163 results on '"bat"'
Search Results
2. Endogenous Bornavirus-like Elements in Bats: Evolutionary Insights from the Conserved Riboviral L-Gene in Microbats and Its Antisense Transcription in Myotis daubentonii.
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Ritsch, Muriel, Eulenfeld, Tom, Lamkiewicz, Kevin, Schoen, Andreas, Weber, Friedemann, Hölzer, Martin, and Marz, Manja
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HOSTS (Biology) , *MYOTIS , *VIRUS diseases , *BATS , *IMMUNE system , *COMPARATIVE genomics - Abstract
Bats are ecologically diverse vertebrates characterized by their ability to host a wide range of viruses without apparent illness and the presence of numerous endogenous viral elements (EVEs). EVEs are well preserved, expressed, and may affect host biology and immunity, but their role in bat immune system evolution remains unclear. Among EVEs, endogenous bornavirus-like elements (EBLs) are bornavirus sequences integrated into animal genomes. Here, we identified a novel EBL in the microbat Myotis daubentonii, EBLL-Cultervirus.10-MyoDau (short name is CV.10-MyoDau) that shows protein-level conservation with the L-protein of a Cultervirus (Wuhan sharpbelly bornavirus). Surprisingly, we discovered a transcript on the antisense strand comprising three exons, which we named AMCR-MyoDau. The active transcription in Myotis daubentonii tissues of AMCR-MyoDau, confirmed by RNA-Seq analysis and RT-PCR, highlights its potential role during viral infections. Using comparative genomics comprising 63 bat genomes, we demonstrate nucleotide-level conservation of CV.10-MyoDau and AMCR-MyoDau across various bat species and its detection in 22 Yangochiropera and 12 Yinpterochiroptera species. To the best of our knowledge, this marks the first occurrence of a conserved EVE shared among diverse bat species, which is accompanied by a conserved antisense transcript. This highlights the need for future research to explore the role of EVEs in shaping the evolution of bat immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Human cat borne rabies as the new epidemiology of the disease in the Andes mountains.
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Meriño‐Olivella, Samir, del Pilar Sánchez‐Bonilla, María, Escobar, Luis E., and Correa‐Valencia, Nathalia M.
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RABIES , *CATS , *RABIES vaccines , *FELIDAE , *EPIDEMIOLOGY , *RABIES virus , *VIRUS diseases , *FLEA control - Abstract
Background: Rabies virus (RABV) is the etiologic agent of rabies, a fatal brain disease in mammals. Rabies circulation has historically involved the dog has the main source of human rabies worldwide. Nevertheless, in Colombia, cats (Felis catus) have become a relevant species in the epidemiology of rabies. Aims: To characterize rabies cases in humans in Colombia in the last three decades in the context of the epidemiology of the aggressor animal. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective longitudinal epidemiological study of human rabies caused by cats' aggression, collecting primary and secondary information. Variables considered included the demography of the patient, symptoms, information about the aggressor animal as the source of infection and the viral variant identified. Results: We found that the distribution of rabies incidence over the years has been constant in Colombia. Nevertheless, between 2003 and 2012 a peak of cases occurred in rural Colombia where cats were the most frequent aggressor animal reported. Most cats involved in aggression were unvaccinated against rabies. Cat's clinical signs at the time of the report of the human cases included hypersalivation and changes in behaviour. Human patients were mostly children and female and the exposure primarily corresponded to bite and puncture lacerations in hands. The RABV lineage detected in most cases corresponded to variant 3, linked to the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus). The geographical presentation of cat borne RABV in humans occurred along the Andes mountains, epidemiologically known as the rabies red Andean corridor. Discussion: By finding cats as the primary source of rabies spillover transmission in Colombia, this report highlights the importance of revising national rabies control and prevention protocol in countries in the Andes region. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that rabies vaccination for outdoor cats needs to prioritize to reduce the number of rabies‐related human deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Flight of inspiration: mimicking nature's mastery in micro air vehicle design.
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Shiv, Jeenendra Kumar, Kumar, Kaushik, and Ranjan, Chikesh
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In recent years, light weight bio-inspired micro air vehicles (MAVs) have gained popularity due to wide applications in civil and military operations. Much research has been done in this regard inspired by the flapping wings of biological flyers such as birds, insects, bats, etc. MAVs have adapted the design from the flapping of beetle, butterfly, bat, hummingbird, mosquitoes, and bees. For MAV design, various flight characteristics such as wing beat frequency, Reynolds number, the aspect ratio of bio-mimic vehicle, landing, and take off techniques are examined. This article focuses on the recently developed bio-mimic MAVs and identifying their suitability for the desired task. The research accomplishments on the hoverable, insect, bird, and bat MAV mechanisms over the last decades are categorized and discussed. The mechanism's issues, trends, and difficulties are compiled and presented. This review concludes with recommendations for future research on the mechanical structures and mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Individual virome analysis reveals the general co-infection of mammal-associated viruses with SARS-related coronaviruses in bats.
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Hao-Rui Si, Ke Wu, Jia Su, Tian-Yi Dong, Yan Zhu, Bei Li, Ying Chen, Yang Li, Zheng-Li Shi, and Peng Zhou
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SARS virus ,FUNGAL viruses ,BATS ,MIXED infections ,INSECT viruses - Abstract
Bats are the natural reservoir hosts for SARS-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) and other highly pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, it is conceivable that an individual bat may harbor multiple microbes. However, there is limited knowledge on the overall co-circulation of microorganisms in bats. Here, we conducted a 16-year monitoring of bat viruses in south and central China and identified 238 SARSr-CoV positive samples across nine bat species from ten provinces or administrative districts. Among these, 76 individual samples were selected for further metagenomics analysis. We found a complex microenvironment characterized by the general co-circulation of microbes from two different sources: mammal-associated viruses or environment-associated microbes. The later includes commensal bacteria, enterobacteria-related phages, and insect or fungal viruses of food origin. Results showed that 25% (19/76) of the samples contained at least one another mammal-associated virus, notably alphacoronaviruses (13/76) such as AlphaCoV/YN2012, HKU2-related CoV and AlphaCoV/Rf-HuB2013, along with viruses from other families. Notably, we observed three viruses co-circulating within a single bat, comprising two coronavirus species and one picornavirus. Our analysis also revealed the potential presence of pathogenic bacteria or fungi in bats. Furthermore, we obtained 25 viral genomes from the 76 bat SARSr-CoV positive samples, some of which formed new evolutionary lineages. Collectively, our study reveals the complex microenvironment of bat microbiome, facilitating deeper investigations into their pathogenic potential and the likelihood of cross-species transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. Brown Adipose Tissue Promotes Autologous Fat Grafts Retention Possibly Through Inhibiting Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway.
