pharmacists' mastery of the material. However, the pharmacists' confidence in delivering the material significantly improved in 14 of the 16 areas that were evaluated. Pharmacists' mastery and confidence were strongest in areas around ASM management, SUDEP and seizure emergencies, people of child-bearing potential and older adults with epilepsy, and comorbidities, whereas social health disparities in epilepsy care remained an area that required further training., Conclusion: Our findings support the idea that community pharmacists are well positioned with the knowledge to play an important role in epilepsy care. However, dedicated training tailored to community pharmacists' needs may improve their confidence in providing such care., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To use design thinking to develop a community pharmacist-led intervention for people living with epilepsy (PWE) with desirable, feasible, and viable features., Methods: This study used design thinking. Three patient personas were created based on previous research: a newly diagnosed PWE, a well-controlled PWE, and a complex PWE with uncontrolled seizures. An intervention prototype was developed for each of the three personas. Structured interviews were conducted with pharmacists, pharmacy students, patients with diagnosed epilepsy, and caregivers to elicit feedback on which features of each intervention prototype were desirable, feasible, and viable. Interviews were analyzed using rapid content analysis. A multidisciplinary advisory group and the research team prioritized features of the prototypes to include in the final intervention., Results: The following four features were identified as desirable, feasible, and viable for a pharmacist-led intervention for PWE: (1) pharmacist-patient consultations, (2) care plan development, (3) regular check-ins, and (4) care coordination with other health care providers., Significance: This study identified evidence-based features for a community pharmacist intervention to support epilepsy care using design thinking. A pilot study to evaluate this intervention on the quality of life (QoL), health outcomes and satisfaction of PWE can inform the implementation and feasibility of such patient services., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: SZ, AS and JLB, report no conflicts of interest. CP is an employee of UCB Pharma, Smyrna, GA. GS was an employee of UCB Pharma, Smyrna, GA at the time of conducting this research. GS is currently employed by GSK, Philadelphia, PA, USA. EJN has served on advisory boards of Eisai, Inc and Xenon pharmaceuticals. HSW has served on the Scientific Advisory Board of Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, has served as an advisor to Biogen Pharmaceuticals, JAZZ Pharmaceuticals, Neurelis, Inc. and is a member of the UCB Pharma and SK Life Sciences Speakers Bureau and is a scientific co-founder of NeuroAdjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To identify the predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors influencing the integration of community pharmacists in population health approaches to epilepsy care., Methods: Key informant interviews were conducted with 32 stakeholders, including five people living with epilepsy (PWE), ten caregivers of PWE, seven epileptologists, one neurologist, one epilepsy nurse, and eight community pharmacists in Washington State and Oregon from September 2019 to February 2020. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a rapid content analysis approach guided by the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model to identify predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors influencing integration of community pharmacists in population health approaches to epilepsy care., Results: Four predisposing, four enabling, three positive reinforcing factors, and two negative reinforcing factors emerged as influencing integration of community pharmacists in a population health approach to epilepsy care across all stakeholder groups. Predisposing factors included patient advocacy, medication adherence, medication monitoring, and medication education. Enabling factors were a shared vision, collaboration structure, efficient communication, and pharmacist attributes (knowledge, experience, and attitude). Positive reinforcing factors included a team approach, easy to access support, and medication adherence. Negative reinforcing factors were duplicate or conflicting care and limited time and resources., Significance: This study identified several predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors influencing integration of community pharmacists in population health approaches to epilepsy care based on stakeholder perceptions. Community pharmacists may consider these factors when implementing services for patients with epilepsy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest JLB, SZ, and AS report no conflicts of interest. GS is an employee of UCB Pharma, Smyrna, GA. HSW has served on the Scientific Advisory Board of Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, has served as an advisor to Biogen Pharmaceuticals, is a memberofthe UCB Pharma and SK Life Sciences Speakers Bureau and is a scientific co-founderof NeuroAdjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To identify and describe studies about pharmacist-provided services for people with epilepsy and their caregivers., Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for articles that were: (1) written in English, (2) published in 1985 or later, (3) a peer-reviewed empirical study or practice report, and (4) describing an intervention provided by a pharmacist for people with epilepsy and/or their caregivers in an outpatient pharmacy setting. The abstracts and full text, when necessary, were reviewed by two investigators to assess eligibility. Data were extracted from each article by two investigators using a standardized abstraction form based on the Pharmacist Patient Care Services Intervention Reporting (PaCIR) checklist. Data elements of interest included components of service, mode of service delivery, frequency, number and duration of sessions for the service, roles and responsibilities of the community pharmacist, type of community pharmacy, outcomes and measures evaluated along with data sources, and findings and results. Risk of bias was not assessed due to the descriptive nature of the review., Results: Twelve articles were included, seven of which reported services conducted in the United States. The most common service reported was medication management (n = 7) followed by education and counseling (n = 4). One article described a care coordination documentation tool that could be used by pharmacists and physicians in epilepsy care. Most interventions were evaluated using observational designs (n = 5) or did not have an evaluation component (n = 4)., Significance: This review provides examples of community pharmacists providing care to people living with epilepsy that extend beyond dispensing medications. Findings demonstrate that there is little published evidence on community pharmacists' contributions to epilepsy care and suggest opportunities for further exploration and innovation. This review serves as the first step in a project that seeks to develop a stakeholder-driven community pharmacist integrated population health intervention for people living with epilepsy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: JLB, SZ, and AS report no conflicts of interest. GS is an employee of UCB Pharma, Smyrna, GA. HSW has served on the Scientific Advisory Board of Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, has served as an advisor to Biogen Pharmaceuticals, is a member of the UCB Pharma Speakers Bureau and is a scientific co-founder of NeuroAdjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)