Search

The escalating global trend of aging has intensified the focus on health concerns prevalent among the elderly. Notably, Dementia related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), significantly impair the quality of life for both affected seniors and their caregivers. However, the underlying neural mechanisms of these diseases remain incompletely understood, especially in terms of neural oscillations. In this study, we leveraged an open dataset containing 36 CE, 23 FTD, and 29 healthy controls (HC) to investigate these mechanisms. We accurately and clearly identified three stable oscillation targets (theta, ∼5 Hz, alpha, ∼10 Hz, and beta, ∼18 Hz) that facilitate differentiation between AD, FTD, and HC both statistically and through classification using machine learning algorithms. Overall, the differences between AD and HC were the most pronounced, with FTD exhibiting intermediate characteristics. The differences in the theta and alpha bands showed a global pattern, whereas the differences in the beta band were localized to the central-temporal region. Moreover, our analysis revealed that the relative theta power was significantly and negatively correlated with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, while the relative alpha and beta power showed a significant positive correlation. This study is the first to pinpoint multiple robust and effective neural oscillation targets to distinguish AD, offering a simple and convenient method that holds promise for future applications in the early screening of large-scale dementia-related diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The co-authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This paper investigates the dynamics of market competition among manufacturers pursuing two types of green technology innovation: product innovation and process innovation, which provides a novel perspective on how green technological innovations contribute to enhancing product greenness. Using a two-tier supply chain framework, the study examines the differences in cost-sharing across various types of innovation and the impact of game players on product greenness. A stochastic differential game model involving a shared supplier and two competing manufacturers is constructed. Main findings are as follows: (1) In green product innovation, when market preference for greenness is relatively low, the formation of cost-sharing contracts is less influenced by the intensity of greenness-based market competition. In such scenarios, government subsidies emerge as a crucial tool to effectively guiding the market mechanism towards achieving its intended objectives. (2) As the market competition intensifies, manufacturers' incentives towards suppliers will shift from reducing costs to increasing demand. (3) When the intensity of green competitive is low, and supplier process innovation efficiency is high, manufacturers should bear a greater share of costs; Conversely, suppliers should bear more costs. When supplier process innovation efficiency is higher and market competition is stronger, suppliers should bear more costs if consumer green preferences are lower. (4) Over time, considering consumer preferences, a marginal increase in price exceeds the marginal increment in greenness with respect to contributing to stabilise price fluctuations. Conversely, it tends to raise the mean value of the price. (5) The increase in market competition intensity accelerates suppliers' and manufactures' strategy adjustments for green product innovation, but decelerates the strategy adjustment for suppliers' green process innovation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Transportation and transformation of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) play a critical role in the regional carbon cycle. To clarify the natural and anthropogenic impacts on DIC, the concentration and isotopic composition of DIC (δ 13 C DIC ) in two typical urban rivers in northern China (Yongding River, YDR, and Chaobai River, CBR) were measured. Mass-balanced calculations were employed to quantify the impacts of different weathering processes. The results indicated that carbonate weathering under the influence of mixed weathering agents was the primary weathering process in the YDR and CBR. Carbonate dissolution by carbonic acid was an important source of DIC in both the YDR and the CBR. According to the end-member calculations of δ 13 C DIC , soil-respiration CO 2 was a key factor controlling the carbonate weathering by carbonic acid. A high contribution of sulfuric and nitric acids to carbonate weathering was found in the YDR, especially in downstream areas with high-level anthropogenic activities. This indicated that anthropogenic activities can profoundly impact the weathering processes in watersheds. This study provides insights into the complex interactions between human activities and natural processes in shaping the carbon dynamics of urban rivers, highlighting the importance of natural and anthropogenic factors on carbon dynamics in urban rivers and providing insights essential for predicting carbon flux changes amidst urbanization and climate change., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The issue of nitrate leaching poses a substantial risk to the safety of groundwater resources. A critical aspect of mitigating this risk involves the quantification of the spatial heterogeneity of nitrate leaching and the identification of its primary drivers. In the present study, we developed a county-level DNDC database for the year 2020, specifically for the Yellow River Delta. This database was utilized to simulate the spatial distribution of nitrate leaching. Furthermore, we employed GWR to analyze the principal factors driving nitrate leaching. Our findings revealed considerable spatial variations in nitrate leaching, with an average value of 40.31 kg N ha -1 . Wudi and Hekou emerged as areas of low risk for nitrate leaching, while the remaining 17 districts were identified as high-risk areas. The spatial heterogeneity of nitrate distribution was primarily attributed to the heterogeneity of the driving factors. The absolute values of the regression coefficients for these factors were ranked in the following order: clay content > pH > organic fertilizer > chemical fertilizer > rainfall > nitrogen deposition. Based on these findings, we propose an optimal management practice that involves a 20% reduction in the use of both chemical and organic fertilizers. This approach could potentially result in a 43.8% decrease in nitrate leaching, with a minimal 3% reduction in crop yield. The insights gained from our research offer a scientific foundation for the development of a management strategy that balances economic considerations with environmental protection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Studies on the potential disruptions that future land use changes may have on trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services (ESs) in the ecologically fragile region of hilly red soil region (HRSR) are still lacking. We employed multi-source observational data to project the land use patterns expected for the year 2035 in Jiangxi Province - a typical HRSR in China - across three specific scenarios: nature development (ND), economic development (ED), and ecological protection (EP). Through the integration of the InVEST model, correlation analysis, and geographically weighted regression methods, we evaluated habitat quality, soil conservation, water yield, and soil conservation, as well as the associated trade-offs/synergies among ESs. The results showed that the built-up land will continue to increase and occupy a large amount of cropland and woodland, resulting in a 0.79-1.96% reduction for the above four ESs under ND scenario. Under the ED scenario, the cropland and built-up land will increase by 2.95% and 12.00%, respectively, and most of them will convert from woodland, which will reduce ESs by 1.07-1.99%. Under the EP scenario, the expansion rate of built-up land will slow down and woodland will increase by 1.55%, leading to a 0.02-1.58% increase in ESs relative to the ED and ND scenarios. In addition, there were clear trade-offs observed in the ES pairs related to the water yield, while other ES pairs showed synergies. The proportions of counties that will experience changes in trade-off intensity, synergy intensity and the direction of trade-offs/synergies are expected to be 1-31%, 1-47% and 1-37%, respectively, from 2010 to 2035 under different scenarios. The study can provide valuable insights for ecological managers in HRSR in developing land use management strategies that optimize the mutual benefits of various ESs according to local conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The screening and evaluation of co-control technologies for pollution reduction and carbon mitigation represent a crucial prerequisite for researching pathways toward pollution and carbon reduction within petroleum refining industry. A systematic assessment method for technology synergies in pollution reduction and carbon mitigation remains deficient in China. In this study, we propose a method for evaluating the synergistic effects of technologies in pollution reduction and carbon mitigation in the petroleum refining industry. This model evaluates the synergistic control efficacy of technologies from multiple perspectives, including pollution-carbon synergy, synergistic reduction of pollutant-carbon emissions, cost-benefit analysis, and environmental benefits. The developed methodology is validated through its application to typical petroleum refining technology. The results confirm the synergistic benefits of pollution and carbon reduction through five petroleum refining technologies. With the increase in carbon trading prices, bio-jet fuels (T1) and microalgae carbon sequestration (T5) technologies have greater application potential. This study provides a scientific basis and theoretical support for the realization of collaborative control of carbon pollution in the petroleum refining industry., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Intense anthropogenic activities in a karst area will inevitably change the regional groundwater environment and affect the characteristics of the karst groundwater, such as the hydrochemistry and water quality. It is of great importance to study the evolution characteristics of the hydrochemistry and water quality of karst groundwater under intense anthropogenic activities to ensure the stability and sustainable development of karst ecosystems. In this study, a representative synclinal basin-type karst groundwater system in northern China was used as the