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MXene‐based Zn‐ion capacitors (ZICs) with adsorption‐type and battery‐type electrodes demonstrate high energy storage and anti‐self‐discharge capabilities, potentially being paired with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to construct self‐powered systems. Nevertheless, inadequate interlayer spacing, deficient active sites, and compact self‐restacking of MXene flakes pose hurdles for MXene‐based ZICs, limiting their applications. Herein, black phosphorus (BP)‐Zn‐MXene hybrid is formulated for MXene‐based ZIC via a two‐step molecular engineering strategy of Zn‐ion pre‐intercalation and BP nanosheet assembly. Zn ions as intercalators induce cross‐linking of MXene flakes with expandable interlayer spacing to serve as scaffolds for BP nanosheets, thereby providing sufficient accessible active sites and efficient migration routes for enhanced Zn‐ion storage. The density functional theory calculations affirm that zinc adsorption and diffusion kinetics are significantly improved in the hybrid. A wearable ZIC with the hybrid delivers a competitive areal energy of 426.3 µWh cm−2 and ultra‐low self‐discharge rate of 7.0 mV h−1, achieving remarkable electrochemical matching with TENGs in terms of low energy loss, matched capacity, and fast Zn‐ion storage. The resultant self‐powered system efficiently collects and stores energy from human motion to power microelectronics. This work advances the Zn‐ion storage of MXene‐based ZICs and their synergy with TENG in self‐powered systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Micronanoelectronic Technology is the property of Micronanoelectronic Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work aims to provide the hardware (HW) design of the optoelectronics interfaces for a visible-light communication (VLC) system that can be employed for several use cases. Potential applications include the transmission of ultra-high-definition (UHD) streaming video through existing reading lamps installed in passenger vans. In this use case, visible light is employed for the downlink, while infrared light is used for the uplink channel, acting as a remote controller. Two primary components -a Light Fidelity (LiFi) router and a USB dongle—were designed and implemented. The 'LiFi Router', handling the downlink channel, comprises components such as a visible Light-Emitting Diode (LED) and an infrared receiver. Operating at a supply voltage of 12 V and consuming current at 920 mA, it is compatible with standard voltage buses found in transport vehicles. The 'USB dongle', responsible for the uplink, incorporates an infrared LED and a receiver optimized for visible light. The USB dongle works at a supply voltage of 5 V and shows a current consumption of 1.12 A, making it well suited for direct connection to a universal serial bus (USB) port. The bandwidth achieved for the downlink is 11.66 MHz, while the uplink's bandwidth is 12.27 MHz. A system competent at streaming UHD video with the feature of being single-input multiple-output (SIMO) was successfully implemented via the custom hardware design of the optical transceivers and optoelectronics interfaces. To ensure the system's correct performance at a distance of 110 cm, the minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNRmin) for both optical links was maintained at 10.74 dB. We conducted a proof-of-concept test of the VLC system in a passenger van and verified its optimal operation, effectively illustrating its performance in a real operating environment. Exemplifying potential implementations possible with the hardware system designed in this work, a bit rate of 15.2 Mbps was reached with On–Off Keying (OOK), and 11.25 Mbps was obtained with Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) obtaining a bit-error rate (BER) of 3.3259 × 10−5 in a passenger van at a distance of 72.5 cm between the LiFi router and the USB dongle. As a final addition, a solar panel was installed on the passenger van's roof to power the user's laptop and the USB dongle via a power bank battery. It took 13.4 h to charge the battery, yielding a battery life of 22.3 h. This characteristic renders the user's side of the system entirely self-powered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most advanced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts show high activity under alkaline conditions. However, the performance deteriorates at a natural and acidic pH, which is often problematic in practical applications. Herein, a rhenium (Re) sulfide–transition‐metal dichalcogenide heterojunction catalyst with Re‐rich vacancies (NiS2‐ReS2‐V) has been constructed. The optimized catalyst shows extraordinary electrocatalytic HER performance over a wide range of pH, with ultralow overpotentials of 42, 85, and 122 mV under alkaline, acidic, and neutral conditions, respectively. Moreover, the two‐electrode system with NiS2‐ReS2‐V1 as the cathode provides a voltage of 1.73 V at 500 mA cm−2, superior to industrial systems. Besides, the open‐circuit voltage of a single Zn–H2O cell with NiS2‐ReS2‐V1 as the cathode can reach an impressive 90.9% of the theoretical value, with a maximum power density of up to 31.6 mW cm−2. Moreover, it shows remarkable stability, with sustained discharge for approximately 120 h at 10 mA cm−2, significantly outperforming commercial Pt/C catalysts under the same conditions in all aspects. A series of systematic characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that Re vacancies on the heterojunction interface would generate a stronger built‐in electric field, which profoundly affects surface charge distribution and subsequently enhances HER performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Micronanoelectronic Technology is the property of Micronanoelectronic Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract MXene‐based Zn‐ion capacitors (ZICs) with adsorption‐type and battery‐type electrodes demonstrate high energy storage and anti‐self‐discharge capabilities, potentially being paired with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to construct self‐powered systems. Nevertheless, inadequate interlayer spacing, deficient active sites, and compact self‐restacking of MXene flakes pose hurdles for MXene‐based ZICs, limiting their applications. Herein, black phosphorus (BP)‐Zn‐MXene hybrid is formulated for MXene‐based ZIC via a two‐step molecular engineering strategy of Zn‐ion pre‐intercalation and BP nanosheet assembly. Zn ions as intercalators induce cross‐linking of MXene flakes with expandable interlayer spacing to serve as scaffolds for BP nanosheets, thereby providing sufficient accessible active sites and efficient migration routes for enhanced Zn‐ion storage. The density functional theory calculations affirm that zinc adsorption and diffusion kinetics are significantly improved in the hybrid. A wearable ZIC with the hybrid delivers a competitive areal energy of 426.3 µWh cm−2 and ultra‐low self‐discharge rate of 7.0 mV h−1, achieving remarkable electrochemical matching with TENGs in terms of low energy loss, matched capacity, and fast Zn‐ion storage. The resultant self‐powered system efficiently collects and stores energy from human motion to power microelectronics. This work advances the Zn‐ion storage of MXene‐based ZICs and their synergy with TENG in self‐powered systems.

