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This article delves into the persona of the German reformer Martin Luther (1483–1546) as portrayed in the eponymous German-US production of 2003. The creators, including director Eric Till and screenwriters Camille Thomasson and Bart Gavigan, alongside the stellar cast, aimed to present Luther in his most humanistic light. However, in pursuit of attempting to craft a “man-centric film,” they compromised historical accuracy. Nonetheless, even in this watered-down version, two issues surface: a political struggle (both against Papal Rome and among his peers) and a psychological one, centered on Luther’s autonomous manifestation of auratic evil within his psyche. While a degree of historical authenticity resonates concerning the political power play (between German religious-political Protestantism led by Luther and the Roman Catholic Church under the Pope), the psychological dimension extends to the religious-state realm. Luther, though, is depicted one-dimensionally: as an entirely positive and progressive figure concerned solely with the moral and ideological renewal of the church institution (despite actually acting in the interests of Elector Frederick the Wise); also, there is a complete absence of critical scrutiny regarding certain chauvinistic aspects of Luther’s beliefs in the film. The article authors endeavor to elucidate the validity of the cinematic concept, prompting a critical appraisal of critiques on the film Luther and scholarly works on Luther the reformer’s historical import. This scrutiny exposes the incongruity between the cinematic personalities and their historical counterparts, necessitating an in-depth analysis of the film’s dramaturgy. In conclusion, the authors articulate the presence of evil as a concept in the actions of Luther and his milieu. Статья посвящена личности немецкого реформатора Мартина Лютера (1483–1546), воссозданного в одноименном фильме производства Германии–США (2003). Его авторы (режиссер Э. Тилль и сценаристы К. Томассон и Б. Гэвиган), как и «звездный» актерский коллектив, стремились показать Лютера с наилучшей — гуманистической стороны. Но под предлогом сделать «фильм о человеке» снизили планку исторической достоверности, в облегченном варианте все же наметив две проблемы: политическую борьбу (как с Папским Римом, так и со своими соратниками) и психологическую, связанную с самостоятельным образом ауратического зла, существовавшего в сознании Лютера. Определенная историческая достоверность, связанная с политической борьбой (между немецким религиозно-политическим протестантизмом под руководством Лютера и Римской католической церковью во главе с Папой Римским), здесь имеется, а психологическая составляющая экстраполируется на религиозно-государственный уровень. Лютер, однако, показан однобоко: как исключительно положительный герой и прогрессивный исторический деятель, озабоченный лишь проблемой морально-идеологического обновления института церкви (в реальности же действовал в интересах курфюрста Фридриха Мудрого); критическая рецепция шовинистического потенциала ряда идей Лютера отсутствует. Авторы статьи предприняли попытку прояснить степень верифицированности созданного в фильме концепта, в связи с чем провели критический обзор отзывов о фильме «Мартин Лютер» и научной литературы об историческом значении Лютера-реформатора. В результате откристаллизовалась проблема несоответствия киноперсонажей историческим прототипам. Доказательство ее потребовало развернутого анализа кинодраматургии. В итоге авторы статьи артикулировали явление концепта зла в действиях Лютера и его окружения.

In the realm of parasitology, autophagy has emerged as a critical focal point, particularly in combating Leishmaniasis. Central to this endeavour is the recognition of the protein ATG8 as pivotal for the survival and infectivity of the parasitic organism Leishmania major, thereby making it a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Consequently, there is a pressing need to delve into the structural characteristics of ATG8 to facilitate the design of effective drugs. In this study, our efforts centered on the purification of ATG8 from Leishmania major, which enabled novel insights into its structural features through meticulous spectroscopic analysis. We aimed to comprehensively assess the stability and behaviour of ATG8 in the presence of various denaturants, including urea, guanidinium chloride, and SDS-based chemicals. Methodically, our approach included secondary structural analysis utilizing CD spectroscopy, which not only validated but also augmented computationally predicted structures of ATG8 reported in previous investigations. Remarkably, our findings unveiled that the purified ATG8 protein retained its folded conformation, exhibiting the anticipated secondary structure. Moreover, our exploration extended to the influence of lipids on ATG8 stability, yielding intriguing revelations. We uncovered a nuanced perspective suggesting that targeting both the lipid composition of Leishmania major and ATG8 could offer a promising strategy for future therapeutic approaches in combating leishmaniasis. Collectively, our study underscores the importance of understanding the structural intricacies of ATG8 in driving advancements towards the development of targeted therapies against Leishmaniasis, thereby providing a foundation for future investigations in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Italian language and in languages of the world, Rome is synonymous with power, eternal beauty, religious passion. The phraseology and proverbs linked to the capital of Italy retrace the phases of its ancient era, the imperial one, in which the city was a conqueror of Eurasia and the homeland of law. The phraseology and proverbs reflect the many images of a city that has a long and singular destiny and which, a few centuries after its foundation, immediately became a symbol of secular power, and immediately afterwards also of religious power. In its legendary history, the toponym Roma has forcefully entered the idioms, used to create metaphors that explain reality, to highlight the relationship between absolute power and subjects, without mentioning the ramifications of intrigues and injustices that have arisen from it. The research aims to analyze the most famous sayings and proverbs concerning the capital, as well as those that we considered most interesting from a historical and historical-linguistic point of view, dividing them into three categories: those linked to political power, those concerning the Pope and the Santa Sede and those whose protagonists are the Romans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of war, not only state actors, but also religious actors react and engage in international politics. When studying religious narratives of war, what is not said can be more revealing than what is said. Such is the case when analyzing the Roman Catholic Church's narrative since Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. A striking pattern of silence emerges which arguably has serious implications for upholding international law. Both in an international political (Holy See at the United Nations) as well as a transnational religious context (Pope Francis I addressing followers) the Roman Catholic Church has remained silent on Russia's aggression and breach of international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]