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Objective To investigate the characteristics of nutritional indexes (hemoglobin, serum protein, prealbumin),brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1) in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) complicated with dysphagia. Methods A total of 218 elderly patients with MCI admitted to the hospital from January 2020 to January 2024 were selected as the study objects. Patients with concurrent dysphagia were set as the study group, and those without dysphagia were set as the control group, with 109 cases in each group. The clinical data, BDNF level, VILIP-1 level, serum nutritional indexes [hemoglobin (Hb), blood albumin (ALB), prealbumin (PAB) ],and scores of related scales [Fried Frailty Assessment Scale, Barthel index (BI), Micro-nutrition Rating Scale (MNA) ] were compared between the two groups. Results There were significant differences in age, swallowing training, visual and auditory impairment, number of damaged teeth and number of drug types between the two groups (P＜0. 05) . The level of BDNF in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the level of VILIP-1 was significantly higher than that in the control group (P＜0. 05) . The levels of Hb, ALB and PAB in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P＜0. 05) . FRIED score and BI score of the study group had significant differences, and MNA score of the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P＜0. 05) . Conclusion There are significant differences in age, swallowing training and tooth damage between elderly MCI patients with dysphagia and those without dysphagia. Patients with dysphagia have lower BDNF level, higher VILIP-1 level, worse nutritional status and higher frailty degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]