Ferroelectric materials, with their spontaneous electric polarization, are renewing research enthusiasm for their deployment in high-performance micro/nano energy harvesting devices such as triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Here, the introduction of ferroelectric materials into the triboelectric interface not only significantly enhances the energy harvesting efficiency, but also drives TENGs into the era of intelligence and integration. The primary objective of the following paper is to tackle the newest innovations in TENGs based on ferroelectric materials. For this purpose, we begin with discussing the fundamental idea and then introduce the current progress with TENGs that are built on the base of ferroelectric materials. Various strategies, such as surface engineering, either in the micro or nano scale, are discussed, along with the environmental factors. Although our focus is on the enhancement of energy harvesting efficiency and output power density by utilizing ferroelectric materials, we also highlight their incorporation in self-powered electronics and sensing systems, where we analyze the most favorable and currently accessible options in attaining device intelligence and multifunctionality. Finally, we present a detailed outlook on TENGs that are based on ferroelectric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing ultrahigh‐strength fabric‐based triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting high‐impact energy and sensing biomechanical signals is still a great challenge. Here, the constraints are addressed by design of a multistrand twisted triboelectric Kevlar (MTTK) yarn using conductive and non‐conductive Kevlar fibers. Manufactured using a multistrand twisting process, the MTTK yarn offers superior tensile strength (372 MPa), compared to current triboelectric yarns. In addition, a self‐powered impact sensing fabric patch (SP‐ISFP) comprising signal acquisition, processing, communication circuit, and MTTK yarns is integrated. The SP‐ISFP features withstanding impact (4 GPa) and a sensitivity and response time under the high impact condition (59.68 V GPa−1; 0.4 s). Furthermore, a multi‐channel smart bulletproof vest is developed by the array of 36 SP‐ISFPs, enabling the reconstruction of impact mapping and assessment of body injury location and levels by real‐time data acquisition. Their potential to reduce body injuries, professional security, and construct a multi‐point personal vital signs dynamic monitoring platform holds great promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disc and cylinder‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have great potential for harvesting wind energy. However, a significant challenge faced by these TENGs is the wear issues arising from the required close contact between tribo‐materials, especially at high frequencies. In response to this challenge, a gear‐slider TENG (GS‐TENG) is designed to transition from continuous close‐contact friction mode to intermittent contact. Working in unison with the central gear and two sliders, four units housed within GS‐TENG yield electrical output through periodic contact and separation. During a durability test of 845 000 cycles, the short‐circuit current only experiences a slight decrease, going from 25.38 to 24.03 µA, retaining 94.68% of its initial value. Operating at a matched impedance of 6 MΩ, GS‐TENG at M1 achieves a peak power density of 386 mW m−2, exceeding some previously proposed solutions in wind harvesting. When integrated into a wind speed sensing system, the GS‐TENG has a wide sensing range (13.1 to 28 m s−1) with a maximum error of 3.39%. This work demonstrates a rotation‐to‐translation strategy that lays the foundation for long‐term, high‐frequency wind energy harvesting and the development of a self‐powered wind sensing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative analysis of gait parameters, such as stride frequency and step speed, is essential for optimizing physical exercise for the human body. However, the current electronic sensors used in human motion monitoring remain constrained by factors such as battery life and accuracy. This study developed a self‐powered gait analysis system (SGAS) based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) fabricated electrospun composite nanofibers for motion monitoring and gait analysis for regulating exercise programs. The SGAS consists of a sensing module, a charging module, a data acquisition and processing module, and an Internet of Things (IoT) platform. Within the sensing module, two specialized sensing units, TENG‐S1 and TENG‐S2, are positioned at the forefoot and heel to generate synchronized signals in tandem with the user's footsteps. These signals are instrumental for real‐time step count and step speed monitoring. The output of the two TENG units is significantly improved by systematically investigating and optimizing the electrospun composite nanofibers' composition, strength, and wear resistance. Additionally, a charge amplifier circuit is implemented to process the raw voltage signal, consequently bolstering the reliability of the sensing signal. This refined data is then ready for further reading and calculation by the micro‐controller unit (MCU) during the signal transmission process. Finally, the well‐conditioned signals are wirelessly transmitted to the IoT platform for data analysis, storage, and visualization, enhancing human motion monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tribovoltaic effect is a phenomenon of the generation of direct voltage and current by the mechanical friction on semiconductor interface, which exhibits a brand‐new energy conversion mechanism by the coupling of semiconductor and triboelectrification. Here, the origin, interfaces, characteristics, mechanism, coupling effect and application of the tribovoltaic effect is summarized and reviewed. The tribovoltaic effect is first proposed in 2019, which has developed in various forms tribovoltaic nanogenerator (TVNG) including metal‐semiconductor, metal‐insulator‐semiconductor, semiconductor‐semiconductor, liquid‐solid and flexible interfaces. Compared with triboelectric nanogenerator, the TVNG has the characteristics of direct‐current, high current density (mA‐A cm−2) and low impedance (Ω‐kΩ). The two mainstream views on the tribovoltaic generation mechanism, one dominated by built‐in electric fields and the other dominated by interface electric fields, have been elaborated and summarized in detail. The tribo‐photovoltaic effect and tribo‐thermoelectric effect are also discovered and introduced because they can easily interact with other multi‐physical field effects. The TVNGs are suitable for making energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing devices for micro‐nano energy applications. This paper not only revisit the development of the tribovoltaic effect, but also makes prospects for mechanism research, device fabrication and integrated application, which can accelerate the evolution of smart wearable electronics and intelligent industrial components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the use of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in environmental monitoring and pollutant treatment. TENGs can harness mechanical energy from the environment to power self-contained systems for wastewater purification in remote areas. The article also discusses the use of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) for energy harvesting and water treatment. Both TENGs and PENGs have the potential to revolutionize wastewater treatment and environmental monitoring, but there are challenges that need to be addressed. The article provides valuable insights into the application of TENGs in environmental monitoring and highlights their potential for sustainable energy harvesting. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Most advanced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts show high activity under alkaline conditions. However, the performance deteriorates at a natural and acidic pH, which is often problematic in practical applications. Herein, a rhenium (Re) sulfide–transition‐metal dichalcogenide heterojunction catalyst with Re‐rich vacancies (NiS2‐ReS2‐V) has been constructed. The optimized catalyst shows extraordinary electrocatalytic HER performance over a wide range of pH, with ultralow overpotentials of 42, 85, and 122 mV under alkaline, acidic, and neutral conditions, respectively. Moreover, the two‐electrode system with NiS2‐ReS2‐V1 as the cathode provides a voltage of 1.73 V at 500 mA cm−2, superior to industrial systems. Besides, the open‐circuit voltage of a single Zn–H2O cell with NiS2‐ReS2‐V1 as the cathode can reach an impressive 90.9% of the theoretical value, with a maximum power density of up to 31.6 mW cm−2. Moreover, it shows remarkable stability, with sustained discharge for approximately 120 h at 10 mA cm−2, significantly outperforming commercial Pt/C catalysts under the same conditions in all aspects. A series of systematic characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that Re vacancies on the heterojunction interface would generate a stronger built‐in electric field, which profoundly affects surface charge distribution and subsequently enhances HER performance.

A RepNet-based wireless self-powered sensor system is designed by just two components with deep learning algorithm, which has simple structure and high accuracy even without integrated circuit. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) directly power the artificial intelligence sensor, and the algorithm extracts and encodes the convolutional features and local temporal information from a video. To test this model, we assemble a test dataset of 192 videos, comprising 32 frequencies of TENG. We then show the real-time detection backend based on the RepNet. This deep-learning-based backend also works well and demonstrates great feasibility and potential in the applications such as counting the number of LED flashing, estimating the possibility of LED flashing and detecting the changes of frequency. It is a potential and novel approach for sensing and transmited information of TENG-based self-powered sensors.