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Zheng, Yunfeng, Li, Honghong, Bao, Qiong, Tu, Yiqian, Ye, Yujie, Jia, Wenjun, and Cao, Dongsheng
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Background: In plastic surgery, autologous fat grafts (AFG) play an important role because of their abundant supply, biocompatibility, and low rejection rate. However, the lower retention rate of fat grafts limits their widespread use. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) can promote angiogenesis and regulate the level of associated inflammation. This study explored whether BAT has a facilitative effect on fat graft retention. Methods: We obtained white adipose tissue (WAT) from c57 mice and combined it with either BAT from c57 mice or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control. These mixtures were injected subcutaneously into the back of thymus-free nude mice. After 12 weeks, fat grafts were harvested, weighed, and analyzed. Results: We found that the BAT-grafted group had higher mass retention, more mature adipocytes, and higher vascularity than the other group. Further analysis revealed that BAT inhibited M1 macrophages; down-regulated IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-β; upregulated M2 macrophages and Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA); and promoted adipocyte regeneration by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which together promoted adipose graft retention. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that BAT improved adipose graft retention by promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting tissue inflammation levels and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Level of Evidence III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. White adipocyte-derived exosomal miR-23b inhibits thermogenesis by targeting Elf4 to regulate GLP-1R transcription.
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Wang, Qian, Du, Junkai, and Ma, Ruili
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BROWN adipose tissue ,WHITE adipose tissue ,GENE expression ,PROMOTERS (Genetics) ,BODY weight - Abstract
Promoting non-trembling thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) helps prevent obesity. MiR-23b is highly expressed in adipose tissue-derived exosomes obtained from obese people, but the role of exosomal miR-23b in regulating thermogenesis and obesity progression remains to be further explored. Here, a mouse obesity model was established through high-fat diet (HFD), and inguinal WAT (iWAT)-derived exosomes and miR-23b antagomir were administered by intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that WAT-derived exosomal miR-23b upregulated body weight and adipocyte hypertrophy and enhanced insulin resistance. Moreover, exosomal miR-23b restrained mtDNA copy number and the expression of genes related to thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in BAT, and suppressed the expression of WAT browning-related genes under cold stimulation, indicating that exosomal miR-23b hindered non-trembling thermogenesis of BAT and WAT browning. Mechanism studies found that miR-23b targeted Elf4 to inhibit its expression. And Elf4 bound to the GLP-1R promoter region to promote GLP-1R transcription. In addition, silencing miR-23b effectively abolished the inhibitory effect of WAT-derived exosomes on thermogenic gene expression and mitochondrial respiration in adipocytes isolated from BAT and iWAT, which was reversed by GLP-1R knockdown. In conclusion, WAT-derived exosomal miR-23b suppressed thermogenesis by targeting Elf4 to regulate GLP-1R transcription, which contributed to the progression of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. Adipose Tissue Dysfunction Related to Climate Change and Air Pollution: Understanding the Metabolic Consequences.
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Stojchevski, Radoslav, Chandrasekaran, Preethi, Hadzi-Petrushev, Nikola, Mladenov, Mitko, and Avtanski, Dimiter
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BROWN adipose tissue , *CLIMATE change , *AIR pollution , *DIETARY patterns , *TYPE 2 diabetes , *ADIPOSE tissues - Abstract
Obesity, a global pandemic, poses a major threat to healthcare systems worldwide. Adipose tissue, the energy-storing organ during excessive energy intake, functions as a thermoregulator, interacting with other tissues to regulate systemic metabolism. Specifically, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is positively associated with an increased resistance to obesity, due to its thermogenic function in the presence of uncoupled protein 1 (UCP1). Recently, studies on climate change and the influence of environmental pollutants on energy homeostasis and obesity have drawn increasing attention. The reciprocal relationship between increasing adiposity and increasing temperatures results in reduced adaptive thermogenesis, decreased physical activity, and increased carbon footprint production. In addition, the impact of climate change makes obese individuals more prone to developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An impaired response to heat stress, compromised vasodilation, and sweating increase the risk of diabetes-related comorbidities. This comprehensive review provides information about the effects of climate change on obesity and adipose tissue, the risk of T2DM development, and insights into the environmental pollutants causing adipose tissue dysfunction and obesity. The effects of altered dietary patterns on adiposity and adaptation strategies to mitigate the detrimental effects of climate change are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Torpor use in the wild by one of the world's largest bats.
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Turbill, Christopher, Walker, Melissa, Boardman, Wayne, Martin, John M., McKeown, Adam, Meade, Jessica, and Welbergen, Justin A.
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BODY temperature , *LIFE history theory , *ATMOSPHERIC temperature , *BATS , *BODY temperature regulation , *TELEMETRY - Abstract
Torpor is widespread among bats presumably because most species are small, and torpor greatly reduces their high mass-specific resting energy expenditure, especially in the cold. Torpor has not been recorded in any bat species larger than 50 g, yet in theory could be beneficial even in the world's largest bats (flying-foxes; Pteropus spp.) that are exposed to adverse environmental conditions causing energy bottlenecks. We used temperature telemetry to measure body temperature in wild-living adult male grey-headed flying-foxes (P. poliocephalus; 799 g) during winter in southern Australia. We found that all individuals used torpor while day-roosting, with minimum body temperature reaching 27°C. Torpor was recorded following a period of cool, wet and windy weather, and on a day with the coldest maximum air temperature, suggesting it is an adaptation to reduce energy expenditure during periods of increased thermoregulatory costs and depleted body energy stores. A capacity for torpor among flying-foxes has implications for understanding their distribution, behavioural ecology and life history. Furthermore, our discovery increases the body mass of bats known to use torpor by more than tenfold and extends the documented use of this energy-saving strategy under wild conditions to all bat superfamilies, with implications for the evolutionary maintenance of torpor among bats and other mammals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Auditory cortical regions show resting-state functional connectivity with the default mode-like network in echolocating bats.