study object, and the effects of intense anthropogenic activities on the evolution of the hydrochemistry and water quality of the karst groundwater were analyzed using a comprehensive application of a groundwater quality assessment, a multivariate statistical analysis, a hydrogeochemical analysis, and multi-factor regime monitoring of the karst groundwater quality. The results showed that during the time scale from 1991 to 2019, major ion components, such as Na + +K + , Ca 2+ +Mg 2+ , Cl - , SO 4 2- , NO 3 , and total dissolved solids (TDS), in the karst groundwater in discharge area increased by 1.73-4.59 times. In addition, the ion component contents primarily displayed a fluctuating equilibrium state from 2019 to 2023. At the spatial scale, the primary ion components in the karst groundwater in the discharge area were considerably higher than those in the recharge and runoff areas, and they also showed a gradual increasing trend from upstream to downstream and from the surrounding to the middle. CONCLUSION: Intense anthropogenic activities changed the circulation conditions of karst groundwater and deteriorated the karst groundwater quality. The primary human activity factors that controlled the evolution of the karst groundwater during the different periods were different. The large-scale exploitation of karst groundwater and other human activities primarily affected the karst groundwater quality. The construction of the Zhuangli Reservoir had a positive impact and improved the karst groundwater quality downstream, but its long-term impact on the karst groundwater environment requires long-term monitoring and study.- , HCO 3 - , and total dissolved solids (TDS), in the karst groundwater in discharge area increased by 1.73-4.59 times. In addition, the ion component contents primarily displayed a fluctuating equilibrium state from 2019 to 2023. At the spatial scale, the primary ion components in the karst groundwater in the discharge area were considerably higher than those in the recharge and runoff areas, and they also showed a gradual increasing trend from upstream to downstream and from the surrounding to the middle. CONCLUSION: Intense anthropogenic activities changed the circulation conditions of karst groundwater and deteriorated the karst groundwater quality. The primary human activity factors that controlled the evolution of the karst groundwater during the different periods were different. The large-scale exploitation of karst groundwater and other human activities primarily affected the karst groundwater quality. The construction of the Zhuangli Reservoir had a positive impact and improved the karst groundwater quality downstream, but its long-term impact on the karst groundwater environment requires long-term monitoring and study., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The corrosion-induced permeability changes of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) are one of the crucial factors constraining the successful application of NZVI in the remediation of contaminated groundwater. It is of great significance to study the dynamic evolution of corrosion products of NZVI after NZVI is injected into porous media and its influence on pore plugging effect from the pore scale. Micro computed tomography (Micro-CT) imaging technology, mineralogical characterization and theoretical calculations were used to understand the details of NZVI corrosion plugging porous media at the pore scale. This study reveals the factors of NZVI corrosion plugging porous media, namely, gas production (H 2 ) in the early and middle stages of corrosion (before 90 days) and solid phase changes (NZVI volume increase and migration) in the later stages (after 90 days). The permeability loss rate of the porous media was 66.8%, 87.3%, 79.4%, and 53.6% at the corrosion times of 30, 60, 90, and 120 days, respectively. After 90 d of corrosion, the particle size of NZVI increases by 7.9%, and the secondary minerals formed by corrosion are mainly Fe 3 O 4 /γ-Fe 2 O 3 and FeOOH. In addition, this study also found that the migration of NZVI after 90 d was due to its corrosion reducing the magnetic attraction between particles, dissociating into smaller particles or agglomerates under the action of fluid dynamics, resulting in its redistribution in the porous medium and causing blockage. This study clarifies that NZVI corrosion plays a vital influence in affecting the permeability and clogging of porous media, providing valuable guidance for optimizing NZVI-based remediation technologies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The author declares that the research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Enhancing the biodegradability of old landfill leachate is vital for the efficient treatment or resource utilization of municipal solid waste. Electrochemical pretreatment emerges as a promising technology for transformation of refractory dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, the specific impact of polarity on improving biodegradability of DOM remains unclear. In this study, a divided electrolyzer was used to explore the changes in the biodegradability of DOM in old landfill leachate during electrolysis. Meanwhile, the correlation mechanism between BOD 5 variation and DOM evolution was explored by spectroscopy and Maldi-TOF-MS analysis. Results shown that different polarities all have positive effect on enhancing the biodegradability of DOM, while the structural changes related with BOD 5 are depending on the polarity. In the anode chamber, electrochemical oxidation (EO) generates and eliminates carboxyl groups. Additionally, EO concurrently eliminates humic-like substances, which are challenging for microorganisms to degrade, and protein-like substances, which are easily degradable by microorganisms. This creates a competitive mechanism that coexist the promotion and inhibition for biodegradability. In the cathode chamber, electrochemical reduction (ER) transforms DOM components, accumulating easily useable protein components for microorganisms. Kinetic studies show that EO related BOD 5 changes are aptly described by a competition model, considering both generation and removal of bioavailable components. ER related BOD 5 changes suit a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. These insights into the transformation of old leachate DOM support the development of methods predicting BOD 5 evolution, crucial for future process optimization., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The pursuit of clean energy generation and environmental preservation is of utmost importance for societal progress. However, couple clean energy production and pollution control is still a difficulty. In this study, a novel electrospun composite mat, with nano zero valent iron (Fe 0 , nZVI) encapsulated into polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers was acted as a catalyst. The activation energy (E a ) for the hydrolysis of NaBH 4 to produce hydrogen is 22 kJ·mol -1 , hydrogen atom utilization efficiency (HGE) of NaBH 4 is 60.80%. Three kinds of organic dyes 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), methylene blue (MB), and Rhodamine B (RhB) were served as the model pollutant, to construct NaBH 4 -organic system for energy production and pollution reduction. The NaBH 4 -organic system demonstrates a collaborative capability to simultaneously remove organic pollutants and generate hydrogen, with a coupling equilibrium point between the two processes. The hydrogen generation rate (HGR) and HGE increased with the concentration of pollutants increased. The degradation of 4-NP, MB, and RhB followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with RhB degrading dosage 20 and 44 times higher than 4-NP and MB, respectively. H 2 and H· contributed to the organic degradation. nZVI directly participated in the formation H 2 and H·. PAN@Fe 0 possessed good recyclability and moderate cost. The degradation process adhered to the classical surface reaction controlled Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) model. The integration of synergistic production capacity and pollutant degradation aligns well with the principles of green chemistry and sustainable development. This study demonstrates a novel approach to no precursor loss catalysts preparation, efficient production clean H 2 , advanced treatment of dye-containing wastewater, carbon neutral operation of sewage treatment plant., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Determining the contaminants reduction rate by dissolved ferrous iron (Fe(II) aq ) bound to iron oxides is curial for evaluating the abiotic attenuation of contaminants in aquifers. However, few studies have assessed the contaminants reduction rate controlled by thermodynamic parameters in heterogeneous systems with different iron oxides. In this study, a linear free energy relationship (LFER) was established between the nitrobenzene reduction rate and the thermodynamic driving force (reduction potential (E H ) and pH) in Fe(II) aq -goethite-hematite co-existing systems. Results showed that the reduction rate of nitrobenzene correlated with the E H of the heterogeneous system. The standard reduction potential (E H ) of the mixed iron oxides could be obtained by a proportionate linear combination of the single iron oxide system E 0 mix of the heterogeneous systems could be calculated theoretically by combining E H and the Nernst equation. Furthermore, a parallel LFER with the slope of 1 was established to associate the nitrobenzene reduction rate with E 0 and pH. The intercept term was related to the adsorption capacity of different iron oxides towards Fe(II) H of the heterogeneous systems could be calculated theoretically by combining E H saturation adsorption capacity of hematite was 1.5 times higher than that of goethite. After normalizing the nitrobenzene reduction rate to the Fe(II) 0 saturation adsorption capacity, the maximum difference in intercept terms was reduced from 37% to 15%. These findings would provide an important and feasible methodological support for the quantitative evaluation of abiotic attenuation of contaminants in groundwater.mix and the Nernst equation. Furthermore, a parallel LFER with the slope of 1 was established to associate the nitrobenzene reduction rate with E H and pH. The intercept term was related to the adsorption capacity of different iron oxides towards Fe(II) aq . The Fe(II) aq saturation adsorption capacity of hematite was 1.5 times higher than that of goethite. After normalizing the nitrobenzene reduction rate to the Fe(II) aq saturation adsorption capacity, the maximum difference in intercept terms was reduced from 37% to 15%. These