[Display omitted] • FC@NF and T@CF were prepared by LBL self-assembly and soaking methods, respectively. • Fire-retardant performance and mechanism of FC@NF were investigated. • FCF-TENG was fabricated for self-powered sensing in fire scenarios. The fabrics commonly used in architectural decorative materials pose significant fire hazards due to their flammability and rapid fire spread. Moreover, the traditional fire-alarm systems may fail to function properly in complex fire environments owing to power supply disruptions. In this study, we developed a low-cost and eco-friendly flame-retardant conductive fabric-based triboelectric nanogenerator (FCF-TENG) by integrating flame-retardant conductive nylon fabric and polytetrafluoroethylene soaked cotton fabric. This nanogenerator exhibits excellent flame-retardant properties and remarkable energy-harvesting capabilities. The nylon fabric, treated with layer-by-layer self-assembly method, possesses outstanding self-extinguishing capability and melt-dripping resistance. Additionally, the electrical performance of FCF-TENG significantly improves, with a 10-fold boost in conductivity, and the open-circuit voltage increases by 84% to 92 V. Besides, by incorporating the rectifier circuit, the FCF-TENG is capable of completely charging a 1 μF capacitor within 30 s. Furthermore, the FCF-TENG was successfully applied as a self-powered sensor in the fire-alarm system and served as a safety exit indicator for evacuees and fire rescue. This work presents an effective and innovative application of multifunctional smart textiles for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power supply is playing an increasingly important role in the rapidly developing era of the Internet of Things. Achieving a sustainable and clean power supply for electronic devices is an urgent and challenging task. In this study, we present a heat-triggered triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and develop a self-powered fire alarm system to achieve an early warning without an external power supply. A TENG comprises a gear system that can utilize the elastic potential energy of a spring. A wax block was used as a heat trigger. When melted at high temperatures, the TENG will be triggered to work and generate considerable electric energy. Within a single operation cycle of approximately 6 s, a 22 μ F capacitor can be charged up to 3.7 V. Such electrical energy is sufficient to drive a wireless transmission module through an automatic switching circuit. Overall, this study provides a feasible approach for a self-powered wireless warning system in power-shortage areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Developing ultrahigh‐strength fabric‐based triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting high‐impact energy and sensing biomechanical signals is still a great challenge. Here, the constraints are addressed by design of a multistrand twisted triboelectric Kevlar (MTTK) yarn using conductive and non‐conductive Kevlar fibers. Manufactured using a multistrand twisting process, the MTTK yarn offers superior tensile strength (372 MPa), compared to current triboelectric yarns. In addition, a self‐powered impact sensing fabric patch (SP‐ISFP) comprising signal acquisition, processing, communication circuit, and MTTK yarns is integrated. The SP‐ISFP features withstanding impact (4 GPa) and a sensitivity and response time under the high impact condition (59.68 V GPa−1; 0.4 s). Furthermore, a multi‐channel smart bulletproof vest is developed by the array of 36 SP‐ISFPs, enabling the reconstruction of impact mapping and assessment of body injury location and levels by real‐time data acquisition. Their potential to reduce body injuries, professional security, and construct a multi‐point personal vital signs dynamic monitoring platform holds great promise.

Abstract Quantitative analysis of gait parameters, such as stride frequency and step speed, is essential for optimizing physical exercise for the human body. However, the current electronic sensors used in human motion monitoring remain constrained by factors such as battery life and accuracy. This study developed a self‐powered gait analysis system (SGAS) based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) fabricated electrospun composite nanofibers for motion monitoring and gait analysis for regulating exercise programs. The SGAS consists of a sensing module, a charging module, a data acquisition and processing module, and an Internet of Things (IoT) platform. Within the sensing module, two specialized sensing units, TENG‐S1 and TENG‐S2, are positioned at the forefoot and heel to generate synchronized signals in tandem with the user's footsteps. These signals are instrumental for real‐time step count and step speed monitoring. The output of the two TENG units is significantly improved by systematically investigating and optimizing the electrospun composite nanofibers' composition, strength, and wear resistance. Additionally, a charge amplifier circuit is implemented to process the raw voltage signal, consequently bolstering the reliability of the sensing signal. This refined data is then ready for further reading and calculation by the micro‐controller unit (MCU) during the signal transmission process. Finally, the well‐conditioned signals are wirelessly transmitted to the IoT platform for data analysis, storage, and visualization, enhancing human motion monitoring.

Abstract Tribovoltaic effect is a phenomenon of the generation of direct voltage and current by the mechanical friction on semiconductor interface, which exhibits a brand‐new energy conversion mechanism by the coupling of semiconductor and triboelectrification. Here, the origin, interfaces, characteristics, mechanism, coupling effect and application of the tribovoltaic effect is summarized and reviewed. The tribovoltaic effect is first proposed in 2019, which has developed in various forms tribovoltaic nanogenerator (TVNG) including metal‐semiconductor, metal‐insulator‐semiconductor, semiconductor‐semiconductor, liquid‐solid and flexible interfaces. Compared with triboelectric nanogenerator, the TVNG has the characteristics of direct‐current, high current density (mA‐A cm−2) and low impedance (Ω‐kΩ). The two mainstream views on the tribovoltaic generation mechanism, one dominated by built‐in electric fields and the other dominated by interface electric fields, have been elaborated and summarized in detail. The tribo‐photovoltaic effect and tribo‐thermoelectric effect are also discovered and introduced because they can easily interact with other multi‐physical field effects. The TVNGs are suitable for making energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing devices for micro‐nano energy applications. This paper not only revisit the development of the tribovoltaic effect, but also makes prospects for mechanism research, device fabrication and integrated application, which can accelerate the evolution of smart wearable electronics and intelligent industrial components.

This work aims to provide the hardware (HW) design of the optoelectronics interfaces for a visible-light communication (VLC) system that can be employed for several use cases. Potential applications include the transmission of ultra-high-definition (UHD) streaming video through existing reading lamps installed in passenger vans. In this use case, visible light is employed for the downlink, while infrared light is used for the uplink channel, acting as a remote controller. Two primary components -a Light Fidelity (LiFi) router and a USB dongle—were designed and implemented. The ‘LiFi Router’, handling the downlink channel, comprises components such as a visible Light-Emitting Diode (LED) and an infrared receiver. Operating at a supply voltage of 12 V and consuming current at 920 mA, it is compatible with standard voltage buses found in transport vehicles. The ‘USB dongle’, responsible for the uplink, incorporates an infrared LED and a receiver optimized for visible light. The USB dongle works at a supply voltage of 5 V and shows a current consumption of 1.12 A, making it well suited for direct connection to a universal serial bus (USB) port. The bandwidth achieved for the downlink is 11.66 MHz, while the uplink’s bandwidth is 12.27 MHz. A system competent at streaming UHD video with the feature of being single-input multiple-output (SIMO) was successfully implemented via the custom hardware design of the optical transceivers and optoelectronics interfaces. To ensure the system’s correct performance at a distance of 110 cm, the minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNRmin) for both optical links was maintained at 10.74 dB. We conducted a proof-of-concept test of the VLC system in a passenger van and verified its optimal operation, effectively illustrating its performance in a real operating environment. Exemplifying potential implementations possible with the hardware system designed in this work, a bit rate of 15.2 Mbps was reached with On–Off Keying (OOK), and 11.25 Mbps was obtained with Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) obtaining a bit-error rate (BER) of 3.3259 × 10−5 in a passenger van at a distance of 72.5 cm between the LiFi router and the USB dongle. As a final addition, a solar panel was installed on the passenger van’s roof to power the user’s laptop and the USB dongle via a power bank battery. It took 13.4 h to charge the battery, yielding a battery life of 22.3 h. This characteristic renders the user’s side of the system entirely self-powered.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) stand at the forefront of energy harvesting innovation, transforming mechanical energy into electrical power through triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. This groundbreaking technology addresses the urgent need for sustainable and renewable energy solutions, opening new avenues for self-powered systems. Despite their potential, TENGs face challenges such as material optimization for enhanced triboelectric effects, scalability, and improving conversion efficiency under varied conditions. Durability and environmental stability also pose significant hurdles, necessitating further research towards more resilient systems. Nature inspired TENG designs offer promising solutions by emulating biological processes and structures, such as the energy mechanisms of plants and the textured surfaces of animal skins. This biomimetic approach has led to notable improvements in material properties, structural designs, and overall TENG performance, including enhanced energy conversion efficiency and environmental robustness. The exploration into bio-inspired TENGs has unlocked new possibilities in energy harvesting, self-powered sensing, and wearable electronics, emphasizing reduced energy consumption and increased efficiency through innovative design. This review encapsulates the challenges and advancements in nature inspired TENGs, highlighting the integration of biomimetic principles to overcome current limitations. By focusing on augmented electrical properties, biodegradability, and self-healing capabilities, nature inspired TENGs pave the way for more sustainable and versatile energy solutions.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG), renowned for their remarkable capability to harness weak mechanical energy from the environment, have gained considerable attention owing to their cost-effectiveness, high output, and adaptability. This review provides a unique perspective by conducting a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of magnetically assisted TENGs that encompass structures, materials, and self-powered sensing systems. We systematically summarize the diverse functions of the magnetic assistance for TENGs, including system stiffness, components of the hybrid electromagnetic-triboelectric generator, transmission, and interaction forces. In the material domain, we review the incorporation of magnetic nano-composites materials, along with ferrofluid-based TENG and microstructure verification, which have also been summarized based on existing research. Furthermore, we delve into the research progress on physical quantity sensing and human-machine interface in magnetic-assisted TENGs. Our analysis highlights that magnetic assistance extends beyond the repulsive and suction forces under a magnetic field, thereby playing multifaceted roles in improving the output performance and environmental adaptability of the TENGs. Finally, we present the prevailing challenges and offer insights into the future trajectory of the magnetic-assisted TENGs development.