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Washington, Stuart D., Shattuck, Kyle, Steckel, Jan, Peremans, Herbert, Jonckers, Elisabeth, Hinz, Rukun, Venneman, Tom, Van den Berg, Monica, Van Ruijssevelt, Lisbeth, Verellen, Thomas, Pritchett, Dominique L., Scholliers, Jan, Sayuan Liang, Wang, Paul C., Verhoye, Marleen, Esser, Karl-Heinz, Van der Linden, Annemie, and Keliris, Georgios A.
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FUNCTIONAL connectivity , *INDEPENDENT component analysis , *BATS , *FUNCTIONAL magnetic resonance imaging , *SOCIAL perception - Abstract
Echolocating bats are among the most social and vocal of all mammals. These animals are ideal subjects for functional MRI (fMRI) studies of auditory social communication given their relatively hypertrophic limbic and auditory neural structures and their reduced ability to hear MRI gradient noise. Yet, no resting-state networks relevant to social cognition (e.g., default mode-like networks or DMLNs) have been identified in bats since there are few, if any, fMRI studies in the chiropteran order. Here, we acquired fMRI data at 7 Tesla from nine lightly anesthetized pale spear-nosed bats (Phyllostomus discolor). We applied independent components analysis (ICA) to reveal resting-state networks and measured neural activity elicited by noise ripples (on: 10 ms; off: 10 ms) that span this species' ultrasonic hearing range (20 to 130 kHz). Resting-state networks pervaded auditory, parietal, and occipital cortices, along with the hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and auditory brainstem. Two midline networks formed an apparent DMLN. Additionally, we found four predominantly auditory/parietal cortical networks, of which two were left-lateralized and two right-lateralized. Regions within four auditory/parietal cortical networks are known to respond to social calls. Along with the auditory brainstem, regions within these four cortical networks responded to ultrasonic noise ripples. Iterative analyses revealed consistent, significant functional connectivity between the left, but not right, auditory/parietal cortical networks and DMLN nodes, especially the anterior-most cingulate cortex. Thus, a resting-state network implicated in social cognition displays more distributed functional connectivity across left, relative to right, hemispheric cortical substrates of audition and communication in this highly social and vocal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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11. Perspectives on forestry management: How do bats fit in?
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Hohoff, Tara, Rogness, Brittany, and Davis, Mark
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FOREST management , *ROOSTING , *BAT conservation , *WILDLIFE conservation , *ENDANGERED species , *WHITE-nose syndrome - Abstract
In the last decade, bat conservation guidance has received increasing attention, as many United States bat species are in decline due to white‐nose syndrome and have been listed or considered for federal endangered species status. Research on how these species are impacted by forestry management decisions has advanced to provide specific conservation actions for these imperiled species. We set out to better understand the level of knowledge land managers had in relation to forestry techniques and their impact on wildlife conservation in order to more effectively strategize how we can efficiently provide educational resources. We surveyed 78 land managers in Illinois to identify their priorities for management and how familiar they were with forestry management guidelines for bat conservation. We followed up with a subset of voluntary participants with semistructured phone interviews to generate more in‐depth responses. Using these tools, we reveal that a top priority for most managers in Illinois is invasive species management. Most have some familiarity with bat conservation actions, but few were confident in their knowledge of threatened and endangered species. Thirteen of the twenty phone interviews identified a preference for talking to/hearing from experts to receive information on bat conservation. These results highlighted where there are information gaps on best practices for forestry management from a conservation perspective, and identified how we can best address these through partnerships with land managers. Implementation of these practices is likely how recovery of these vulnerable species will happen—through protection of their basic needs, including availability of roosts, abundance of prey, and access to uncontaminated water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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12. Artificial light affects foraging behavior of a synanthropic bat.
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ZOU, Wenyu, WU, Pan, WEI, Xinyi, ZHOU, Daying, DENG, Yingchun, JIANG, Yunke, LUO, Bo, LIU, Wenqin, HUO, Jiaxin, PENG, Shichen, and FENG, Jiang
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BAT behavior , *FORAGING behavior , *LIGHT pollution , *ECHOLOCATION (Physiology) , *BLUE light , *LIGHT emitting diodes , *FOOD consumption , *FORAGE - Abstract
Artificial light at night has been considered an emerging threat to global biodiversity. However, the impacts of artificial light on foraging behavior in most wild animals remain largely unclear. Here, we aimed to assess whether artificial light affects foraging behavior in Asian parti‐colored bats (Vespertilio sinensis). We manipulated the spectra of light‐emitting diode (LED) lighting in a laboratory. Using video and audio recording, we monitored foraging onset, total foraging time, food consumption, freezing behavior (temporary cessation of body movement), and echolocation vocalizations in triads of bats under each lighting condition. Analyses showed that the foraging activities of experimental bats were reduced under LED light. Green, yellow, and red light had greater negative effects on bats' foraging onset, total foraging time, and food consumption than white and blue light. LED light of different spectra induced increased freezing time and echolocation vocalizations in captive bats, except for the white light. The peak wavelength of light emission correlated positively with freezing time, estimated echolocation pulse rate (the number of echolocation pulses per minute), and foraging onset, but negatively with total foraging time and food consumption. These results demonstrate that artificial light disturbs foraging behavior in Asian parti‐colored bats. Our findings have implications for understanding the influencing mechanism of light pollution on bat foraging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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13. Mechanical loading on osteocytes regulates thermogenesis homeostasis of brown adipose tissue by influencing osteocyte-derived exosomes
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Yuze Ma, Na Liu, Xiaoyan Shao, Tianshu Shi, Jiaquan Lin, Bin Liu, Tao Shen, Baosheng Guo, and Qing Jiang