findings would provide an important and feasible methodological support for the quantitative evaluation of abiotic attenuation of contaminants in groundwater., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Although our knowledge of national carbon emission trading system and green certificate trading system are powerful incentive instruments that can deliver on increasingly ambitious climate targets in China, there remains an uncertainty of systems' structural reforms. This study builds on and extends a well-established dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to incorporate carbon trading system and green certificate trading system into the modeling framework, simulating a diverse of system development pathways further allows an exploration of the many possible policy effect. Then, using total factor productivity as a comprehensive indicator to asses policy effectiveness, the evolutionary trend of comprehensive effects under different paths are separately evaluated to discover the reforms' optimal range. Our work offers main results: First, these instruments provide a price signal. The introduction of a carbon allowance auction drive up carbon prices, while the implementation of a green certificate punishment and the expansion of the trading scope promote an increase in green certificate prices. Second, all policy scenarios that help reduce carbon emission intensity and optimize the power supply structure. However, in achieving the net-zero goal, the green certificate policy incurs more economic costs than the carbon trading policy. Indeed, the combination of multiple policy tools alleviates the decline of social welfare levels. Third, synergism design among policy tools: the focus should be on carbon trading policy from 2021 to 2030, green certificate trading policy from 2030 to 2050, and strengthened policy from 2050 to 2060. Reform measures within policies may need to be introduced in a timely manner. This study offers specific insights and tailored policy proposals to support policymakers in balancing environmental goals with economic and social needs in light of the aforementioned findings., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Globally, most high-grade ores have already been exploited. Contemporary mining tends to focus on the extraction of lower-grade ores thereby leaving large stored tailings open to the environment. As a result, current mines have emerged as hotspots for the migration of metal(loid)s and resistance genes, thereby potentially contributing to a looming public health crisis. Therefore, the management and remediation of tailings are the most challenging issues in environmental ecology. Bioremediation, a cost-effective solution for the treatment of multi-element mixed pollution (co-contamination), shows promise for the restoration of mine tailings. This review focuses on the bioremediation technologies developed to untangle the issues of non-ferrous metal mine tailings. These technologies address the environmental risks of multi-element exposure to the ecosystem and human health risks. It provides a review and comparison of current bioremediation technologies used to mineralize metal(loid)s. The role of plant-microorganisms and their mechanisms in the remediation of tailings are also discussed. The importance of "treating waste with wastes" is crucial for advancing bioremediation technologies. This approach underscores the potential for waste materials to contribute to environmental cleanup processes. The concept of a circular economy is pertinent in this context, emphasizing recycling and reuse. There's an immediate need for international collaboration. Collaboration is needed in policy-making, funding, and data accessibility. Sharing data is essential for the growth of bioremediation globally., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interestsJianli Liu reports financial support was provided by China University of Geosciences. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Bacterium with high Cr(VI) detoxification capability belonged to the genus Bacillus have been largely explored, yet their reduction strategies are still in debate. Cr(VI) removal performance and mechanism of Bacillus sp. HL1 isolated from tailings a site was comprehensively investigated in this study. Approximately 88.31% of 100 mg/L Cr(VI) was continuously removed within 72 h, while it could resist up to 300 mg/L Cr(VI). Metal ions Mn 2+ and Cu 2+ could effectively improve the Cr(VI) removal performance to 14.41% and 3.41% under the optimal conditions, respectively. Cr(VI) removal performances by subcellular extracts showed that nearly 45.28% of 100 mg/L extracellular Cr(VI) was efficaciously reduced to Cr(III), while only 14.27%, 6.40%, and 2.73% of the cell-free extract, resting cells, and cell debris were reduced, respectively. This suggested that extracellular bioreduction was the primary Cr(VI) detoxification strategy despite a small part of Cr(VI) reduction took place intracellularly. In particular, the reduction products of the intracellular and extracellular compounds significantly differed, with organo-Cr(III) complex outside the cell and crystalline Cr(III) precipitate inside. Such observation was also evidenced by the intracellular black precipitate observed in the TEM image. XRD, XPS, and EPR analysis showed different Cr(III) compositions of intracellular and extracellular products. This study deepens our insights into the different fates of microorganisms that reduce Cr(VI) intracellularly and extracellularly., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

China's double carbon target aims to improve human well-being and sustainable development. Energy transformation welfare performance (ETWP) is the efficiency of energy transition (ET) in enhancing human well-being. ETWP considers both human well-being and sustainable development. Research on its driving force is helpful in achieving the double carbon goal. Thus, this paper used Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Model, Fixed Panel Regression Model and Grey Relational Analysis Model to analyze China's ETWP from 2006 to 2022 and predicted ETWP of 31 provinces from 2023 to 2030. The results showed that: (1) ETWP had two rising periods in 2006-2014 and 2015-2022. (2) The government's rationalization policy on energy and environment and technological innovation ability were fundamental driving forces for improving ETWP. (3) There were obvious spatial and temporal distinctions in ETWP, and it would bring out different degrees in most areas. Thus, ET should be promoted by improving the ecological environment and resource utilization efficiency; The importance of the role of scientific and technological innovation and policies should be focused on in promoting ETWP; ET policies based on local developments should be formulated and the energy structure should be changed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

With the extensive industrialization and urbanization taking place in China during the recent decades, land use throughout the country has experienced profound changes influenced not only by the demand for population growth and living standard improvement but also by the constraints of series of land use policies. However, whether the conflict between the expansion of settlement land (SL) and the loss of cultivated land (CL) have been resolved at the national scale or transferred between the local regions remains unclear. Based on yearly ESA CCI land use and land cover products from 1992 to 2020, the long-term trends of quantity and spatial pattern of SL expansion and CL change in China from national and local views were investigated using trend statistic methods, and finally a comprehensive zoning framework was proposed to recognize the trade-off and synergies relationships between SL expansion and CL change. There are a continuous expansion of SL with global linear trends showing three breakpoints in 2000, 2005, and 2012, and a fluctuation decline of CL presented with four breakpoints in 1997, 2002, 2006, and 2013. Aggregation and dispersion tendencies with linear characteristics of SL expansion and CL change were found with breakpoints in 2001, 2008, 2012, and 2016 and breakpoints in 2001 and 2010, respectively. A spotty spatial pattern of SL was shown spatially coincident with urban agglomerations in China while the planar continuous characteristic was found for CL. Local counties were classified into five tradeoff and synergies zones (TSZs), where general synergies (G-S) and decoupling (D) of SL expansion and CL change were rare cases and the different change in quantity and trend of SL expansion and CL change in local counties was concealed by the national trend. A few scattered counties were belonging to G-S and D TSZs, while most of the counties in the central-east and western China were in General-Tradeoff (G-T) and Superior-Tradeoff (S-T) TSZs. Counties in south and north China with higher percentages of CL were more prevalent in Superior-Synergy (S-S) TSZ. Our findings explicated the complex relationships between SL expansion and CL change of China at the national scale and in local counties, which pointed out the differences of unified land use management activities across scales and could provide insights for future policy-making and management measures of land use to both ensure the national food security and promote regional sustainable development more synchronously., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Acid mine drainage (AMD) caused environmental risks from heavy metal pollution, requiring treatment methods such as chemical precipitation and biological treatment. Monitoring and adapting treatment processes was crucial for success, but cost-effective pollution monitoring methods were lacking. Using bioindicators measured through 16S rRNA was a promising method to assess environmental pollution. This study evaluated the effects of AMD on ecological health using the ecological risk index (RI) and the Risk Assessment Code (RAC) indices. Additionally, we also examined how acidic metal stress affected the diversity of bacteria and fungi, as well as their networks. Bioindicators were identified using linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), Partial least squares regression (PLS-R), and Spearman analyses. The study found that Cd, Cu, Pb, and As pose potential ecological risks in that order. Fungal diversity decreased by 44.88% in AMD-affected areas, more than the 33.61% decrease in bacterial diversity. Microbial diversity was positively correlated with pH (r = 0.88, p = 0.04) and negatively correlated with bioavailable metal concentrations (r = -0.59, p = 0.05). Similarly, microbial diversity