Since the invention of the Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG), researchers have used this technology to facilitate the harvesting of environmental energy, such as wind and vibration, as well as the sensing of environmental parameters, such as wind speed and geological changes, resulting in the development of self-powered environmental monitoring systems. Nonetheless, the complex and ever-changing natural environment requires that the system not only complete a wide range of monitoring tasks but also provide remote and instantaneous wireless sensing capabilities. This work proposes a self-powered wireless environmental monitoring system based on a configurable Rotary Switch TENG (RS-TENG), which integrates deep learning algorithms and is capable of multi-parameter environmental monitoring. The RS-TENG can work with wind and record speed information; a capacitive strain sensor equipped on bridges and an inductive weight sensor plated around mountains are also considered monitoring nodes for multi-parameter monitoring in the natural environment. A resonant circuit and a tip-discharge structure allow the steady transmission of wireless signals that carry significant bridge component deformation and rockfall information to the user interface for decision-making. With deep learning algorithms, the system detects the deformation states of bridge components and rockfall warning signals and identifies defined levels. By adopting a shared wind cup, the RS-TENG allows the node to power electronic devices while enabling entirely automatic wireless wind monitoring. Furthermore, a user-friendly visualization interface is built for this environmental monitoring system, which allows users to assign monitoring tasks and get reasonable results. This work provides a paradigm for TENG technology applied in self-powered wireless environmental monitoring in complicated and particular natural environments. [Display omitted] • An environmental monitoring system with multiple sensing capabilities is established based on a rotary switch TENG (RS-TENG). • The combination of RS-TENGs, a tip-discharge structure, and a resonant circuit allows the transmission of wireless signals. • The RS-TENG can power electronic devices while enabling automatic monitoring by adopting different enclosure structures. • A real-time and user-friendly visualization interface integrating deep learning is developed for monitoring applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly efficient and flexible power sources have always been the focus and goal in the field of wearable electronics. However, the existing wearable power sources are limited by their large size, high weight, electrolyte leakage, and poor mechanical compliance, which seriously hinders their practical applications. Herein, we propose a novel strategy to achieve and demonstrate a fabric-based high-performance wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) structure. The metals of gallium (Ga), bismuth (Bi), indium (In), and tin (Sn) are mixed according to specific mass ratios, and then they are transformed in liquid phase to form room-temperature multiphase soft metals of GaBiInSn. The material exhibits both metallic and fluidic properties, and possesses a characteristic of multiphase structure. The GaBiInSn material is directly deposited between polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layers and nonwoven fabrics to establish multi-level conductive and frictional interfaces, creating charge transfer and solid-liquid hybrid dielectric layers. Therefore, the thin film-type triboelectric nanogenerators with a structure of PTFE/GaBiInSn/nonwoven fabric (LM-P-TENGs) is manufactured. The LM-P-TENGs can be integrated onto fabrics without compromising their breathability, comfortableness, and flexibility. Particularly, LM-P-TENGs efficiently convert the mechanical energy of human limb movements into sustainable electrical energy output. Under the human limb mechanical triggering conditions, LM-P-TENG achieves a champion specific open-circuit voltage up to 900 V, peak short-circuit current density of 43.3 mA/m2, and high power density of 12.56 W/m2. This work demonstrates the application potential of room-temperature multiphase soft materials in flexible wearable power sources, while introducing a novel power supply mode for wearable electronics. Additionally, the LM-P-TENGs also present applications in self-powered wearables, medical biosensing systems, human-machine interaction systems, near-eye display systems, etc. for the flexible electronics. [Display omitted] • The method for fabricating a flexible LM-P-TENG based on multiphase soft metal is developed for energy harvesting. • The V oc of LM-P-TENG can reach 900 V, the I sc can reach 43.3 mA/m2, and the power density can reach 12.56 W/m2. • The LM-P-TENG shows potential in the field of smart wearables and human-machine interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of the fifth-generation mobile communication network era induces a great potential for the design and development of self-powered wearable electronic devices. Hydrogels, as a typical material for flexible electrodes, have been widely employed in self-powered wearable electronic devices. However, the hydrogel-based triboelectric nanogenerator (H-TENG) is usually compromised by the challenges in data collection, operational stability, and manufacturability due to the unstable combination between the friction layer and the electrode layer, the occurrence of hydrogel damage during prolonged operation, and also the difficulty of machining sticky hydrogel electrodes. In the present study, a composite hydrogel composed of acrylamide, crotonyl alcohol, and 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid was synthesized via ultraviolet crosslinking, which was specially developed for H-TENG and wearable wireless remote control interface, featuring with excellent stretchability and mechanical strength as well as self-healing and self-adhesive properties. The open-circuit voltage of the H-TENG prepared with the hydrogel reached up to 165 V, and the output voltage remained almost unchanged following 10,000 cycles of compression test. Additionally, a wearable wireless remote control system was designed that could accurately control the multiple appliances and adjust different working modes using the H-TENG. Consequently, the development of the H-TENG and wearable wireless remote control system has the potential to provide a new methodology for the application of next-generation wearable devices in various areas, such as smart homes, as a representative example. [Display omitted] • The hydrogel electrode of H-TENG was endowed with self-adhesive, self-healing and excellent mechanical properties. • The output performance of H-TENG was successfully regulated by changing the contents of the composite hydrogel. • The self-powered wireless remote control system enabled smart homes by integrating H-TENG with Arduino and Bluetooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a low-height, stackable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with grating structures was developed to convert vertical deformation into lateral sliding motion to enhance the output current density. The unit device consists of a dielectric layer connected at its center to a spring surrounded by a structure with two pairs of horizontally aligned electrodes. The dielectric layers were fabricated by coating nylon onto a mask-patterned polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and forming surface nanostructures through a single reactive ion etching process. Owing to the microgroove formed on the electrode layer, the device exhibited enhanced durability and sustained energy harvesting for more than 45,000 cycles compared to untreated electrodes. The grating structure enabled a high output current and allowed for an increase in the active surface area with only a 1 mm increase in stack height per unit. The experimental results with a device having a grating number of 6 and stacked in five TENG units showed fast charging, with a root mean square (RMS) voltage of 199.4 V and an RMS current of 6.56 μA, at 2 Hz and 15 mm amplitude sinusoidal oscillation. The maximum RMS and peak power density were 6.03 W/m3 and 130.3 W/m3, respectively. Owing to its innovative design, the enhanced output current facilitated the rapid initial charging of the capacitor voltage, resulting in an approximately 25.8-fold increase in the initial charging speed compared with a single-unit TENG without a grating structure. The energy harvested from fewer than six mechanical inputs was sufficient to fully operate a wireless environmental sensor that wirelessly measured and transmitted environmental data. The unique and efficient structure of the device renders it suitable for applications requiring small vertical mechanical deformations. [Display omitted] • A stackable triboelectric nanogenerator with grating structures for enhanced energy output density was fabricated. • The grating structure allowed for high short-circuit current even with small vertical displacements. • Each additional stack increases the height by only 1 mm, ensuring high spatial efficiency. • The energy harvested from fewer than 6 mechanical inputs was sufficient to power a wireless environmental sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In-situ curing of the hierarchical structure of the ionic polymer gel encapsulated within ecoflex. • The GPE-TENG demonstrates high durability, sustaining heavy mechanical deformations and environmental stability. • The GPE-TENG exhibits outstanding energy harvesting capabilities with a peak power density of 0.36 W m−2. • The GPE-TENG showed superior strain sensing capabilities for monitoring human activities and rehabilitation progress. • A self-powered wearable touch panel is developed for demonstrating touch track/pattern recognition and user identification. Gel-based sensors for next generation touch panels have been acknowledged for their exceptional sensitivity and flexibility. However, these sensors typically depend on a metal grid connection, which is susceptible to structural deformation under heavy stress applications and necessitates external power. Here, we report a novel in-situ cured gel polymer electrode-based triboelectric nanogenerator (GPE-TENG) that is stretchable, semi-transparent, and durable, designed to enable a self-powered touch panel for intelligent touch perception. The in-situ curing of the hierarchical structure of the ionic polymer gel encapsulated within the ecoflex ensures robust adhesion of the ionic conductive polymer gel (PEO/LiTFSI) to the ecoflex layers, addressing the issue of delamination in TENG components under mechanical stress. As a result, the GPE-TENG demonstrates high durability, enduring under stretching of approximately 375 % and sustaining heavy mechanical deformations (under folding, twisting, and rolling) over a long period (approximately 2 months) without loss of functionality. Remarkably, the GPE-TENG exhibits outstanding energy harvesting capabilities with a peak power density of 0.36 W m-2. Notably, the GPE-TENG generates electrical signals through simple device stretching, thus serving as a self-powered wearable sensor for human activity monitoring. Moreover, a 9-digital arrayed (3 × 3) flexible, semi-transparent, and self-powered touch panel based on the GPE-TENG shows multifunctionality, including touch track/pattern recognition (i.e. touch and sliding mode) and a highly accurate (∼98 %) deep learning assisted smart biometric system for user identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Gas-mask-integrated multi-dielectric flutter triboelectric generator (MF-TEG) was developed. • MF-TEG was systemically investigated in terms of various design variables. • Self-powered chemical warfare agent sensing mechanism of MF-TEG was established. • Self-powered emergency response gas-mask system (S-ERG) was ultimately realized. In hazardous environments, gas-mask wearers encounter various emergencies, and responding to such emergencies is crucial for safety and survival. In sudden or long-term emergencies, a self-powered gas-mask system must be established for continuous power supply to emergency-related electronics or for reliable self-powered sensing. However, a comprehensive analysis and the demonstration of a gas-mask integration design that considers breathing resistance, electrical output, and practical applications remain challenging. In this study, a gas-mask-canister-embedded inhalation-driven multi-dielectric flutter triboelectric generator (MF-TEG) was proposed to realize a self-powered emergency response gas-mask system (S-ERG). The MF-TEG was mechanically and electrically analyzed and optimized for various design variables. The canister with the MF-TEG generated stable electrical output (62 V, 500 Hz) during every inhalation, and the inhalation resistance was 7 % lower than permissible level, although the canister was compact. In the charging mode, the S-ERG demonstrated personal environmental monitoring and wireless location-tracking. A self-powered chemical warfare agent (CWA) sensing mechanism was established and analyzed for various variables. The S-ERG in the sensing mode, equipped with a signal-processing unit, could be used as a real-time personal CWA alert system. This study contributes to improving the practicality of TEGs as a promising energy technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For high-efficiency harvesting high-entropy ocean wave energy , spherical triboelectric nanogenerators (S-TENGs) is an innovated technology, this review mainly focuses on the recent advances of S-TENGs for harvesting high-entropy ocean wave energy and self-powered system. The potential difficulties and tough challenges that can impede their large-scale commercial applications are summarized and discussed. [Display omitted] • A review is discussed on present spherical TENG technology for the first time in high-entropy ocean wave energy. • Recent advances of spherical TENG on high-entropy ocean wave energy harvesting and self-powered sensing are summarized. • Relationship among the properties of triboelectric materials, device structures and output performances are analyzed. • Development and application for spherical TENGs to face the changeable and dangerous ocean environment are discussed. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with the merits of low-cost, environmental friendliness is the most widely used and regarded as an innovated technology of harvesting high-entropy ocean wave energy (HE-OWE), considering as one of the promising sustainable and cleanable energy sources, which TENG with spherical structure is more favorable. This review mainly focuses on the recent advances of spherical (S)-TENGs for harvesting HE-OWE and self-powered system due to the absolute advantages of simple structure and fabrication more easily. From the perspective of working modes of S-TENGs in different ocean occasions, in-depth research on the relationship between triboelectric material properties, structural characteristics, and the electrical output performance of devices are compared for high efficiency development of HE-OWE. These S-TENGs shows the great potential for driving marine electronic devices and boosting the rapid development of marine economy inevitably. Furthermore, the potential values are explored and tough challenges that can impede their large-scale commercial applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cost-effective, self-powered all-around disinfection system based on double-ring triboelectric nanogenerator (DR-TENG) is proposed for simultaneous disinfection of air and drinking water. The double-ring structure results in an average power of 188.74 mW, about 1.20 and 2.05-fold higher than traditional TENGs with only OR-TENG and IR-TENG structures, and the average power density per rotation is up to 20.04 mW/m2·rpm at the rotational speed of 300 rpm. [Display omitted] • A cost-effective, self-powered all-around disinfection system is developed. • The double-ring structure enables DR-TENG with ultrahigh APD/R of 20.04 mW/m2·rpm. • Simultaneous disinfection of air and water breaks the single environment barrier. • CECIC water disinfection efficiency increases as electric conductivity decreases. • The entire system cost can be as low as $12.92 for a 2-year service. The transmission of infectious diseases by bacteria in air and drinking water represents a significant challenge to public health. However, the majority of existing disinfection methods are dependent on a power grid and cannot achieve simultaneous disinfection when both air and drinking water are contaminated. Here a cost-effective, self-powered all-around disinfection system was developed based on double-ring triboelectric nanogenerator (DR-TENG) with an outer-ring TENG (OR-TENG) and an inner-ring TENG (IR-TENG). The double-ring structure enables DR-TENG to achieve an average power of up to 188.74 mW, which is approximately 1.20 and 2.05 times higher than that of traditional TENGs with OR-TENG and IR-TENG structures only, respectively. Subsequently, the two outputs of OR-TENG and IR-TENG can power UV lamps and tubular coaxial-electrode copper ionization cell (CECIC), respectively, for the simultaneous disinfection of air (>5-log disinfection efficiency within 5 min) and drinking water (>6-log disinfection efficiency at the HRT of 2 min), which breaks the limitation that traditional TENG-driven disinfection systems can only achieve disinfection in a single environment (air or water). A systematic investigation was conducted to examine the phenomenon of a reduction in disinfection efficiency with an increase in electric conductivity during CECIC drinking water disinfection. Meanwhile, the self-powered system is independent of the power grid, and a cost as low as $12.92 for a 2-year service enables the system to be cost-effective and expands the application scenarios. In the practical environment, the self-powered disinfection system can be used for simultaneous disinfection of air and drinking water in remote energy-scarce areas or densely populated spaces such as hospitals and schools, and will potentially promote family medical care and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is widely used in various industries due to their high flexibility and large maneuverable space. Abnormal vibration of UAV motors can prevent it from working properly due to the abnormal state of the motors and the harsh external environment. There is no suitable method to monitor the UAV motors vibration in real time. At the same time, commercial sensors