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BAT ,Exosome ,miRNA ,Osteocyte ,Thermogenesis ,Diseases of the musculoskeletal system ,RC925-935 - Abstract
Background: Osteocytes are the main stress-sensing cells in bone. The substances secreted by osteocytes under mechanical loading play a crucial role in maintaining body homeostasis. Osteocytes have recently been found to release exosomes into the circulation, but whether they are affected by mechanical loading or participate in the regulation of systemic homeostasis remains unclear. Methods: We used a tail-suspension model to achieve mechanical unloading on osteocytes. Osteocyte-specific CD63 reporter mice were used for osteocyte exosome tracing. Exosome detection and inhibitor treatment were performed to confirm the effect of mechanical loading on exosome secretion by osteocytes. Co-culture, GW4869 and exosome treatment were used to investigate the biological functions of osteocyte-derived exosomes on brown adipose tissue (BAT) and primary brown adipocytes. Osteocyte-specific Dicer KO mice were used to screen for loading-sensitive miRNAs. Dual luciferase assay was performed to validate the selected target gene. Results: Firstly, we found the thermogenic activity was increased in BAT of mice subjected to tail suspension, which is due to the effect of unloaded bone on circulating exosomes. Further, we showed that the secretion of exosomes from osteocytes is regulated by mechanical loading, and osteocyte-derived exosomes can reach BAT and affect thermogenic activity. More importantly, we confirmed the effect of osteocyte exosomes on BAT both in vivo and in vitro. Finally, we discovered that let-7e-5p contained in exosomes is under regulation of mechanical loading and regulates thermogenic activity of BAT by targeting Ppargc1a. Conclusion: Exosomes derived from osteocytes are loading-sensitive, and play a vital role in regulation on BAT, suggesting that regulation of exosomes secretion can restore homeostasis. The translational potential of this article: This study provides a biological rationale for using osteocyte exosomes as potential agents to modulate BAT and even whole-body homeostasis. It also provides a new pathological basis and a new treatment approach for mechanical unloading conditions such as spaceflight.
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- 2024
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14. Aerosol Optical Depth vs. PM2.5: Adaptation of Hybrid Optimization Algorithms for Temporal Prediction
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Muruganandam, Niveditha, Narayanan, Ramsundram, Gautam, Sneha, editor, Kumar, Roshini Praveen, editor, and Samuel, Cyril, editor
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- 2024
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15. 'A Ghostly Leech Behind Membrane Wings:' The Vampire-Bat Metamorphosis Before Dracula
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Dodd, Kevin and Bacon, Simon, editor
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- 2024
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16. Global Distribution and Molecular Evolution of Bat Coronaviruses
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Mohamed El Sayes, Rebecca Badra, Mohamed A. Ali, Rabeh El-Shesheny, and Ghazi Kayali
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bat ,coronaviruses ,molecular evolution ,distribution ,Animal biochemistry ,QP501-801 ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Bat coronaviruses cause a wide range of illnesses in humans and animals. Bats are known to harbor a wide diversity of Alphacoronaviruses and Betacoronaviruses. Betacoronaviruses have been linked to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and other diseases such as gastroenteritis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. In the last 20 years, three betacoronaviruses emerged and caused widespread outbreaks in humans, including two deadly betacoronavirus epidemics, SARS-CoV, with mortality rate of 10%, and MERS-CoV, with mortality rate of 34.7%, and SARS-CoV-2, which caused the COVID-19 pandemic, with mortality rate of 3.4%. Studies have shown that bats are the main natural reservoirs for these viruses or their ancestral viruses. Observed variations in bat coronavirus genomes indicate that these viruses may have a potential to transmit to other hosts in close contact with humans and subsequently transmit to humans. As of today, there are no reported cases of direct coronavirus transmission from bats to humans. One reason for this might be that intermediate hosts are required for the transmission of bat coronaviruses to humans. Further studies are needed to map the amino acids and genomic regions responsible for the interactions between the spike of coronavirus and its receptors.
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- 2024
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17. Molecular detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase isolated from bat feces from the Tanjung Ringgit bat cave, Lombok Island, Indonesia
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Kurnia Nisa Kinasih, Yolla Rona Mustika, Yulianna Puspitasari, Wiwiek Tyasningsih, Alfiana Laili Dwi Agustin, Shendy Canadya Kurniawan, Abdullah Hasib, Yusac Kristanto Khoda Waruwu, and Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
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bat ,blashv ,extended-spectrum beta-lactamase ,klebsiella pneumoniae ,public health ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Background and Aim: Bats are a reservoir for the pathogenic bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and can spread it through feces that fall in nests/caves, carried, and dropped while they fly near human settlements, and from their saliva. The emergence and spread of multidrug resistance (MDR) strains of K. pneumoniae indicate that resistant to antibiotics, especially extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), is considered an important global health threat. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of the gene encoding extended beta-lactamase in K. pneumoniae isolated from fresh bat feces collected from the Tanjung Ringgit bat cave, East Lombok. Materials and Methods: In this study, 150 fresh fecal samples were analyzed using standard microbiological techniques for the presence of K. pneumoniae. K. pneumoniae-positive isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing, followed by molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction. Results: This study showed that 14 (9.3%) of 150 samples were positive for K. pneumoniae. Ten of the 14 samples (71.4%) were MDR isolates and 6 (42.9%) had the blaSHV gene identified. Conclusion: The presence of K. pneumoniae isolated from fresh bat feces, which is MDR and has the blaSHV gene encoding ESBL indicates that bats can be a reservoir for the transmission of MDR and ESBL bacteria has an impact on public health in the study area.
