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A simple and efficient synthesis of cis- and trans-myrtanic acids in preparative yields of 54–58% and 72–74%, respectively, was proposed and consisted of oxidation of cis- and trans-myrtanols by CrO3–AcOH upon addition of the oxidant to a solution of the starting alcohols at room temperature. Tests of the obtained compounds for antifungal activity showed lower activity for the quaternary salts than for the starting acids and greater efficacy for the cis-isomers than for the trans-isomers. However, the alcohols themselves, i.e., cis- and trans-myrtanols and (–)-myrtenol, had the greatest activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the preventive effects of myrtenol (MYR), fatty acid nanocarriers (FANC), and myrtenol‐loaded FANC (MYR + FANC) on neurological disturbance, stroke volume, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) in the brain with ischemia–reperfusion injuries induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Seventy two Wistar male rats were divided into six main groups. The groups were sham, ischemia–reperfusion group (MACO), MACO‐MYR (50 mg/kg), MACO‐FANC (50 and 100 mg/kg), and MACO‐MYR + FANC (50 mg/kg). Stroke volume, neurological deficit scores, and the brain levels of MDA, SOD, and TNF‐α were examined with TTC staining, observation, and ELISA, respectively. Pretreatment with MYR, FANC (100 mg/kg), and MYR + FANC reduced the neurological deficit score and cerebral infarction volume. MYR, FANC (100 mg/kg), and MYR + FANC pretreatment increased and decreased brain SOD and MDA levels compared to MACO group, respectively. The TNF‐α level decreased in the MYR + FANC group compared to MCAO and MCAO‐MYR groups in the brain. The use of FANC (100 mg/kg), MYR, and MYR + FANC has protective effects against oxidative stress and ischemia–reperfusion injury. FANC probably improve the bioavailability of MYR, as MYR+ FANC had more therapeutic effects on the reduction of ischemia–reperfusion injuries, inflammation, and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder with significant health problems. It generally affects the lungs but can also impact brain performance via several mechanisms. Some investigations have proposed that asthma impairs cognition. This study assessed the impacts of myrtenol as a monoterpene on cognitive disorders following asthma at behavioral, molecular, and synaptic levels. Asthma was induced by injection and inhalation of ovalbumin (OVA). Male Wistar rats were allocated to five groups: control, asthma, asthma/vehicle, asthma/myrtenol, and asthma/budesonide. Myrtenol (8 mg/kg) or budesonide (160 μg/kg) was administered through inhalation once a day for 1 week, and at the end of the inhalation period, behavioral tests (MWM and Open Field), field potential recording, hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), IL1β (ELISA), and NFκB measurement (Western blot) were performed to evaluate cognitive performance. Moreover, H&E (hematoxylin and eosin) staining was used for hippocampus histological evaluation. Myrtenol improved spatial learning, memory, LTP (long-term potentiation) impairments, and anxiety-like behaviors following asthma. Myrtenol inhalation increased the BDNF level and decreased the IL1β level and NFκB expression in the hippocampus of the asthmatic rats. The neuronal damage in the hippocampus following allergic asthma was alleviated via myrtenol administration. Myrtenol, as an herbal extract, protects the hippocampus from asthma consequences. Our observations revealed that myrtenol can improve spatial learning, memory, synaptic plasticity impairments, and anxiety-like behaviors following asthma. We believe that these ameliorating effects of myrtenol can be attributed to inflammation suppression and increased BDNF in the hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is one of the important and endangered endemic species in Iran. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of micronutrient elements application on the content and composition of essential oil of D. kotschyi Boiss. shoots in southwestern Iran (Shahrekord) in 2022 and 2023. Research Methods: Four foliar fertilizers including Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were applied in 0, 20, 40 and 60 mg.l-1 in RCBD design by factorial layout and 3 replications. Findings: Results obtained from gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed 14 essential oil components. According to obtained results, applied micronutrients significantly influenced the essential oil content/ composition of D.kotschyi. In both years, the highest content of essential oil (0.98-0.99 %) was obtained in plants treated with 40 mg.l-1of micronutrients (Fe2Cu2Zn2Mn2) and the lowest content (0.59-0.66%) made by control plants (0 mg.l-1), however the plants treated by 60 mg.l-1of micronutrients in most characters were in a same group with the control plants. The most important chemical compounds that determine the quality of D. kotschyi essential oil including Neral (9.02-16.31%), Limonene (25.4-35.6%), Geranial (8.6-16.5%), Eucalyptol (3.89-8.01%) and Myrtenol (22.5-32.1%) were identified alcoholic monoterpenes. Limonene belonging to monoterpene hydrocarbons was the predominant constituent of the D. kotschyi. Limitations: There were no limitations to the report. Originality/Value: The foliar application of micronutrients at 40 mg.l-1 (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) can be a good strategy to improve the essential oil quantity and quality of D.kotschyi in cold and semi-arid climates.

Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is an important source of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei, which affect both climate and human health. In pristine environments, oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a major contributor to NPF. However, the impact of relative humidity (RH) on NPF from these precursors remains poorly understood. Herein, we report on NPF, as inferred from measurements of total particle number density with a particle diameter (dp) > 7 nm, from three VOCs (sabinene, α-terpineol, and myrtenol) subjected to dark ozonolysis. From a series of comparative experiments under humid (60% RH) and dry (~0% RH) conditions and a variety of VOC mixing ratios (ξVOC, parts per billion by volume, ppbv), we show varied behavior in NPF at elevated RH depending on the VOC and ξVOC. In general, RH-dependent enhancement of NPF at an ξVOC between <1 ppbv and 20 ppbv was observed for select VOCs. Our results suggest that gaseous water at particle genesis enhances NPF by promoting the formation of low-volatility organic compound gas-phase products (LVOCs). This is supported by measurements of the rate of NPF for α-pinene-derived SOA, where RH had a greater influence on the initial rate of NPF than did ξVOC and ξO3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is one of the important and endangered endemic species in Iran. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of micronutrient elements application on the content and composition of essential oil of D.kotschyi Boiss. shoots in southwestern Iran (Shahrekord) in 2022 and 2023. Research Methods: Four foliar fertilizers including Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were applied in 0, 20, 40 and 60 mg.l-1 in RCBD design by factorial layout and 3 replications. Findings: Results obtained from gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed 14 essential oil components. According to obtained results, applied micronutrients significantly influenced the essential oil content/composition of D.kotschyi. In both years, the highest content of essential oil (0.98-0.99 %) was obtained in plants treated with 40 mg.l-1of micronutrients (Fe2Cu2Zn2Mn2) and the lowest content (0.59-0.66%) made by control plants (0 mg.l-1), however the plants treated by 60 mg.l-1of micronutrients in most characters were in a same group with the control plants. The most important chemical compounds that determine the quality of D. kotschyi essential oil including Neral (9.02-16.31%), Limonene (25.4-35.6%), Geranial (8.6-16.5%), Eucalyptol (3.89-8.01%) and Myrtenol (22.5-32.1%) were identified alcoholic monoterpenes. Limonene belonging to monoterpene hydrocarbons was the predominant constituent of the D.kotschyi. Limitations: There were no limitations to the report. Originality/Value: The foliar application of micronutrients at 40 mg.l-1 (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) can be a good strategy to improve the essential oil quantity and quality of D.kotschyi in cold and semi-arid climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is directly related to forming reactive oxygen species, endothelial cell injury, increased vascular permeability, and the activation of neutrophils and cytokines. Niosomes are nanocarriers and an essential part of drug delivery systems. We aimed to investigate the effects of myrtenol's inhaled and intraperitoneal niosomal form, compared to its simple form, on lung ischemia reperfusion injury (LIRI). Wistar rats were divided into ten groups. Simple and niosomal forms of myrtenol were inhaled or intraperitoneally injected daily for one week prior to LIRI. We evaluated oxidative stress, apoptotic, and inflammatory indices, nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and histopathological indices. Pretreatment with simple and niosomal forms of myrtenol significantly inhibited the indices of pulmonary edema, pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteins, oxidant agents, nitric oxide, iNOS, apoptotic proteins, congestion of capillaries, neutrophil infiltration, and bleeding in the alveoli. Furthermore, myrtenol increased anti-inflammatory cytokines, anti-oxidants agents, eNOS, anti-apoptotic proteins and the survival time of animals. The niosomal form of myrtenol showed a more ameliorative effect than its simple form. The results showed the superior protective effect of the inhalation of myrtenol niosomal form against LIRI compared to its simple form and systemic use. (A); Timeline of the study, (B); heating method to make niosomes, (C); lung ischemia-reperfusion method, (D); bronchoalveolar fluid collection method, (E); summary of study findings. [Display omitted] • Inhalation and intraperitoneal injection of myrtenol in both simple and niosomal forms prevented increased edema, histopathological indices, and apoptotic cells in ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury in rats. • Inhalation and intraperitoneal administration of myrtenol in both forms prevented the increase in oxidant agents and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the decrease in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory cytokines induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. • The niosomal form of myrtenol was more potent than the simple form in mitigating ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. Although many diagnostic and treatment regimens have been followed in the treatment for lung cancer, increasing mortality rate due to lung cancer is depressing and hence requires alternative plant based therapeutics with with less side‐effects. Myrtenol exhibits anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Hence we intended to study the effect of Myrtenol on B(a)P‐induced lung cancer. Our study showed that B(a)P lowered hematological count, decreased phagocyte and avidity indices, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, levels of immunoglubulins, antioxidant levels, whereas Myrtenol treatment restored them back to normal levels. On the other hand, xenobiotic and liver dysfunction marker enzymes and pro‐inflammatory cytokines were elevated on B(a)P exposure, which retuned back to normal by Myrtenol. This study thus describes the immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of Myrtenol on B[a]P‐induced immune destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is an important source of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei, which affect both climate and human health. In pristine environments, oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a major contributor to NPF. However, the impact of relative humidity (RH) on NPF from these precursors remains poorly understood. Herein, we report on NPF, as inferred from measurements of total particle number density with a particle diameter (dp) > 7 nm, from three VOCs (sabinene, α-terpineol, and myrtenol) subjected to dark ozonolysis. From a series of comparative experiments under humid (60% RH) and dry (~0% RH) conditions and a variety of VOC mixing ratios (ξVOC, parts per billion by volume, ppbv), we show varied behavior in NPF at elevated RH depending on the VOC and ξVOC. In general, RH-dependent enhancement of NPF at an ξVOC between v and 20 ppbv was observed for select VOCs. Our results suggest that gaseous water at particle genesis enhances NPF by promoting the formation of low-volatility organic compound gas-phase products (LVOCs). This is supported by measurements of the rate of NPF for α-pinene-derived SOA, where RH had a greater influence on the initial rate of NPF than did ξVOC and ξO3.

[Display omitted] A new monoterpene–azole hybrid containing myrtenyl- bispidine moiety, 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1-(7-{[(1 R ,5 S)-6,6- dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-2-yl]methyl}-1,5-dimethyl- 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-(1 H -1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)- propan-2-ol was prepared in six steps with 55% overall yield. The compound was tested against a number of Candida spp. fungi and found to be active against Candida albicans. Molecular docking suggested possible inhibition of lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51), a membrane enzyme targeted by azole antifungals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]