require an additional power supply to power the sensor, which indirectly limited their application in UAVs. A vibration sensor (AV-TENG) with magnetic spring structure was proposed in this paper for monitoring the vibration of UAV motors. The experimental results show that the magnetic spring has excellent stability. AV-TENG can achieve frequency detection in a wide frequency band. It also has excellent linearity with a maximum error of only 0.0062 %. Simultaneously, to verify the performance of AV-TENG in various environments and simulate its loading, the results demonstrate that AV-TENG can adapt well to the working conditions of UAV. Finally, this paper constructs a low-cost (less than $7), easy-to-manufacture signal acquisition system, and conducts a field demonstration, realizing the monitoring of the vibration frequency and acceleration of the UAV motors, and realizing the early warning, which is expected to promote the development of the field of UAV as well as the practical application of the triboelectric nanogenerator. [Display omitted] • Based on TENG, the vibration sensor designed in this paper was used to monitor the vibration of the motor part of the UAV. • A novel magnetic spring structure is designed, which has the advantages of high reliability and high stability. • A low-cost, high-accuracy acquisition system for TENG is designed. UAV-carrying experiments were conducted in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of self-driven systems with flexibility and tunable output for organic photoinduction is highly desirable but challenging. In this study, a 3D cadmium metal-organic framework (Cd-MOF) is synthesized and used as a filler for ethyl cellulose (EC) to create mechanically durable and flexible Cd-MOF@EC composite films. Due to its well-established platform with periodically precise structure nature, the outputs of Cd-MOF-based TENG are much higher than those of ligand-based TENGs. Furthermore, composite films with different doping ratios of Cd-MOF are employed to assemble Cd-MOF@EC-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). The results reveal that a doping ratio of 10 wt.% Cd-MOF in Cd-MOF@EC provides the highest TENG output. Subsequently, a flexible 10 wt.% Cd-MOF@EC-based TENG (FCEC-TENG), working in the contact-separation model, is constructed to harvest mechanical energy from the human body, demonstrating excellent output performance and stability. The energy harvested from FCEC-TENG can directly illuminate 14 commercial white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), providing visible light for the photoinduction of the bromination reaction, and generating bromide with good yield and tolerance. This study presents an effective method for constructing flexible MOF-based TENG for self-powered photoinduced organic transformation systems., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

As an efficient mechanical energy harvester, the triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid generator (TEHG) stands as a cornerstone in self-powered systems. Nevertheless, significant impedance disparities between triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and electromagnetic generators (EMGs) often hamper systems' energy utilization efficiency, attributed to impedance mismatch at the load. Here, a variable impedance strategy is proposed, aimed at maximizing the utilization of mechanical energies converted by TEHG. This approach capitalizes on electronic components with dynamic impedance from GΩ to kΩ in response to OFF-ON state transitions, thus matching the impedance of TENG and EMG. Experimentally, an ultraviolent gas discharge tube (UV-GDT) is integrated into the self-powered variable impedance system. Operated at 240 rpm, the TEHG-driven UV-GDT extracts energy amounting to 1304.27 mJ with an 87.5 % utilization efficiency. These metrics outperform the situation where UV-GDT is individually powered by either EMG (0 mJ, 0 %) or TENG (18.24 mJ, 60.7 %). Furthermore, the mechanical energy-activated UV system demonstrates promise for sterilization, curing, and photo-chemical reactions. This variable impedance strategy resolves the impendence mismatch between TEHG and load, more importantly, provides a valuable guideline for developing hybrid generator systems with enhanced energy utilization efficiency. [Display omitted] • A new variable impedance strategy is proposed to overcome the limitation in the system's energy utilization efficiency imposed by inherent impendence mismatch. • The self-powered variable impendence system equipped with triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid generator remarkably strengthens UV-GDT's electrical energy extraction capabilities by 7150 %, achieving an energy utilization efficiency of 87.5 %. • The new design strategy shows extraordinary potential for developing self-powered systems with tailored functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Human-skin inspired TENG with self-healing, anti-bacterial and high performance. • Heterogeneous interface coupling for stable self-healing wrinkle structure. • The highest output charge density (130 μC/m2) among reported S-TENGs was realized. • Self-powered multifunctional electronic skin was successfully demonstrated. Constructing micro/nano structures on frictional materials is a widely employed method for enhancing the output performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). However, the abundance of micro/nanostructured interfaces on self-healing materials tends to diminish quickly due to the rapid reformation of reversible chemical bonds under the synergistic effect of external force and their soft nature. To address this issue, we propose a heterogeneous interface coupling strategy to fabricate stabilized hierarchical wrinkle structures for self-healing TENGs (S-TENGs). In this innovative design, an ultra-thin ZnO nanowires (NWs)/self-healable PDMS (H-PDMS) heterogeneous interface is incorporated to prevent the self-healing process between the surface nanostructures, while ensuring the preservation of the self-healing performance of the H-PDMS matrix. The surface ZnO NWsprovide numerous charge trapping sites, which generates a charge density of 130 μC/m2, higher than that of reported S-TENGs. Meanwhile, the recovery rate at room temperature can reach 97% and 99% for the electrical output and mechanical property, respectively. Furthermore, abundant antibacterial active sites on ZnO NWs endow the S-TENG excellent antibacterial performance for E. coli and S. au. These remarkable features position our S-TENG as a superior choice for multifunctional electronic skins, enabling the safe collection of biomechanical energy, tactile sensing, and human–machine interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese oxide-based aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are attractive energy storage devices, owing to their good safety, low cost, and ecofriendly features. However, various critical issues, including poor conductivity, sluggish reaction kinetics, and unstable structure still restrict their further development. Oxygen defect engineering is an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of manganese oxides, but challenging in the accurate regulation of oxygen defects. In this work, an effective and controllable defect engineering strategy-controllable electrochemical lithium-ion intercalation - is proposed to tackle this issue. The incorporation of lithium ions and oxygen defects can promote the conductivity, lattice spacing, and structural stability of Mn 2 O 3 (MO), thus improving its capacity (232.7 mAh g -1 ), rate performance, and long-term cycling stability (99.0% capacity retention after 3000 cycles). Interestingly, the optimal ratio of intercalated lithium-ion varies at different temperature or mass-loading of MO, which provides the possibility to customize diverse ZIBs to meet different application conditions. In addition, the fabricated ZIBs present good flexibility, superior safety, and admirable adaptability under extreme temperatures (-20-100 °C). This work provides an inspiration on the structural customization of metal oxide nanomaterials for diverse ZIBs, and sheds light on the construction of future portable electronics., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The energy conversion efficiency of conventional binary dielectric triboelectric nanogenerators is not satisfactory due to the limitations of material selection and triboelectrification, which motivates the design of more efficient multicomponent structures to reveal the charge accumulation mechanism for improving the energy conversion efficiency. Herein, a rotating quaternary dielectric triboelectric nanogenerator (Q-TENG) is designed to construct a self-powered system integrating illumination, sensing, and electrochemical decolorization. Through the equivalent capacitance model, the mechanisms for charge generation, transfer, and accumulation in a Q-TENG are elucidated to achieve efficient matching of quaternary dielectric materials and high output performance. At a wind speed of 3.5 m s -1 , the peak power density of the Q-TENG reaches 44.94 W m -2 , setting a new record for a wind-driven TENG. A 5 ppm solution of methyl orange is completely degraded by the wind-driven Q-TENG in <6 h. This work not only guides the direction for constructing more efficient TENG systems but also promotes the practical development of self-powered electrochemical systems.