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- 2024
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18. Novel betaherpesviruses and gammaherpesviruses in bats from central China
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Shuhui Duan, Zemin Li, Xu Zhang, and Xue-Jie Yu
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Gammaherpesvirus ,Betaherpesvirus ,Myotis davidii ,Rhinolophus pusillus ,Bat ,Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Herpesviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that cause infections in animals and humans with a characteristic of latent infectious within specific tissues. Bats are natural hosts of variety human-infecting viruses and recently have been described as hosts for herpesviruses in several countries around the world. In this study we collected 140 insectivorous bats in the neighboring urban areas of Wuhan City, Hubei Province in the central China between 2020 and 2021. Nested PCR targeting the dpol gene sequence indicated that a total of 22 individuals (15.7% of the sample) tested positive for herpesvirus with 4 strains belonging to the genus Betaherpesvirus and the remaining 18 strains classified as Gammahersvirus. Furthermore, the herpesvirus prevalence in Rhinolophus pusillus was higher at 26.3%, compared to 8.4% in Myotis davidii. The RP701 strain from R. pusillus was the predominant gammaherpesvirus strain detected in bats, accounting for 94.4% (17/18) of all strains. The variations in γ-herpesviruses genomic sequences was evident in phylogenetic tree, where RP701 strain was clustered together with ruminant γ-herpesviruses, while MD704 strain formed a distinct clade with a hedgehog γ-herpesvirus. Four betaherpesviruses exclusively identified from M. davidii, with nucleotide identities ranging from 79.7 to 82.6% compared to known betaherpesviruses. Our study provided evidence that M. davidii can sever as natural host for β-herpesviruses, which extended the host species range. In conclusion, we found that bats from central China harbored novel β-herpesviruses and γ-herpesviruses which were phylogenetically related to ruminant γ-herpesvirus and hedgehog γ-herpesvirus. Our study indicates that bats are natural hosts of β- and γ-herpesviruses and further studies are needed to determine whether there is cross-species transmission of herpesviruses between bats and other animals, or humans.
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- 2024
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19. Fine-grained image classification on bats using VGG16-CBAM: a practical example with 7 horseshoe bats taxa (CHIROPTERA: Rhinolophidae: Rhinolophus) from Southern China
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Zhong Cao, Kunhui Wang, Jiawei Wen, Chuxian Li, Yi Wu, Xiaoyun Wang, and Wenhua Yu
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Attention mechanism ,Bat ,Convolutional block attention module (CBAM) ,Species identification ,VGG16 ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Abstract Background Rapid identification and classification of bats are critical for practical applications. However, species identification of bats is a typically detrimental and time-consuming manual task that depends on taxonomists and well-trained experts. Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) provide a practical approach for the extraction of the visual features and classification of objects, with potential application for bat classification. Results In this study, we investigated the capability of deep learning models to classify 7 horseshoe bat taxa (CHIROPTERA: Rhinolophus) from Southern China. We constructed an image dataset of 879 front, oblique, and lateral targeted facial images of live individuals collected during surveys between 2012 and 2021. All images were taken using a standard photograph protocol and setting aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of the DCNNs classification. The results demonstrated that our customized VGG16-CBAM model achieved up to 92.15% classification accuracy with better performance than other mainstream models. Furthermore, the Grad-CAM visualization reveals that the model pays more attention to the taxonomic key regions in the decision-making process, and these regions are often preferred by bat taxonomists for the classification of horseshoe bats, corroborating the validity of our methods. Conclusion Our finding will inspire further research on image-based automatic classification of chiropteran species for early detection and potential application in taxonomy.
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- 2024
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20. Pleiotropy of positive selection in ancient ACE2 suggests an alternative hypothesis for bat-specific adaptations to host coronaviruses.
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Yuan-Ting Guo, Ji-Bin Jiang, Guan-Rong Qiao, Rong-Hua Luo, Xin Zhou, Rong Hua, Chang-Bo Zheng, and Zhen Liu
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SARS-CoV-2 , *ANGIOTENSIN converting enzyme - Abstract
Angiotensin-convertingenzyme 2 (ACE2) has dual functions, regulating cardiovascular physiology and serving as the receptor for coronaviruses. Bats, the only true flying mammals and natural viral reservoirs, have evolved positive alterations in traits related to both functions of ACE2. This suggests significant evolutionary changes in ACE2 during bat evolution. To test this hypothesis, we examine the selection pressure in ACE2 along the ancestral branch of all bats (AncBat-ACE2), where powered flight and bat-coronavirus coevolution occurred, and detect a positive selection signature. To assess the functional effects of positive selection, we resurrect AncBat-ACE2 and its mutant (AncBat-ACE2-mut) created by replacing the positively selected sites. Compared to AncBat-ACE2-mut, AncBat-ACE2 exhibits stronger enzymatic activity, enhances mice's performance in exercise fatigue, and shows lower affinity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Our findings indicate the functional pleiotropy of positive selection in the ancient ACE2 of bats, providing an alternative hypothesis for the evolutionary origin of bats' defense against coronaviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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21. Characterizing diurnal roosts of male Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus) during summer.
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Hilty, Shannon L, Litt, Andrea R, Maxell, Bryce A, Gower, Claire N, Garrott, Robert A, and Hanauska-Brown, Lauri
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BATS , *LITTLE brown bat , *ROOSTING , *TREE cavities , *WHITE-nose syndrome , *WINTER , *HABITATS - Abstract
Shelter is one critical aspect of an animal's habitat, providing refuge from predators and weather, protection for offspring, and aiding in physiological homeostasis. During the day, bats find shelter in roosts—spaces created under tree bark, in tree cavities, or between rocks—after spending the night searching for food. Finding a roost with a microclimate that enables bats to remain in their thermoneutral zone could reduce energetic demands or allow bats to allocate energy to other activities such as reproduction and fighting disease. We aimed to characterize the structural features and microclimate (i.e. temperature) of roosts used by male Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus) during the summer and determine whether bats select certain characteristics disproportionally to what is available at different spatial scales. During the summers of 2017 and 2018, we radio-tracked 34 male M. lucifugus in Lodgepole Pine-dominated forests. We located at least 1 roost for 20 individuals (average = 2.85 roosts/bat, range = 1 to 6). Although snags were available, most of the roosts were in rock features (86% in rocks, 14% in trees or snags). Male M. lucifugus were more likely to select rock roosts with less canopy closure that were closer to water compared to available roosts on the landscape. They also selected roosts in rock features occurring within larger areas of rock cover that had wider entrances and access to crevices that faced the sky; these roosts also had warmer microclimates relative to other locations available on the landscape. Crevices that allow the bat to bask in the sun and change locations within a roost, minimizing energy needed for active thermoregulation, could be very beneficial for individuals recovering from diseases such as white-nose syndrome. Our work indicates that rock features provide habitat for male M. lucifugus during summer; other studies have shown that bats roost in these features during autumn and winter, further supporting their importance. By protecting these important rock structures, managers can help bats meet their habitat needs throughout the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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22. Summer habitat for the female Tricolored Bat (Perimyotis subflavus) in Tennessee, United States.
