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Demographic challenges, such as population decline, aging, and low fertility rates, have gained significant policy and scholarly attention. This is particularly evident in China, given its large and aging population with a total fertility rate falling well below the replacement level. This study investigates the influence of migrant parents on the fertility intentions of migrants through a self-conducted survey conducted in Chinese superstar cities (i.e. Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hangzhou). Our results indicate that migrant individuals with co-resident parents are 12.5% more likely to desire future children compared to those without such co-residence. Additionally, we find that the fertility intentions of migrants are more likely to be influenced by their parents rather than their parents-in-law. Furthermore, this effect is less pronounced for older migrants, those with lower educational levels, and individuals with higher incomes. These findings underscore the significant role of parents in shaping the behaviours and decisions of their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the links between discrepancies in the language spoken at home and the medium of instruction at school and grade repetition using nationally representative sample surveys in India. Our sample consists of more than 100,000 students attending educational institutions. Using a fixed effects regression model, we find that language discrepancy is negatively associated with grade repetition among boys and is not statistically significant for girls. Subgroup analyses suggest that results are driven by urban, relatively wealthier households residing in Hindi-speaking states. Implications for policies such as the recently proposed National Education Policy (NEP) are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research highlights a neglected paradox of migration policies: whereas narratives on migrants as a security threat in their countries of destination find little support in empirical studies, forcing migrants to return may increase violence and crime back home. Using migrants' exposure to deportation threats at destination as an exogenous source of identification, this paper traces the long shadow of immigration enforcement on violent crime in Mexico, recipient of more than 3.5 million deportees from the US over the period 2000–2015. Enforced return is associated with more homicides and a stronger presence of cartels in migrants' municipalities of origin, as well as a higher sense of insecurity among the population and a higher probability of being assaulted. Identifying these local effects of enforced return are a first step towards unpacking the various direct and indirect channels through which immigration enforcement generates unintended negative outcomes in migrants' communities of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]