was negatively correlated with bioavailable metal concentrations (bio&#95;Cu, bio&#95;Pb, bio&#95;Cd) (r = 0.79, p = 0.03). Acidiferrobacter and Thermoplasmataceae were prevalent in acidic metal environments, while Puia and Chitinophagaceae were identified as biomarker species in the control area (LDA>4). Acidiferrobacter and Thermoplasmataceae were found to be pH-tolerant bioindicators with high reliability (r = 1, P < 0.05, BW > 0.1) through PLS-R and Spearman analysis. Conversely, Puia and Chitinophagaceae were pH-sensitive bioindicators, while Teratosphaeriaceae was a potential bioindicator for Cu-Zn-Cd metal pollution. This study identified bioindicator species for acid and metal pollution in AMD habitats. This study outlined the focus of biological monitoring in AMD acidic stress environments, including extreme pH, heavy metal pollutants, and indicator species. It also provided essential information for heavy metal bioremediation, such as the role of omics and the effects of organic matter on metal bioavailability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Dyes pose great threats to the aquatic environment and human health. Fe 0 -based Fenton-like systems have been widely employed for the degradation of organic dyes. However, the regulation of degradability and recyclability was still unclear. In this study, Rhodamine B (RhB) was served as the model pollutant, hydroxylamine hydrochloride was selected as the RA, the natural photocatalysis system demonstrated stable operation. RA, as performance enhancement agent, was firstly reported in micro/nano-Zero-Valent Iron@Biochar (m/nZVI@BC) based SPC-RA system. Carrier size-fractionated m/nZVI@BC was fabricated by one-step carbothermal method. As a result, RA synergistically interacted with SPC, and the reaction time reduced from 15 min to 4 min. In the 0.010 g m/nZVI@BC-mediated SPC-RA system, over 95% of RhB (100 mg·L -1 , 1041.667 mg·g -1 ) was successfully degraded. The maximum degradation ability could still exceed 1g·g -1 via 5 times repeated applications. Meanwhile, the loss of degradability, caused by halving SPC concentration could be compensated by RA dosage measurement. The entire degradation process was predominantly dominated by free radicals (•OH>  1 O 2 > •O 2 - > •CO 3 - C and N sites of biochar (BC). Light and BC carrier dedicated slight influence. These discoveries shed a light on the activity and recyclability regulation of catalytic material, aligning with the principles of green chemistry and cleaner production. This study demonstrates a novel approach to efficient management of solid waste disposal, reuse of waste biomass, advanced treatment of dye-containing wastewater, pollution control in aquatic environments.0 , Fe 3 C and N sites of biochar (BC). Light and BC carrier dedicated slight influence. These discoveries shed a light on the activity and recyclability regulation of catalytic material, aligning with the principles of green chemistry and cleaner production. This study demonstrates a novel approach to efficient management of solid waste disposal, reuse of waste biomass, advanced treatment of dye-containing wastewater, pollution control in aquatic environments., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Curbing the continuous abandonment of large areas of farmland is important for meeting the global food demand and promoting agricultural and rural development. Accurate identification is the key to the effective management and utilization of abandoned farmland. The identification of abandoned land based on a long time series of remote sensing data has become rapid and effective. Therefore, a set of training and test datasets generated from invariant samples and reference sample sets is established in this paper. On this basis, the Google Earth Engine (GEE) is used to classify Landsat and Sentinel high-precision long-term remote sensing images from 2000 to 2022. In addition, a change detector based on the sliding window algorithm is proposed to extract abandoned farmland in the Huangshui Basin from 2002 to 2020, and the intensity, trend, frequency, reclamation rate and utilization efficiency are analyzed. The results revealed that the OA of land use classification in the Huangshui Basin from 2000 to 2022 was between 0.852 and 0.91, and the kappa coefficient was between 0.822 and 0.89, indicating a good classification effect. From 2002 to 2020, the accumulated abandoned farmland area in the Huangshui Basin continued to increase, showing a fluctuating upward trend, and the phenomenon of farmland abandonment and reclamation occurs repeatedly in some areas. From the overall distribution, the abandoned area gradually increased from the central region to the southeast. With the passage of time, the amount of abandoned farmland in the valley increased gradually, and the abandoned area was transferred from the high mountains to the valley area. The average annual abandonment rate of supplementary farmland was 50.45%, which was much greater than that of basic farmland. Most of the supplementary farmland could not be effectively and judiciously used, and the utilization efficiency was low. The research results provide data support for the reuse of abandoned farmland in ecologically fragile plateau areas, the formulation of targeted strategies, the implementation of timely adjustments, and the establishment of new ideas and methods for the accurate identification of abandoned farmland., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Coexisting tetracycline (TC), dissolved organic matter (DOM), and metal cations in aqueous environments might form complexes and consequently affect the environmental fate of TC. In this study, the interactions among coexisting humic acid (HA), TC, and Mg(II) in solutions were investigated by equilibrium dialysis batch experiments and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR) characterization. In the binary systems, the dimethylamine (4Me 2 NH + ) functional group on the A-ring of TC bound to the oxygen-containing functional groups of HA via hydrogen bond. The solution pH affected the agglomeration morphology and dissociation of the oxygen-containing functional groups of HA as well as protonation and spatial conformation of TC, which in turn affected the HA-TC interactions. The complexation sites and ratio of Mg(II) on TC affect the binding mode in the ternary system. When the TC-Mg(II) complexation ratio is 1:1, the B, C, and D rings of TC preferentially complex with Mg(II), resulting in the change of TC from an extended to a twisted conformation. At this time, Mg(II) had a weaker inhibitory effect on binding affinity between HA and TC. When the complexation ratio was 1:2, the second Mg(II) complexation deactivated the 4Me 2 NH  +  on the A ring and further stabilized TC twisted conformation, resulting in a stronger inhibitory effect on the binding of TC to HA. Under acidic conditions, the solution pH mainly caused the difficulty in forming TC-Mg(II) complexes. The inhibitory effect of Mg(II) on the binding between HA and TC is weaker than that under alkaline conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Bimetallic sulfide NiCo 2 S 4 has been regarded as a potential supercapacitor electrode material with excellent electrochemical performance. However, the origin of its high specific capacity is little studied, and the design of a rational structure still remains a challenge to exert its intrinsic advantage. In this work, the advantage of NiCo 2 S 4 over NiS and CoS is explained by density functional theory calculation from the aspects of energy band, density of electronic states and OH - adsorption energy. It is proved that the synergistic effect of Ni and Co in NiCo 2 S 4 can reduce its OH - adsorption energy and provide more active electrons near the Fermi level, thus promoting electrochemical reaction kinetics in supercapacitors. Then, a simple electrospinning method is used to in-situ load mono-disperse NiCo 2 S 4 nanocrystals within amorphous carbon nanofibers, obtaining a porous, lotus-leaf-stem-like one-dimensional nanocomposite of NiCo 2 S 4 /CNF. Ex-situ XPS characterization confirms that the proportion of metal ions involved in electrochemical reactions and the number of transferred electrons in NiCo 2 S 4 /CNF during the redox reaction are significantly higher than those in mono-metallic sulfides (NiS/CNF and CoS/CNF), verifying the calculation results. With its boosting reaction kinetics, the NiCo 2 S 4 /CNF gives the specific capacity of 757.97C g -1 at 1 A/g and the capacity retention of 95.15 % after 10,000 cycles at 5 A/g, both greater than NiS/CNF and CoS/CNF. The NiCo 2 S 4 /CNF, as the positive electrode, and activated carbon, as the negative electrode, are assembled into liquid-state and solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) devices, and both show high power density (760.6 W kg -1 for liquid-state device and 1067.4 W kg -1 for solid-state device), high energy density (52.25 Wh kg -1 for liquid-state device and 48.54 Wh kg -1 for solid-state device) and great cycle stability. Moreover, the solid-state ASC device possesses excellent low temperature capacity and reversibility, further demonstrating the wide application potential of the NiCo 2 S 4 /CNF composite., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The quality of soil containing heavy metals (HMs) around nonferrous metal mining areas is often not favorable for plant growth. Three types of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-assisted ryegrass were examined here to treat Cd, Pb, and Zn contaminated soil collected from a nonferrous metal smelting facility. The effects of PGPR-assisted plants on soil quality, plant growth, and the migration and transformation of HMs were evaluated. Results showed that inter-root inoculation of PGPR to ryegrass increased soil redox potential, urease, sucrase and acid phosphatase activities, microbial calorimetry, and bioavailable P, Si, and K content. Inoculation with PGPR also increased aboveground parts and root length, P, Si, and K contents, and antioxidant enzyme activities. The most significant effect was that the simultaneous inoculation of all three PGPRs increased the ryegrass extraction (%) of Cd (59.04-79.02), Pb (105.56-157.13), and Zn (27.71-40.79), compared to CK control (without fungi). Correspondingly, the inter-root soil contents (%) of total Cd (39.94-57.52), Pb (37.59-42.17), and Zn (34.05-37.28) were decreased compared to the CK1 control (without fungi and plants), whereas their bioavailability was increased. Results suggest that PGPR can improve soil quality in mining areas, promote plant growth, transform the fraction of HMs in soil, and increase the extraction