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Cable, Ashleigh B and Willcox, Emma V
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WHITE-nose syndrome , *CONIFEROUS forests , *BATS , *MIXED forests , *DECIDUOUS forests , *REPRODUCTION , *ANIMAL population density - Abstract
The Tricolored Bat is an imperiled species due to white-nose syndrome. There is limited information available on roosting and foraging area use of the species to support planning and management efforts to benefit recovery in the Southeastern United States. Female tricolored bats exit hibernation and allocate energy toward disease recovery, migration, and reproduction. Providing and managing for summer habitat is 1 strategy to promote recovery. We sought to: (1) determine local- and landscape-scale factors that influence female Tricolored Bat roost selection; (2) quantify land cover use in core and overall foraging areas; and (3) define foraging area size and distances traveled by female tricolored bats in Tennessee. Bats in this study roosted in trees of variable sizes, in multiple tree species with large canopy volumes, and almost always roosted in trees with dead leaf foliage suspended in the canopy. Forest plots used by bats had trees averaging 30 cm diameter at breast height, basal areas averaging 27 m2/ha, contained multiple tree species, and comprised around a 50:50 ratio of canopy and subcanopy trees. Bats did not roost in coniferous forest areas and were only located in deciduous and mixed forest areas. Bats foraged near and directly over water, in open areas, and along forest edges. This study increases our knowledge on habitat requirements of the species in a temperate region dominated by unfragmented forests and many large water bodies and serves a baseline for management and efforts to benefit survival, reproduction, and population recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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23. BAT and MAT for diagnosis of peanut allergy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.
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Piletta‐Zanin, Alexandre, Ricci, Christian, Santos, Alexandra F., and Eigenmann, Philippe A.
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- *
PEANUT allergy , *FOOD allergy , *BATS , *MAST cells , *DIAGNOSIS , *SENSITIVITY & specificity (Statistics) - Abstract
Basophil activation test (BAT) or the mast cell activation test (MAT) are two in vitro tests that are currently being studied in food allergy as diagnostic tools as an alternative to oral food challenges (OFCs). We conducted a meta‐analysis on BAT and MAT, assessing their specificity and sensitivity in diagnosing peanut allergy. Six databases were searched for studies on patients suspected of having peanut allergy. Studies using BAT or MAT to peanut extract and/or component as diagnostic tools with results given in percentage of CD63 activation were included in this meta‐analysis. Study quality was evaluated with the QUADAS‐2 tool. On the 11 studies identified, eight focused exclusively on children, while three included a mixed population of adults and children. Only one study provided data on MAT, precluding us from conducting a statistical analysis. The diagnostic accuracy of BAT was higher when stimulated with peanut extract rather than Ara h 2 with a pooled specificity of 96% (95% CI: 0.89–0.98) and sensitivity of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.74–0.93). The sensitivity and specificity of BATs in discriminating between allergic and sensitized patients were studied as well, with pooled analysis revealing a sensitivity of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.74; 0.93) and a specificity of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94, 0.98). BATs, when stimulated with peanut extracts, exhibit a satisfactory sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of peanut allergy and can help to discriminate between allergic individuals and those only sensitized to peanuts. More investigations on the potential for MATs diagnostic methods are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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24. Global Distribution and Molecular Evolution of Bat Coronaviruses.
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El Sayes, Mohamed, Badra, Rebecca, Ali, Mohamed A., El-Shesheny, Rabeh, and Kayali, Ghazi
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MOLECULAR evolution ,MIDDLE East respiratory syndrome ,ZOONOSES ,BAT diseases ,BETACORONAVIRUS - Abstract
Simple Summary: Bats are the second most diverse group of mammals in the world, with about 1400 different species, and they play an important role in both environmental and human health. Bats have been recognized as the natural reservoirs of a large variety of viruses. Viruses that spill over from bats can cause emerging new viruses which may lead to epidemics or pandemics. In recent years, several zoonotic diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Coronaviruses have been linked back to bats. Some bat species serve as carriers for multiple types of pathogens without getting sick themselves due to their unique immune system adaptations. In this review, we show the global distribution and molecular evolution of bat coronaviruses to understand the risk of spill-over into other hosts. Bat coronaviruses cause a wide range of illnesses in humans and animals. Bats are known to harbor a wide diversity of Alphacoronaviruses and Betacoronaviruses. Betacoronaviruses have been linked to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and other diseases such as gastroenteritis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. In the last 20 years, three betacoronaviruses emerged and caused widespread outbreaks in humans, including two deadly betacoronavirus epidemics, SARS-CoV, with mortality rate of 10%, and MERS-CoV, with mortality rate of 34.7%, and SARS-CoV-2, which caused the COVID-19 pandemic, with mortality rate of 3.4%. Studies have shown that bats are the main natural reservoirs for these viruses or their ancestral viruses. Observed variations in bat coronavirus genomes indicate that these viruses may have a potential to transmit to other hosts in close contact with humans and subsequently transmit to humans. As of today, there are no reported cases of direct coronavirus transmission from bats to humans. One reason for this might be that intermediate hosts are required for the transmission of bat coronaviruses to humans. Further studies are needed to map the amino acids and genomic regions responsible for the interactions between the spike of coronavirus and its receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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25. A framework for studying the effects of offshore wind energy development on birds and bats in the Eastern United States.
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Williams, Kathryn A., Gulka, Julia, Cook, Aonghais S. C. P., Diehl, Robert H., Farnsworth, Andrew, Goyert, Holly, Hein, Cris, Loring, Pamela, Mizrahi, David, Petersen, Ib Krag, Peterson, Trevor, Press, Kate McClellan, and Stenhouse, Iain J.
