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This paper is the review of the research for Wason's four-cards task, which was focused on the article from 1989 to 1995. In 1989,it has been argued about pragmatic reasoning schema (PRS) and social contract theory (SC). Although PRS and SC are different in their origin : The former is auquired from experience in everyday life, the latter is possessed by nature, both of them are deontic. And, deontic reasoning is largely explained by mental model. In non-deontic, i.e. dual processes, the cards of conspicious event are selected heuristically with belief bias or open context etc. The Piagetian has also accepted the dual processes in part, but they have interpreted the logical ability of human as developmental. In recent years, it has been suggested the synthetic theories such as Relevance theory by Sperber, et al. (1995) etc., which have attempted the discussion on the synthetic framework including deontic, PRS, SC, mental model or dual processes. These theories or models are examined in a place of the situated approarch., 国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

This paper is the review of the research for Wason's four-cards task, which was focused on the research from 1980 to 1988. As to matching bias, in the case of the task that is not related to their experience such as abstract task, the subjects' solution were influenced by matching bias, while In the case of the concrete task such as "drinking age problem", their solution were influenced by their experience. As for drinking age problem, it was pointed out that its solving process was related to the effect of violation instruction, and This effect was discussed in connection with matching bias. As to thematic effect, it was denied that any concrete tasks could raise the rate of the correct response. Same as matching bias, it was suggested that the correct response was affected by whether the task is related to the subjects' experience or not. But it means not only direct but also indirect experience. It is important for the subjects to analogize the context of the task to their experience. And, the general rules or knowledge structures that is induced from the ordinary life experiences were termed "pragmatic reasoning schemas", it has been taken close up as the important factor for solving the 4-cards task., 国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

This article is a review of the research of Wason's four-cards task, which was focused on the research from 1966 to 1979 as the first half of it. In the introduction, we described what was the background of the research and what is the four-cards task. In the chapter of "the dawn of the research", it was mentioned that the percentage of correct response by adults was very low, which was caused by the "confirmation bias". And, it was discussed that it was important to think logically for solving problems, and that it was effective (a) to give some hints to understand the logic of the problem and (b) to use the concrete theme in a rule (that is called "thematic effect") for logical reasoning. Especially, (b) was regarded as more important. In the chapter of "the mature period of the research", it is described that (b) was influenced by the relationship among terms in a rule, and that the response pattern of abstract task was varied with the expression of rules. "Matching bias", that arises by negation in a rule, was noteworhty because (a) response patterns of subjects could be predicted by it, and (b) it is applicable to abstract task. Then, it was tried to explain the process of thinking process as the "dual processes". It was pointed out, however, that (a) matching bias didn't contain the explanation about the process of solving concrete task, and (b) it is hard to appear in some rules. Then, especially for (b), it was discussed that some rule-expressions that agree with the order of human reasoning, is more effective., 国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。