of Cd, Pb, and Zn by ryegrass. PGPR is a promising microbe-assisted phytoremediation strategy that can promote the re-greening of vegetation in the mining area while remediating HMs pollution., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The release of uranium from uranium tailings into the aqueous environment is a complex process controlled by a series of interacting geochemical reactions. In this paper, uranium tailings from a uranium tailings pond in southern China were collected at different depths by means of borehole sampling and mixed to analyze the fugacity state of U. Static leaching experiments of U at different pH, oxidant concentration and solid-to-liquid ratios and dynamic leaching experiments of U at different pH were carried out, and the adsorption and desorption behaviour of U in five representative stratigraphic media were investigated. The results show that U is mainly present in the residue state in uranium tailings, that U release is strong in the lower pH range, that the leached U is mainly in the form of U(VI), mainly from the water-soluble, Fe/Mn oxides and exchangeable fraction of uranium tailings, and that the reduction in U leaching at higher pH is mainly due to the combined effect of precipitation formation and larger particle size of platelets in uranium tailings. Experiments with different oxidant concentrations and solid-liquid ratios showed that the oxygen-enriched state and low solid-liquid ratios were favorable for the leaching of U from uranium tailings. Adsorption and desorption experiments show that U is weakly adsorbed in representative strata, reversibly adsorbed, and that U is highly migratory in groundwater. The present research results have important guiding significance for the management of existing uranium tailings ponds and the control of U migration in groundwater, which is conducive to ensuring the long-term safety, stability and sustainability of uranium mining sites., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Comprehensive regional remote analysis tends to neglect lakes in exorheic basins on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), and a concurrent lack of discussions on whether there exist imbalanced explanations for the driving forces of both internal and external lakes is also present. We integrate multisourced lake datasets, high-resolution information, and available altimetry datasets to establish multiple mathematical models to meta-simulate lake volume changes, extend current lake variation datasets, and quantify the imbalance of variations and factors driving the water mass budget. The results showed that the primary cause of lake variations in QTP is net precipitation (57.75 ± 31.46%), followed by glacier runoff (33.53 ± 31.42%), and permafrost (8.34 ± 7.87%). Even though glacier runoff is currently considered as a weak factor of lake variation, heterogeneous results call for remaining attention in glacier-induced lake basins. Imbalance embodying in lake variability but not in contributions of driving factors, which calls for special lake management ways in different watersheds., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Renewable energy (RE) plays a crucial role in global energy transformation, and a thorough study of the potential impact of RE on regional carbon emissions is of great significance. This is particularly relevant to China, which needs to clarify its path to carbon reduction. Using the sample data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2021, this paper uses the Granger causality test to verify the causal relationship between carbon emission intensity (CEI) and other factors. It builds a mediation effect model on this basis to explore the direct impact effect and indirect transmission path of renewable energy utilization (REU) on CEI. The results show that REU has a one-way causal relationship with CEI. REU can directly and indirectly reduce CEI by improving social wealth and changing the direction of energy investment. In addition, REU indirectly increases CEI through the transmission paths of investment in the energy industry - social affluence and industrial level-social affluence. The CEI is indirectly reduced through the conduction paths of (social affluence-Urbanization rate), (Investment in the energy industry-Urbanization rate), (Industrial level-Urbanization rate), and (Industrial level-Investment in the energy industry). These conclusions will assist policymakers in exploring targeted pathways for low-carbon power development, providing a reference for strategic and sustainable carbon reduction policies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Arsenic in water environment can present significant threats to human health, and eliminating arsenic pollutants from wastewater is crucial. Based on our previously reported work, this study delved into the adsorption behavior and mechanism of different arsenic contaminants (p-ASA, ROX, As(V), and DMA) on the activated Fe-based metal-organic framework (activated MIL-88A). The results show that activated MIL-88A exhibits exceptional adsorption capabilities toward diverse arsenic pollutants. The adsorption process is endothermic, spontaneous, and viable, and chemical adsorption plays a leading role. The remarkable adsorption capacity of activated MIL-88A to various arsenic pollutants is primarily attributed to coordination, while hydrogen bonding also assumes a significant role in the elimination of p-ASA and ROX. Additionally, we investigated the impact of arsenic molecule shape and size, solution pH, and the existence of specific anions and dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the adsorption of different arsenic pollutants. This study can provide valuable insights for further exploring the selective adsorption of different kinds of arsenic species by Fe-based MOF materials and improving the adsorption efficiency of MOFs., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The power sector is a significant contributor to global carbon emissions and has received widespread attention from scholars; however, the path to achieving supply chain-wide carbon reductions in China from a provincial perspective remains unclear. This study combined multi-regional input-output and betweenness-based methods to identify the critical upstream sectors that indirectly drive large amounts of carbon emissions through power supply chains. The point source data of coal-fired units were collected to ensure the accuracy of the disaggregated input-output table. In addition, a scenario analysis was conducted to examine the effects of different electricity policy combinations on supply chain-wide emissions during the 14th Five-Year Plan (FYP). Our findings indicate that the embodied carbon intensity of the coal-fired power sector in Northwest China is among the highest in the country, ranging from 36.39 to 82.10 tons/10000 CNY. Therefore, the shift of the power sector to Western China during the 14th FYP will partially offset the positive emission reduction effect of the structural transformation of the power system. To achieve a low-carbon power supply chain, it is necessary to improve the production efficiency of critical transmission sectors and the low-carbon technology levels of major emitting sectors. Our results provide valuable insights for provincial governments to plan low-carbon transformation paths for the power sector., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The river-lake-floodplain system (RLFS) undergoes intensive surface-groundwater mass and energy exchanges. Some freshwater lakes are groundwater flow-through systems, serving as sinks for nitrogen (N) entering the lake. Despite the threat of cross-nitrogen contamination, the assembly of the microbial communities in the RLFS was poorly understood. Herein, the distribution, co-occurrence, and assembly pattern of microbial community were investigated in a nitrogen-contaminated and hydraulically-connected RLFS. The results showed that nitrate was widely distributed with greater accumulation on the south than on the north side, and ammonia was accumulated in the groundwater discharge area (estuary and lakeshore). The heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria and aerobic denitrifying bacteria were distributed across the entire area. In estuary and lakeshore with low levels of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and high levels of total organic carbon (TOC) and ammonia, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) bacteria were enriched. The bacterial community had close cooperative relationships, and keystone taxa harbored nitrate reduction potentials. Combined with multivariable statistics and self-organizing map (SOM) results, ammonia, TOC, and ORP acted as drivers in the spatial evolution of the bacterial community, coincidence with the predominant deterministic processes and unique niche breadth for microbial assembly. This study provides novel insight into the traits and assembly of bacterial communities and potential nitrogen cycling capacities in RLFS groundwater., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Photocatalysis shows huge potential in environmental purification, but suffers from fast photocharge recombination and finite photoabsorption. Piezoelectric polarization is perceived as a promising approach to drive charge separation, but it always relies on the energy-guzzling ultrasonic vibration. Herein, a piezo-photocatalytic system integrating dual electric fields constructed by weak force-driven piezoelectric polarization and Z-scheme junction is developed in 0D/2D α-Fe 2 O 3 /Bi 2 WO 6 . The introduction of low-frequency water flow-induced piezoelectric polarization field accelerates the migration of bulk photoexcited carriers of polar Bi 2 WO 6 , and forming Z-scheme junction with intimate interface guarantees the spatial separation of interfacial charges and strong visible light response. Benefiting from these merits, water flow-triggered α-Fe 2 O 3 /Bi 2 WO 6 delivers a superb tetracycline hydrochloride photodegradation efficiency of 82% within 20 min, which outperforms related piezo-photocatalysts in previous reports, even those driven by high-frequency ultrasound. KPFM and DFT calculations provide forceful evidence for the Z-scheme transfer pathway between α-Fe 2 O 3 and Bi 2 WO 6 . Additionally, the synergetic effect of constructing the Z-scheme junction and introducing piezoelectric polarization is well confirmed by PFM, COMSOL simulation, ESR and photoelectrochemical characterization. This work offers a novel strategy to design the piezo-photocatalytic system and maybe realize the in-situ treatment of sewage taking full advantage of hydrodynamic