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ENERGY development ,WIND power ,BATS ,RESEARCH questions ,CARBON emissions ,DISPLACEMENT (Psychology) - Abstract
Offshore wind energy development (OWED), while a key strategy for reducing carbon emissions, has potential negative effects to wildlife that should be examined to inform decision making and adaptive management as the industry expands. We present a conceptual framework to guide the long-term study of potential effects to birds and bats from OWED. This framework includes a focus on exposure and vulnerability as key determinants of risk. For birds and bats that are exposed to OWED, there are three main effects of interest that may impact survival and productivity: 1) collision mortality, 2) behavioral responses, including avoidance, displacement, and attraction, and 3) habitat-mediated effects to prey populations. If these OWED effects cause changes in survival and/or breeding success (e.g., fitness), they have the potential for population-level consequences, including changes in population size and structure. Understanding the influence of ecological drivers on exposure and effect parameters can help to disentangle the potential impacts of OWED from other stressors. We use this theoretical framework to summarize existing relevant knowledge and identify current priority research questions (n=22) for the eastern United States, where largescale development of OWED is primarily in the planning and early construction phase. We also identify recommendations for study design and further prioritization of research topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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26. Unveiling the Potential of Natural Compounds: A Comprehensive Review on Adipose Thermogenesis Modulation.
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Shin, Jaeeun, Lee, Yeonho, Ju, Seong Hun, Jung, Young Jae, Sim, Daehyeon, and Lee, Sung-Joon
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BROWN adipose tissue , *BODY temperature , *ADIPOGENESIS , *BODY temperature regulation , *FAT cells , *PSEUDOPOTENTIAL method , *DRUG target - Abstract
The process of adipocyte browning has recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target for combating obesity and obesity-related diseases. Non-shivering thermogenesis is the process of biological heat production in mammals and is primarily mediated via brown adipose tissue (BAT). The recruitment and activation of BAT can be induced through chemical drugs and nutrients, with subsequent beneficial health effects through the utilization of carbohydrates and fats to generate heat to maintain body temperature. However, since potent drugs may show adverse side effects, nutritional or natural substances could be safe and effective as potential adipocyte browning agents. This review aims to provide an extensive overview of the natural food compounds that have been shown to activate brown adipocytes in humans, animals, and in cultured cells. In addition, some key genetic and molecular targets and the mechanisms of action of these natural compounds reported to have therapeutic potential to combat obesity are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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27. Estrogen-Related Receptor α: A Key Transcription Factor in the Regulation of Energy Metabolism at an Organismic Level and a Target of the ABA/LANCL Hormone Receptor System.
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Spinelli, Sonia, Bruschi, Maurizio, Passalacqua, Mario, Guida, Lucrezia, Magnone, Mirko, Sturla, Laura, and Zocchi, Elena
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METABOLIC regulation , *HORMONE receptors , *ENERGY metabolism , *GENETIC transcription regulation , *TRANSCRIPTION factors , *ABSCISIC acid , *NUCLEAR receptors (Biochemistry) - Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor ERRα is the most extensively researched member of the estrogen-related receptor family and holds a pivotal role in various functions associated with energy metabolism, especially in tissues characterized by high energy requirements, such as the heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, kidney, and brain. Abscisic acid (ABA), traditionally acknowledged as a plant stress hormone, is detected and actively functions in organisms beyond the land plant kingdom, encompassing cyanobacteria, fungi, algae, protozoan parasites, lower Metazoa, and mammals. Its ancient, cross-kingdom role enables ABA and its signaling pathway to regulate cell responses to environmental stimuli in various organisms, such as marine sponges, higher plants, and humans. Recent advancements in understanding the physiological function of ABA and its mammalian receptors in governing energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in myocytes, adipocytes, and neuronal cells suggest potential therapeutic applications for ABA in pre-diabetes, diabetes, and cardio-/neuroprotection. The ABA/LANCL1-2 hormone/receptor system emerges as a novel regulator of ERRα expression levels and transcriptional activity, mediated through the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α axis. There exists a reciprocal feed-forward transcriptional relationship between the LANCL proteins and transcriptional coactivators ERRα/PGC-1α, which may be leveraged using natural or synthetic LANCL agonists to enhance mitochondrial function across various clinical contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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28. Bat STING drives IFN-beta production in anti-RNA virus innate immune response.
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Feiyu Fu, Qi Shao, Jianjian Zhang, Jie Wang, Zhaofei Wang, Jingjiao Ma, Yaxian Yan, Jianhe Sun, and Yuqiang Cheng
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RNA virus infections ,GREEN fluorescent protein ,GENE expression ,VESICULAR stomatitis ,IMMUNE response ,INTERFERON receptors - Abstract
The ability of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to activate interferon (IFN) responses during RNA virus infection has been demonstrated in different mammalian cells. Despite being the host of numerous RNA viruses, the role of STING in bats during RNA virus infection has not been elucidated. In this study, we identified and cloned the STING gene of the Brazilian free-tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis (T. brasiliensis) and tested its ability to induce IFN-ß by overexpressing and knocking down bat STING (BatSTING) in T. brasiliensis 1 lung (TB1 Lu) cells. In addition, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) VSV-GFP as a model to detect the antiviral activity of BatSTING. The results showed that overexpression of STING in TB1 Lu cells stimulated by cGAS significantly inhibited RNA virus replication, and the antiviral activities were associated with its ability to regulate basal expression of IFN-ß and some IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). We also found that BatSTING was able to be activated after stimulation by diverse RNA viruses. The results of TB1 Lu cells with STING deficiency showed that knockdown of BatSTING severely hindered the IFN-ß response triggered by VSV-GFP. Based on this, we confirm that BatSTING is required to induce IFN-ß expression during RNA virus infection. In conclusion, our experimental data clearly show that STING in bat hosts plays an irreplaceable role in mediating IFN-ß responses and anti-RNA virus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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29. GAITBOOST: Boosting gait recognition performance with BAT-extreme learning machines algorithm.
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Premalatha, G., Chandramani, Premanand V., and Panimalar, K.