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) play a crucial role in attaining sustainable energy for various wearable devices. Polymer materials are essential components of TENGs. Biopolymers are suitable materials for TENGs because of their degradability, natural sourcing, and cost-effectiveness. Herein, the latest progress in commonly used biopolymers and well-designed biomimetic techniques for TENG is summarized. The applications of natural rubber, polysaccharides, protein-based biopolymers, and other common synthetic biopolymers in TENG technology are summarized in detail. Each biopolymer is discussed based on its electrification capability, polarity variations, and specific functionalities as active and functional layers of TENGs. Important biomimetic strategies and related applications of specific biopolymers are also summarized to guide the structural and functional design of TENG. In the future, the study of triboelectric biopolymers may focus on exploring alternative candidates, enhancing charge density, and expanding functionality. Various possible applications of biopolymer-based TENGs are proposed in this review. By applying biopolymers and related biomimetic methods to TENG devices, the applications of TENG in the fields of healthcare, environmental monitoring, and wearable/implantable electronics can be further promoted., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) has proven highly effective in converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Previous research on manipulating microstructure for performance enhancement primarily focused on the surface of TENGs. In this study, an innovative bottom-up strategic design to control the internal nano-architecture for the enhanced output of TENG is proposed. This multiscale structural design strategy consists of defect chemistry (angstrom-scale), surface modification (nano-scale), and spatial regulation of nanoparticles (meso-scale), which helps explore the optimal utilization of TENG's internal structure. After fine-tuning the nano-architecture, the output voltage is significantly increased. This optimized TENG serves as a robust platform for developing self-powered systems, including self-powered electrochemical chlorination systems for sterilization. Additionally, through the utilization of multiscale simulations (density functional theory, all-atom molecular dynamics, and dissipative particle dynamics), the underlying mechanisms governing how the optimized nanoparticle-polymer interface and spatial arrangement of nanoparticles influence the storage and transfer of charges are comprehensively elucidated. This study not only demonstrates the effectiveness of manipulating internal nano-architecture to enhance TENG performance for practical applications but also provides invaluable insights into structural engineering for TENG advancement., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Triboelectric tactile sensing technique is increasingly coming into people's lives to bring convenience, so that there is an urgent necessity for this technique to be applied to smart mobility to increase safety and enhance the mobility experience. Herein, a single-electrode mode multilayer triboelectric sensor (MTS) motivated by artificial intelligence (AI) is proposed, which consists of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)/ poly (vinylida-ene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) nanofibers (NFs) film as the friction layer and substrate, laser-induced graphene (LIG)/molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2) as the charge trapping layer, and Ag as the electrode. The MTS exhibits remarkable sensing performance, such as a wide response range of 5–100 N, 0.4–2 Hz multi-frequency response capability, and non-contact sensing, as well as distinguished self-powered performance. To demonstrate the practical significance of the proposed MTS, two applications are explored specifically after equipping with AI, including: (i) a smart in-vehicle system is constructed, which consists of unlocking section and multifunctional control with early warning section. (ii) a smart car control system is implemented, which can carry out special tasks instead of humans. These applications provide reliable ways to promote the development of human-machine interaction and smart mobility, as well as help to make lifestyles and mobility smarter, safer and more convenient. [Display omitted] ● A single-electrode mode multilayer triboelectric sensor is developed with facile and cost-effective assembly process. ● The proposed sensor exhibits excellent sensing performance and demonstrates wonderful self-powered performance. ● Intelligent in-vehicle system integrates with music, GPS and warning functions are proposed. ● Combined with neural network, a smart car control system with directional control and intelligent perception is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has demonstrated an irreplaceable advantage compared with the electromagnetic generator (EMG) in featuring a greater low-frequency energy harvesting capability. However, the efficiency of energy harvesting remains challenge for wave energy under random-direction motion characteristics. In this work, a 3D fractal structure dual-mode spherical TENG (FDS-TENG) is constructed for efficient wave energy harvesting. Inspired by the structure of the burr puzzle, a three-module multiphase coupling strategy is introduced to the TENG through the ingenious 3D spatial geometric isomorphism design. The synergistic coupling motion between the modules achieves a dual-mode output in contact-separation mode and lateral sliding mode. The designed structure greatly increases the space utilization of the spherical TENG while enabling efficient capture of wave energy at low frequency, weak excitation, and in any direction of activation. The peak power density and average power density of the FDS-TENG can reach 8.3 W/m3 and 1.1 W/m3 at 2 Hz, respectively. Based on the FDS-TENG, several applications for the smart ocean, including the power supply of beacon lights and environmental sensors, have been successfully demonstrated. This novel design strategy is a significant inspiration for improving the response characteristics and output performance of TENGs in the future. [Display omitted] • The FDS-TENG is designed with a 3D geometric structure to greatly improve the effective contact area and space utilization. • The sub-units of the FDS-TENG can work synchronously to efficiently capture wave energy in any direction of activation. • The FDS-TENG allows dual-mode complementary outputs, with excellent energy conversion efficiency over a wide frequency range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to comprehensively harness natural resources, a multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerator (MF-TENG) has been developed, capable of simultaneously harvesting wind energy and catching mist. The structure of MF-TENG is simple and cost-effective, facilitating the construction of an in-situ self-powered sensing system, and efficient catching of freshwater from mist. [Display omitted] • A multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerator (MF-TENG) is proposed for harvesting wind energy. • Electrical output performance of MF-TENG was enhanced by designed FEP-2 layer for high-efficiency mist catching. • A self-powered liquid level alarms system was successfully demonstrated. Wind and mist, two ubiquitous phenomena in the natural environment, hold considerable reservoirs of energy. As the focus on renewable energy and freshwater resources intensifies, they have become subjects of extensive research. However, there is a notable scarcity of effective technologies capable of concurrently harnessing both these resources. Here, a multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerator (MF-TENG), employing a rotational structure, has been demonstrated to concurrently harvest wind energy for electricity generation and catch freshwater from mist. Distinguished by an innovative sealing structure, the MF-TENG excels in efficiently catching mist while sustaining a high electrical output, and remarkably resilient to environmental humidity. The MF-TENG achieves an impressive peak open-circuit voltage of 5.44 kV and a peak transferred charge of 328 nC. Furthermore, it demonstrates a maximum mist-catching capacity of 1.867 kg m−2 h−1, coupled with an efficiency of 31.19 %. Notably, the incorporation of FEP-2 results in a remarkable surge of 211 % in open-circuit voltage and an impressive enhancement of 158 % in transferred charge for the MF-TENG at a rotation speed of 200 r/min. The work introduces a pioneering perspective for future sustainable energy and freshwater catching from mist, poised to significantly advance in the comprehensive utilization of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid advancement of the Internet of Things, a wide range of information interaction platforms have been developed to enhance the quality of life and work. Nevertheless, rigid batteries greatly limit its development, which requires frequent replacement or recharge. Thermoelectric generators (TEG) have emerged as an attractive form for energy suppliers owing to their ability to convert low-grade energy heat into sustainable electricity. Herein, we have implemented a flexible TEG-based multifunctional information interaction system, which utilizes body heat to enable information interaction through finger touch. To increase the efficiency of energy conversion, the flexible TEG achieves high performance by optimizing the filling factor and material thermal conductivity, leading to a normalized power density of 1.43 μW/cm2 K2. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, the system has been applied to food spoilage monitoring with an MXene-based sensor to achieve stable and sensitive ammonia detection. The TEG-based information interaction system provides an attractive solution for intelligent packaging and will act as an exciting platform for human body energy harvesting and human–machine interaction for point of care testing. [Display omitted] • The multifunctional system integrates a TEG, enabling energy supply, in situ detection, and information interaction. • The flexible design of the TEG enables a high normalized power density, allowing the system powered by finger touch. • The TEG-based system demonstrates its potential in food spoilage monitoring, providing a solution for intelligent packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global annual vegetable and fruit waste accounts for more than one-fifth of food waste, mainly due to deterioration. In addition, agricultural product spoilage can produce foodborne illnesses and threaten public health. Eco-friendly preservation technologies for extending the shelf life of agricultural products are of great significance to socio-economic development. Here, we report a dual-functional TENG (DF-TENG) that can simultaneously prolong the storage period of vegetables and realize wireless storage condition monitoring by harvesting the rotational energy. Under the illumination of the self-powered high-voltage electric field, the deterioration of vegetables can be effectively slowed down. It can not only decrease the respiration rate and weight loss of pakchoi but also increase the chlorophyll levels (∼33.1%) and superoxide dismutase activity (∼11.1%) after preservation for 4 days. Meanwhile, by harvesting the rotational energy, the DF-TENG can be used to drive wireless sensors for monitoring the storage conditions and location information of vegetables during transportation in real time. This work provides a new direction for self-powered systems in cost-effective and eco-friendly agricultural product preservation, which may have far-reaching significance to the construction of a sustainable society for reducing food waste.

The development of self-powered sterilizers has garnered significant attention in the scientific and engineering fields. However, there remains an urgent need to improve their sterilization efficiency. In this study, we present a self-powered sterilizer with superior antibacterial capability by maximizing the utilization of breakdown discharge generated by a soft-contact freestanding rotary triboelectric nanogenerator (FR-TENG). To achieve this, a collaborative optimization strategy is proposed, encompassing the structural design of the FR-TENG, the implementation of double voltage rectification, and manipulation of the gaseous phase. Through a comprehensive analysis of antibacterial rates and microscopic images, the effectiveness of the self-powered sterilizer against various types of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative species, as well as mixed bacteria in natural seawater, is demonstrated. Further investigations into bacterial morphologies and solution compositions reveal that the synergistic effect between electroporation and the generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species contributes to efficient sterilization. Additionally, controlled trials and molecular dynamics simulations are conducted to quantitatively elucidate the synergistic antibacterial effect between electroporation and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. This study highlights the effectiveness of the collaborative optimization strategy in enhancing the sterilization efficiency of self-powered sterilizers while providing valuable insights into the synergistic antibacterial mechanisms of physical and chemical sterilization.

[Display omitted] • A series of isostructural CPs with different metal centers were synthesized. • The output of CP-based TENGs was greatly improved by the metal centers. • CPs can serve as both catalysts and triboelectric materials. • A self-powered photocatalytic system was constructed by bifunctional CPs. The introduction of a material with two or more different physical and chemical properties into a complicated system to realize multitasks is an emerging trend, but designing and synthesizing bi-/multifunctional materials with well-defined mechanical tasks at the molecular level face great challenges. Herein, coordination polymers (CPs) were designed and synthesized as bifunctional molecular materials combining catalytic activity and triboelectric behavior to construct a self-powered photocatalytic system. By constructing a series of isostructural complexes with different central metal centers (Cd-CP , Mn-CP , and Mn/Cu-CP) and utilizing them as triboelectric layers to engineer CP-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), the output performance of TENGs was systematically explored and regulated. The electrical characterizations indicated that TENG based on Mn/Cu-CP exhibited the highest output, which attributed to the electron transfer facilitated by CuII ions. The Mn/Cu-CP-TENG presented optimal output and excellent stability could directly power blue lamp beads as a visible light source, which successfully induced a photocatalytic decarboxylative oxygenation reaction with Cd-CP , Mn-CP , and Mn/Cu-CP as catalysts. The results showed that Mn/Cu-CP was a high-efficient and stable photocatalyst to efficiently facilitate the photocatalytic process. This study not only demonstrated that the metal centers in CPs were significant influence the output performance of TENG, but also provided a pathway to highlight bifunctional CPs as triboelectric materials and catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous conversion of environmental moisture energy to high-output electricity can help meet the massive electricity demand of wearable electronics. However, low power density and inefficient energy harvesting are the main challenges to power electronics currently. Herein, we developed a flexible moisture-enabled electricity generation (MEG) membrane with high output power. The asymmetrical structure of the moisture-enabled flexible units is composed of a bilayer of polyanion and polycation. The single device produced a sustained voltage of 0.8 V and can be customized by an aligned stacking strategy for scale integration on demand. Enhanced by increasing the diffusion speed of carriers with the metal-air reaction, the output power reached 286.5 μW/cm2, which is enough for long-term wearable health monitoring. Meanwhile, to solve the power supply challenge of the wearables, a fully self-powered system with an energy harvester, a power management module, and a wireless and wearable sensing module was developed. Biochemical indicators and body motion were detected and monitored by the sensor array, demonstrating the promising application in wearable health management, including harvesting energy from giant moisture and powering wearable electronics. [Display omitted] • A high-output MEG was fabricated by constructing an asymmetrical structure with a metal-air reaction. • One single unit reached up to 0.8 V and the integrated module could output up to 286.5 μW/cm2. • An efficient energy harvester and power management module were developed for biomedical applications. • A wearable system demonstrates its promising application in biochemical sensing and health management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-direction, irregularity, low-grade, the dynamic characteristics of low-grade airflow energy are prominent that making it difficult to collect. Here, we propose a vibration-coupled triboelectric nanogenerator (VC-TENG) induced by vortex to achieve from weak to ultra-strong vibration, thus effectively converting low-grade airflow energy into vibrational mechanical energy, and then electric energy. The transferred charge and short-circuit current increases is 47 and 26.9 times due to designed vortex structure, and the resonant response time is 2 s at a speed of 4.1 m/s. A VC-TENG unit delivers a peak power of 4.5 mW under a load resistance of 500 MΩ. A grouping of applied demonstrations of self-powered system validates the practicality and durability of VC-TENG. This work offers a practical strategy for harvesting low-grade airflow energy, and is a promising distributed power technologies for self-powered monitoring and forecasting system in the wild. [Display omitted] • A vibration-coupled triboelectric nanogenerator (VC-TENG) induced by vortex was proposed. • VC-TENG delivers a peak power of 4.5 mW, the transferred charge and short-circuit current increases is 47 and 26.9 times. • A self-powered monitoring and forecasting system in the wild was developed based on the VC-TENG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]