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The construction industry is responsible for 75% of the consumption of the earth's natural resources and its waste represents 50% of the volume disposed of in landfills, generating negative impacts for the economy, society and the environment. In the city of Cuenca, a monthly average of 25,000 m3 of debris is recorded. Brick and concrete represent 75% of construction waste. The objective of this research is to determine the volume of discarded brick and its technical characteristics, to constitute it as an alternative material in the manufacture of a masonry element, contributing to the reduction of the consumption of natural resources and environmental pollution. This research is of a mixed type, (quantitative and qualitative) experimental that collects data provided by the expert builders of the College of Architects of Azuay through a digital survey and the review of bibliographic information. As a result, the 1,250 buildings built by these professionals generate 656.25 m3 of discarded brick per year, being considered an alternative material for the manufacture of the new masonry element. Based on the reviewed bibliography, 2 types of blocks were made, replacing the pumice material with crushed brick. The blocks that replaced 30% of the coarse aggregate (Type B) increased their weight by 15% and maintained their compressive strength and met the requirement demanded by the Ecuadorian Technical Standard and the demands of this research; while those that replaced 100% of the powder volume obtained unsatisfactory results, their weight was similar, but their compressive strength was reduced to 47%. The manufacture of 60 Type B blocks will save 0.18 m3 of natural material and their use in a 150 m2 house will avoid the natural exploitation of 15 m3 of natural material., La industria de la construcción es responsable del 75% del consumo de recursos naturales de la tierra y sus desechos representan el 50% del volumen dispuesto en los vertederos, generando impactos negativos para la economía, sociedad y medio ambiente. En la ciudad de Cuenca se registra un promedio mensual de 25.000 m3 de escombros. El ladrillo y concreto representan el 75% de los desechos de una construcción. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar el volumen de ladrillo desechado y sus características técnicas, para constituirlo como material alternativo en la fabricación de un elemento de mampostería, aportando en la reducción del consumo de recursos naturales y la contaminación ambiental. Esta investigación es de tipo mixta, (cuantitativa y cualitativa) experimental que recopila datos proporcionados por los constructores expertos del Colegio de Arquitectos del Azuay mediante una encuesta digital y la revisión de información bibliográfica. Como resultado se tiene que las 1250 edificaciones construidas por estos profesionales generan 656,25 m3 de ladrillo desechado al año, siendo considerarlo como material alternativo para la fabricación del nuevo elemento de mampostería. En base a la bibliografía revisada se elaboraron 2 tipos de bloques reemplazando el material de pómez por ladrillo triturado. Los bloques que reemplazaron el 30% del árido grueso (Tipo B), incrementan un 15% de su peso y mantiene la resistencia a la compresión y cumplen el requerimiento exigido por la Norma Técnica Ecuatoriana y las exigencias de la presente investigación; mientras que, los que reemplazaron el 100% del volumen de polvo, obtuvieron resultados insatisfactorios, su peso resultó similar, pero su resistencia a la compresión se redujo al 47%. La fabricación de 60 bloques Tipo B permitirá ahorrar de 0,18 m3 de material natural y su utilización en una vivienda de 150 m2 evitará la explotación natural de 15 m3 de material natural.

The purpose of this study is to reduce water absorption and improve the compressive strength of handmade ceramic bricks produced in a workshop located in Racar, with the intention of meeting the requirements of the NTE INEN 3049 standard. This work is part of the project "My first INEN certification: Support for its implementation in the brick and ceramic tile producing workshops of Racar". It is carried out in three stages, starting with a characterization of raw materials and pastes, with which the parameters of humidity, pH, plasticity, granulometry, shrinkage, water absorption and porosity are analyzed. As a second stage, a new dosage of pastes is carried out, conserving the raw materials by means of an experimental design of mixtures, which leads to a reduction in water absorption and an improvement in compressive strength. Finally, a pilot test is carried out with the dosage of the optimum mix and the parameters of water absorption, compressive strength, water suction, dimensional tolerance and warpage are evaluated. The results obtained for the two types of bricks, Tochano and fair- faced, are low water absorption and suction, high mechanical resistance, appropriate dimensional tolerance and warping. Consequently, the two types of bricks comply with the stipulations of INEN 3049-3, for non-structural ceramic bricks.

The following degree work consists in the development of a modular construction system for buildings with metal structure and BTC panels within an industrialized process. It consists in the development of a stabilized earth panel used for the wall and a metallic structure to support it. For the analysis, a system currently used in Cuba, called Sandino system, is used. This system consists of a fast and efficient reinforcement of both the structure and the conformation of the walls. The first part of the work consists of studying the construction systems currently used in Ecuador, both in structure and in materials for frontage finishes. For this purpose, national and international case studies, currently built, will be analyzed. Subsequently, with the previous studies carried out, the modular, architectural, electrical and hydro-sanitary proposal will be presented, to finish with the building’s budget.