characteristics., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The prevention and treatment of bioclogging is of great significance to the application of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR). This study investigated the alleviating effect of biosurfactant rhamnolipid (RL) on bioclogging by laboratory-scale percolation experiments. The results show that the addition of RL greatly reduced bioclogging. Compared with the group without RL, the relative hydraulic conductivity (K') of the 100 mg/L RL group increased 5 times at the end of the experiment (23 h), while the bacterial cell amount and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content on the sand column surface (0-2 cm) decreased by 60.8% and 85.7%, respectively. In addition, the richness and diversity of the microbial communities within the clogging matter decreased after the addition of RL. A variety of bacterial phyla were found, among which Proteobacteria were predominant in all groups. At the genus level, RL reduced the relative abundance of Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas. These microbes are known as strong adhesion, large size, and easy to form biofilms, therefore playing a critical role during MAR bioclogging. Moreover, RL changed the surface properties of bacteria and porous media, which results in the increase of electrostatic repulsion and decrease of hydrophobic interaction between them. Therefore, RL mediated the bacteria-porous media interaction to reduce biomass in porous media, thereby alleviating bioclogging. This study implies that RL's addition is an environmentally friendly and effective method to alleviate the bioclogging in MAR., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Soil and groundwater contamination has become a key issue in urban redevelopment. It is particularly difficult to use heavy equipment for the remediation of restricted sites or areas contaminated by factories that are still in operation. In this case, horizontal wells are considered a potentially useful technology as they can potentially remediate contamination areas located below buildings and other surface/subsurface obstacles. This research first introduces the principles and advantages and disadvantages of direct push injection, improved slant well, high-pressure rotary jet technology, horizontal reactive media treatment wells, and horizontal directional drilling well. The key aspects for promising in-situ remediation techniques were summarized as remediation well design, remediation agent injection technology and drill pipe and well wall sealing technology. Based on the requirements for key technologies, a novel multi-branch horizontal well in-situ remediation process was proposed, which integrates vertical/horizontal directional drilling, rotary injection, and expansion sealing techniques, and relevant supporting drilling and injecting equipment were developed. A bench test and field test were conducted to test drilling tool performance, drilling accuracy, and injection radius of influence. The results showed that the developed supporting drilling tool met the process requirements and could complete multi-branch horizontal well remediation engineering construction. The deviation between the measured depth and the design depth of the multi-branch horizontal well constructed using this technology was less than 9%, and the deviation between the depth displayed by the guidance instrument and the measured depth was less than 1%. The injection radius of influence in the test field measured from the monitoring wells was greater than or equal to 5 m. The results of this research can provide an effective method for the remediation of contaminated sites., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Metagenomic sequencing technology was applied to evaluate differences in the anaerobic fermentation process of coal slimes by analyzing microbial diversity, functional activity structure, and cooperative relationship during the anaerobic fermentation of coal slimes with different coal ranks. The obtained results showed that the production of biomethane from coal slime was decreased by increasing metamorphism degree. Internal reason was higher abundance of microbial community in low rank coal slimes compared to that in high rank coal which had higher activity in the gene expression of key steps such as hydrolysis and acidification, methanation and the production of hydrogen and acetic acid. Acetic acid decarboxylation and CO 2 reduction are two key pathways of methanation process. At the same time, K11261 (formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit) and K01499 (methenyltetrahydromethanopterin cyclohydrolase) genes were further enriched in low rank slime systems, which enhanced the proportion of CO 2 reduction in methanation pathway and was beneficial to biomethane production. Research revealed the roles of different coal slime ranks in biomethane production process and is considered as an important reference significance for further exploration of coal slime resource utilization., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The dispersing effect of carbon materials on nanoparticles can enhance the full exposure of their active sites. Herein, phosphorus (P)-doped activated carbon-supported trace cobalt ferrite composites (P-CoFe@BC X ) were achieved by two-step pyrolysis for efficient peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and water pollution remediation. The removal efficiency of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was optimized by adjusting the coupling ratio of carbon substrate and cobalt ferrite. P-CoFe@BC 5 /PMS oxidation system (0.10 g L -1 , 0.50 mM) eliminated 98.3% of 2,4-D (20.0 mg L -1 ) within 60 min at unadjusted pH. The constructed adsorption enrichment and oxidative degradation pathways are highly efficient in utilizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the dual tracks of free and non-free radicals achieve the rapid degradation of 2,4-D. P-doped activated carbon acts as an electron shuttle to accelerate electron transfer between active sites and enhances the adsorption efficiency of 2,4-D and PMS onto the composites. In addition, the P-CoFe@BC 5 /PMS oxidation system still exhibited strong 2,4-D removal performance at a wide pH range of 2.0-10.0. The inhibitory effect of environmental components was related to their concentration, such as chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate and humic acid. Density functional theory calculations show that ROS tends to attack the CO bond on the 2,4-D branch chain, and the degradation products show lower biological toxicity. Hence, the constructed cobalt ferrite anchored P-doped activated carbon activated PMS system has great potential in treating organic wastewater., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The slow startup is the major obstacle to the application of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process in mainstream wastewater treatment. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are one potential resource for stable anammox reactor operation. Response surface analysis was used to optimize the specific anammox activity (SAA) with the addition of EPS; SAA was maximum at a temperature of 35 °C and the EPS concentration of 4 mg/L. By comparing the nitrogen removal of anammox reactors with no EPS (R0), immobilized EPS (EPS-alginate beads) (R1), and liquid EPS (R2), we found that EPS-alginate beads significantly speed up the startup of anammox process and enable the start time to be shortened from 31 to 19 days. As a result of the higher MLVSS content, higher zeta potential, and lower SVI 30 , anammox granules of R1 exhibited a stronger capacity to aggregate. Moreover, EPS extracted from R1 had higher flocculation efficiencies than EPS derived from R0 and R2. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes revealed that the main anammox species in R1 is Kuenenia taxon. To clarify the relative significance of stochastic vs deterministic processes in the anammox community, neutral model and network analysis are employed. In R1, community assembly became more deterministic and stable than in other cultures. Our results show that EPS might inhibit heterotrophic denitrification and thereby promote anammox activity. This study suggested a quick start-up strategy for the anammox process based on resource recovery, which is helpful for environmentally sustainable and energy-efficient wastewater treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The bioleaching process is widely used in the treatment of ores or solid wastes, but little is known about its application in the treatment of vanadium-bearing smelting ash. This study investigated bioleaching of smelting ash with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The vanadium-bearing smelting ash was first treated with 0.1 M acetate buffer and then leached in the culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Comparison between one-step and two-step leaching process indicated that microbial metabolites could contribute to the bioleaching. The Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans demonstrated a high vanadium leaching potential, solubilizing 41.9% of vanadium from the smelting ash. The optimal leaching condition was determined, which was 1% pulp density, 10% inoculum volume, an initial pH of 1.8, and 3 Fe 2+ g/L. The compositional analysis showed that the fraction of reducible, oxidizable, and acid-soluble was transferred into the leaching liquor. Therefore, as the alternative to the chemical/physical process, an efficient bioleaching process was proposed to enhance the recovery of vanadium from the vanadium-bearing smelting ash., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Transition metal nitride (TMNs) electrocatalysts have attracted tremendous attentions for their unique electron structure, high activity, and excellent stability. Herein, a two-dimensional (2D) graphene-like structured nickel-molybdenum nitride (Ni-MoN) on nickel foam (NF), is prepared via facile hydrothermal and following nitridation process. The as-prepared Ni-MoN-450 (pyrolysis at 450 °C) displays good hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performances in alkaline media. Only 22 mV and 117 mV are needed to achieve current densities of 10 mA cm -2 and 500 mA cm -2 in 1.0 M KOH, respectively, toward HER. The assembled two-electrode system, with the synthesized Ni-MoN-450 as the anode and cathode, exhibits good performance to achieve 1000 mA cm -2 in 1.0 M KOH + 25 °C and 6.0 M KOH + 80 °C. Moreover, it also presents long-term stability under large-current density, which verified its robust property., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Identifying the leakage channel and the influencing range is essential for controlling the environmental risks of leachate from the tailings pond. The investigation of leachate pollution in tailings pond has the defect of focusing only on the scope of tailings pond in recent studies. This study innovatively built a comprehensive investigation and accurate verification system for leachate leakage of tailings pond integrated with the aeromagnetic survey, ground penetrating radar, hydrochemistry and isotope coupling methods. Geophysical exploration found that among the four fault zones, and the F1 was the channel for leachate to recharge the groundwater 2.53 km away from the tailings pond. The fissures inside the tailings pond were connected with the natural fissures outside, forming a leachate migration channel. The hydrochemistry and isotope characteristics showed that the groundwater far away from the tailings pond were polluted by arsenic containing leachate, which verified the geophysical exploration results. The significant correlation between arsenic and SO2-4 concentration indicated that arsenic in leachate originated from the oxidation release of sulfide minerals (i.e., arsenopyrite). This study sheds light on the comprehensive investigation of leachate leakage in the tailings pond. This development method also provides guidance for environmental risk identification of other contaminated sites., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The temporal and spatial patterns of wind power installation and the evaluation of carbon emission reduction potentials are of great significance to promoting China's wind power development planning and dual carbon targets achievement. This study analyzes the temporal and spatial characteristics, identifies main driving factors, and measures carbon emission reduction potentials of China's wind power installation by province based on spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial econometric model. Overall, China's wind power installed capacity increased rapidly from 346 MW in 2000 to 279,550 MW in 2020, basically showing a significant positive spatial correlation during 2000 and 2020. Regarding driving factors of wind power installation, the technological factors and environmental factors were the main positive factors for wind power installation, and the economic factors and resource endowments showed positive spatial spillover effects. Regarding carbon emission reduction potentials, the carbon emission reduction potentials of China's wind power installation increased by year, among which Northwest China gradually accelerated Northeast China after 2015. Based on China's wind power evolution characteristics and carbon emission reduction potentials, this study attempts to provide quantitative supports and policy implications to promote sustainable development of wind power industry and the achievement of carbon peak and carbon neutrality within China., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Carbon-based zinc-ion capacitors (ZICs) have sparked intense research enthusiasm because of large power density, good rate capability and cycling stability. However, there is still a long way to go before they achieve commercial applications. Herein, oxygen-enriched lignin-derived porous carbon nanosheets (OLCKs) were prepared by one-step carbonization-activation method, and more O-containing functional groups were generated on the surface of the porous carbon by post-surface functionalization strategy. The self-doped N can change the electron distribution of carbon skeleton and decrease energy barrier of chemical absorption of Zn 2+ /H + . Meanwhile, the carbonyl group can significantly enhance the wettability of OLCKs. Furthermore, the diffusion-controlled reactions mainly exist at high and low potential ranges in CV curves, which demonstrates the occurred Faradaic reaction. Consequently, the assembled aqueous ZICs based on OLCKs demonstrate a capacity of 121.7 mAh/g at 0.3 A/g, energy density of 94.3 Wh kg -1 and good cyclic stability. Besides, the assembled Zn//PVA/LiCl/ZnCl 2 (gel)//OLCK4 ZIC can also achieve energy density of 134.4 Wh kg -1 at 0.1 A/g. This work provides a novel design strategy by incorporating abundant O and N-containing functional groups to enhance energy density., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A series of goethite-modified montmorillonite (GMt) materials was synthesized for the amelioration of cationic cadmium (Cd) and anionic arsenic (As) complex contaminants in soil and water bodies. The results showed that goethite (Gt) was successfully loaded onto the surface of montmorillonite (Mt), which possessed more functional groups (such as Fe-O, and Fe-OH) and a larger specific surface area. GMt-0.5 (Mt loaded with Gt at a ratio of 0.5:1) showed the highest adsorption capacity for Cd(II) and As(III) with the maximum of 50.61 mg/g and 57.58 mg/g, respectively. The removal rate of Cd(II) was highly pH dependent, while the removal rate of As(III) showed little dependence on pH. The goethite on montmorillonite might contribute to the formation of surface complexes with As(III) and oxidation of As(III) to As(V). In the binary system, both, synergistic and competitive adsorption existed simultaneously. Importantly, in the binary system, the removal of As(III) was more favorable because of the electrostatic interaction, formation of a ternary complex, and co-precipitation. In addition, the amendment of GMt-0.5 significantly reduced the availability of Cd and As in the soil. This study suggests that GMt-0.5 is a promising candidate for the simultaneous immobilization of metal (loid)s in both, aqueous solution and mine soil., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Sufficient crop yield while maintaining soil health and sustainable agricultural development is a global objective, serving a special challenge to certain climate-sensitive plateau areas. Despite conducting trails on a variety of soil amendments in plateau areas, systematic research is lacking regarding the influences of organic and inorganic amendments on soil quality, particularly soil microbiome. To our knowledge, this was the first study that compared the effects of inorganic, organic, and mixed amendments on typical plateau crop hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Nudum, also known as "Qingke" in Chinese) over the course of tillering, jointing, and ripening. Microbial communities and their responses to amendments, soil properties and Tibetan hulless barley growth, yield were investigated. Results indicated that mixed organic and inorganic amendments promoted the abundance of rhizosphere microorganisms, enhancing the rhizosphere root-microbes interactions and resistance to pathogenic bacteria and environmental stresses. The rhizosphere abundant and significantly different genera Arthrobacter, Rhodanobacter, Sphingomona, Nocardioides and so on demonstrated their unique adaptation to the plateau environment based on the results of metagenomic binning. The abundance of 23 genes about plant growth and environmental adaptations in the mixed amendment soil were significantly higher than other treatments. Findings from this study suggest that the mixed organic/inorganic amendments can help establish a healthy microbiome and increase soil quality while achieving sufficient hulless barley yields in Tibet and presumably other similar geographic areas of high altitude., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

An alkali-treated MXene-SnS hybrid was prepared through hydrothermal methods. The Alk-MXene microplates provide highway for electronic transport, and the 3D wrinkled morphology ensures sufficient channels for Li + diffusion. The alkali treatment of MXene gives Alk-MXene@SnS enhanced binding strength, which allows the SnS nanosheets to remain firm binding with the Alk-MXene substrate during cycling and overcome capacity decay caused by large volume change. The synergy between the two components guarantees the hybrid excellent electrochemical properties by enabling high electronic/ionic conductivity and superior kinetic properties as evidenced by EIS, GITT tests and DFT calculation. As a result, the Alk-MXene@SnS retains specific capacities of 519 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 200 mA g -1 , and 330 mAh/g at the high rate of 8000 mA g -1 . In addition, a reversible capacity of 421 mAh/g can be provided after long term cycle test at 1000 mA g -1 for 800 cycles., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The environmental tax system is effective in pollution abatement. However, levying an environmental tax may be detrimental to economic growth. Reasonable use of environmental tax revenue may achieve both environmental protection and economic growth. This study proposes to earmark environmental tax revenue for pollution treatment. Taking fiscal expenditure theory into consideration, environmental tax revenue usage is divided into transfer expenditure and purchase expenditure. An environmental computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is established to evaluate the effects of environmental tax revenue usage. The optimal choice is to increase the environmental tax rate and simultaneously use tax revenue for cleaner production subsidies and end-of-pipe treatment expenditures. Under the optimal scenario, pollutant retention decreases by 21.45%, and GDP increases by 0.006%. For most regions in China, it is better to raise the environmental tax rate to the middle level of a specified range. Moreover, the government should distribute environmental tax revenue evenly across the expenditure of different environmental protection projects., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Implementing runoff control infrastructure has been regarded as an efficacious measure in stormwater management. The issue of its cost-effectiveness is a primary concern for decision makers since it is an exorbitant investment. However, most of existed studies only concentrated on the cost-effectiveness optimization of runoff control infrastructure, especially green infrastructure, between hydrological and economic aspects, and therefore, the potential layout scenarios with high extra environmental benefits could be neglected in the traditional two-dimensional frameworks. In this study, a novel carbon dioxide equivalent-based index was quantified to represent the extra environmental benefits of runoff control infrastructure besides stormwater management and was further integrated into the assessment framework. The effectiveness of green and grey infrastructure was comprehensively evaluated and traded off between hydrological, environmental and economic aspects. The results demonstrated that grey infrastructure is a better measure than green infrastructure when only hydrological (HF index) and economic (CI index) performances were considered. Nevertheless, the environmental performance (EROI index) of green infrastructure prevails over grey infrastructure, and when optimizing green and grey infrastructure simultaneously in the three-dimensional framework considering environmental effectiveness, green infrastructure is comparable with grey infrastructure. Furthermore, an appropriate composition of coupled green-grey infrastructure is requisite, which could achieve an optimal trade-off between hydrological and environmental effectiveness. The sources of environmental benefits were also identified and analyzed from three representative preference scenarios. The findings of the study could serve as a trade-off basis between green and grey infrastructure, as well as between EROI and HF., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Revegetation has been conducted extensively to restore degraded ecosystems, thereby accelerating water consumption and affecting water availability for other human demands. Examining evapotranspiration (ET) can guide regional management to promote revegetation sustainability and address the contradiction in water demand. We characterised ET variation on China's Loess Plateau from 2003 to 2013, after the 'Grain for Green' revegetation programme implementation. Annual ET significantly increased, with an average trend of 4.87 mm yr -2 ; the highest increasing trends were in the southern part of the plateau. Combining zero-order correlation and partial correlation, we found that climate and crop production were the key factors influencing ET, while revegetation also had significant effects. We also explored how multiple influencing factors affected ET through partial least-squares path modelling. Revegetation and socioeconomic development were found to impose indirect effects on ET by promoting rural household income and altering agricultural production. The specified linkages and regulating pathways among revegetation and human needs including socioeconomic development and agricultural production should be considered in solving the conflicts between the ecosystem and human water use in water-limited regions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a feasible technology option to reduce carbon emission in the power industry. However, the high cost of CCS deployment in power plants precludes its large-scale application. Carbon markets may act as an incentive for CCS, but the impact of auction and quota allocation mechanisms in carbon markets on CCS is unclear. In order to investigate the roles of the auction and quota allocation mechanism on the CCS retrofitting in coal-fired units, the life-cycle cost method was used to evaluate the CCS retrofitting cost of China's coal-fired units in the carbon market after supplementing the existing database. The impact of subsidies on stimulating CCS retrofitting was jointly considered. The results show that most units have a CCS retrofit Levelized additional cost of electricity (Lacoe) of $25.24/MWh to $64.57/MWh, making the CCS retrofitting burdensome, even for ultra-supercritical unit that has a low cost. The combination of grandfathering quota allocation mechanism and subsidy will effectively promote CCS retrofitting of coal-fired units, especially when the auction ratio is 30%-40%, about 400-540 GW units will be retrofitted under the carbon market using grandfathering and 12.05$/MWh-22.77$/MWh subsidies. Additionally, there are significant differences among provinces in terms of the lifetime costs of the CCS retrofitting of coal-fired units. Xinjiang, Guangdong, and Jiangsu, with retrofitting potentials of respectively 20.68 GW, 10.58 GW-43.00 GW and 15.00 GW-52.27 GW are best suited for the CCS retrofitting of coal-fired units., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The exploration of novel nanomaterials to resolve the issues of water pollution with the aid of photocatalytic technology has always been a research hotspot. MoS 2 is acknowledged to be one of the promising photocatalysts for its interesting layered structure, suitable band gap, and good chemical stability. However, the fast recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes within the MoS 2 impedes its extensive application. Here, hydrophilic polymer (polyvinyl pyrrolidone, PVP) and sulfur vacancy (Vs) are simultaneously introduced into the MoS 2 nanosheets to achieve high-efficient photocatalytic hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) removal and antibacterial performance. The incorporation of PVP greatly enhances the adsorption capacity of MoS 2 , and creating Vs essentially strengthens the photogenerated carrier separation of MoS 2 . As a result, the Cr(VI) removal efficiency of MoS 2 -PVP with an appropriate Vs concentration is up to 99.5 % for 3 h. Meanwhile, MoS 2 -PVP with a relatively higher Vs concentration displays a superior Escherichia coli (E. coli) removal efficiency of 91.8 % within 30 min with the initial E. coli concentration of ∼1.0 × 10 7 CFU/mL. This study extends photocatalysts to a higher level in designing advanced materials for environmental remediation and establishes a feasible platform for emphasizing the versatility of defect engineering in regulating catalytic activity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

High value-added recycling of hazardous substances emerges as one of the most promising directions in current society, which can simultaneously relieve the environmental burden and obtain useful products. Here, we propose a transformation strategy from adsorbent to photocatalyst by recycling heavy metal with natural clay mineral. Sepiolite is selected as an adsorbent for removing Cd 2+ in wastewater due to its excellent adsorption properties in terms of high specific surface area and structural channels. Then, in-situ sulfidation of the adsorbed Cd 2+ is carried out, transforming it into CdS/Sep photocatalyst, which exhibits efficient photocatalytic antibacterial activity for Escherichia coli with a sterilization efficiency of 98.8% within 2 h. The intense visible light absorption of CdS and the efficient separation of photogenerated carriers render the prominent antibacterial activity. The main reactive species including superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals produced by CdS/Sep under visible light irradiation are diffused into the solution and attack the bacteria surrounding the photocatalysts. This work not only develops new ideas for recycling heavy metals for fabrication of efficient photocatalysts, but also provides a reference for water purification based on cost-effective natural minerals., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Understanding the supply and demand characteristics of ecosystem services (ESs) and their trade-offs is the basis for effective ecosystem management and the improvement of human well-being. However, current management practices based on the trade-offs between the supply and demand for ESs remain limited. This study aimed to integrate ES trade-offs into regional spatial management. With Changzhi, China, as the study area, this study evaluated the supply, demand, and trade-offs of food provision, water conservation, soil retention, and carbon sequestration by linking multi-source data and using spatial analysis tools, including the InVEST model, ArcGIS, and GeoDA. Based on the trade-offs and importance of different ecological functions, we constructed an urban spatial management framework and proposed recommendations for optimization in different management zones. The results showed that (1) the supply and demand for multiple ESs exhibited spatial heterogeneity. Except for water conservation, the supply of other ESs met the demand of the city, but there were still obvious deficits in some regions. (2) In terms of the ES supply, there were trade-offs between food production and other ESs, and synergies existed among water conservation, soil retention, and carbon sequestration. In terms of the ES demand, the four ESs exhibited synergistic relationships. In the cluster analysis, ES supply and demand were divided into four ES bundles, respectively. (3) The spatial mismatch of ESs in the sub-watersheds of the study area was obvious. The ESDR coldspots for the four ESs were primarily located in the urban built-up areas in the central and southern regions of the city. The ESDR hotspots of soil retention and carbon sequestration were mainly distributed in the eastern and northwestern regions of Changzhi, which are less urbanized. There were few ESDR hotspots for food production and water conservation. (4) Based on the regional spatial management framework, Changzhi was divided into ten zones, including extremely important, moderately important, important, supply-demand risk management, soil erosion management, and high food production areas. The results and conclusions of this study provide a basis for spatial planning and ecosystem management., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The adsorptive fractionation of humic acid (HA) at the interface between minerals and water can significantly affect the fate of pollutants in water-soil environment. However, the adsorptive fractionation behavior of HA on kaolinite and its effect on the migration of fluoroquinolones (FQs) have not been fully understood. In this study, fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy, combined with two-dimensional correlation analyses, were used to explore the adsorptive fractionation of humic acid (HA) and its effects on ofloxacin adsorption on kaolinite. The results indicated that humic-like, rather than reduced quinone-like and tyrosine-like, was the main adsorptive fractionation component and preferentially bound to the Al-O sites of kaolinite. The adsorption mechanisms of humic-like and tyrosine-like mainly include hydrogen bonds between acidic functional groups and the Si-O or Al-O groups of kaolinite, n-π electron donor-acceptor interaction and electrostatic attraction. At pH 7.0, with addition of 4.0 and 16.0 mg C/L HA in solution, the adsorptive fractionation of HA on kaolinite led to increases in ofloxacin (in zwitterionic form) adsorption capacity by 1.46 and 3.35 mg/g, respectively. The interactions between ofloxacin and the humic-like were mainly hydrogen bonds and electrostatic attraction. Therefore, the influence of adsorptive fractionation of dissolved organic matter on minerals should be considered in estimating FQs environmental behaviors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)