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MACHINE learning , *GAIT in humans , *EVOLUTIONARY algorithms , *TREADMILLS , *CLASSIFICATION algorithms - Abstract
Gait analysis is a widely used technique for passive human identification and tracking, with potential applications in security and surveillance systems. However, existing gait recognition methods face challenges in handling changing angles and uncertain features. In this paper, we propose a novel gait recognition approach that leverages real-time spatio-temporal gait features, including step length, gait cycle, height, cadence, swing ratio, and foot length. We apply the Extreme Learning Machines (ELM) algorithm for classification, which has been shown to be effective in various applications due to its fast-learning speed and good generalization performance. To further enhance the recognition rate, we introduce an evolutionary BAT-optimized ELM algorithm that addresses the instability issue in ELM. The proposed BAT-ELM algorithm can optimize the hidden nodes and weights of ELM, which leads to improved efficiency in recognizing gait from multiple view angles ranging from 0° to 180°. Our comprehensive analysis of the proposed approach indicates that it outperforms other reported algorithms in terms of recognition rate and efficiency. Our work demonstrates the effectiveness of combining real-time spatio-temporal gait features with the BAT-ELM algorithm for gait recognition. The proposed approach has potential applications in various fields, including security and surveillance systems, healthcare, and robotics. Our findings highlight the importance of leveraging evolutionary algorithms to optimize machine learning models and achieve better performance in complex recognition tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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30. Plasticity of Adipose Tissues: Interconversion among White, Brown, and Beige Fat and Its Role in Energy Homeostasis.
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Peng, Yanqiu, Zhao, Lixia, Li, Min, Liu, Yunfei, Shi, Yuke, and Zhang, Jian
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BROWN adipose tissue , *WHITE adipose tissue , *HOMEOSTASIS , *ADIPOSE tissues , *TISSUE metabolism , *HUMAN body - Abstract
Obesity, characterized by the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, has emerged as a major public health concern worldwide. To develop effective strategies for treating obesity, it is essential to comprehend the biological properties of different adipose tissue types and their respective roles in maintaining energy balance. Adipose tissue serves as a crucial organ for energy storage and metabolism in the human body, with functions extending beyond simple fat storage to encompass the regulation of energy homeostasis and the secretion of endocrine factors. This review provides an overview of the key characteristics, functional differences, and interconversion processes among white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and beige adipose tissue. Moreover, it delves into the molecular mechanisms and recent research advancements concerning the browning of WAT, activation of BAT, and whitening of BAT. Although targeting adipose tissue metabolism holds promise as a potential approach for obesity treatment, further investigations are necessary to unravel the intricate biological features of various adipose tissue types and elucidate the molecular pathways governing their interconversion. Such research endeavors will pave the way for the development of more efficient and targeted therapeutic interventions in the fight against obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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31. Fine-grained image classification on bats using VGG16-CBAM: a practical example with 7 horseshoe bats taxa (CHIROPTERA: Rhinolophidae: Rhinolophus) from Southern China.
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Cao, Zhong, Wang, Kunhui, Wen, Jiawei, Li, Chuxian, Wu, Yi, Wang, Xiaoyun, and Yu, Wenhua
- Subjects
- *
HORSESHOE bats , *BATS , *IMAGE recognition (Computer vision) , *CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks , *AUTOMATIC classification , *DEEP learning - Abstract
Background: Rapid identification and classification of bats are critical for practical applications. However, species identification of bats is a typically detrimental and time-consuming manual task that depends on taxonomists and well-trained experts. Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) provide a practical approach for the extraction of the visual features and classification of objects, with potential application for bat classification. Results: In this study, we investigated the capability of deep learning models to classify 7 horseshoe bat taxa (CHIROPTERA: Rhinolophus) from Southern China. We constructed an image dataset of 879 front, oblique, and lateral targeted facial images of live individuals collected during surveys between 2012 and 2021. All images were taken using a standard photograph protocol and setting aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of the DCNNs classification. The results demonstrated that our customized VGG16-CBAM model achieved up to 92.15% classification accuracy with better performance than other mainstream models. Furthermore, the Grad-CAM visualization reveals that the model pays more attention to the taxonomic key regions in the decision-making process, and these regions are often preferred by bat taxonomists for the classification of horseshoe bats, corroborating the validity of our methods. Conclusion: Our finding will inspire further research on image-based automatic classification of chiropteran species for early detection and potential application in taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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32. Universal patterns and differences in graded aggressive calls of greater horseshoe bats from distant populations.
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Zhang, Kangkang, Yu, Yanping, Liu, Tong, Ding, Jianan, Gu, Hao, Feng, Jiang, and Liu, Ying
- Subjects
- *
HORSESHOE bats , *ANIMAL communication , *BAT sounds , *TELECOMMUNICATION systems ,POPULATION of China - Abstract
Comparative studies of animal communication systems are particularly important for understanding the origins and evolution of core features of human language like syntax and dialects. Recent studies have begun to develop bats as models for investigating shared traits with human language, given the complex social vocalizations of the former. Our previous research revealed that bat social calls contained almost 20 syllable types and the occurrence of these syllable types in the call sequences followed certain permutation rules. However, the differences in these patterns between populations remain unclear. Here, we examined the syntactic patterns of social calls in greater horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum , from three geographically distant populations in China. The aggressive calls and behaviours during agonistic interactions of 26 bats were analysed to examine the consistency and variation between two aggression levels and across three populations. Common types of syllables, transitions and sequence patterns were found in all three populations. However, there were significant differences in the occurrence frequencies of shared syllable types, transition types and sequence types. Further, more noisy and composite syllables occurred when aggression was high than when it was low. There were also more transitions between noisy syllables and more repetitions in calls in a high aggression than in a low aggression context. The universal syntactic patterns and differences in social vocalizations of bats across different populations are of interest for fields of animal communication and language evolution. • Shared acoustic elements and patterns existed in social calls across populations. • Occurrence frequencies of vocalization types were different between populations. • High aggression calls were more noisy and complex than low aggression calls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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33. DETECTION OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS BASED ON CENTER OF PRESSURE DATA AND THE BAT ALGORITHM.
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MIANDOAB, MAHRAD POURYOSEF, ASHTIANI, MOHAMMED N., ABEDINI-NASSAB, ROOZBEH, and AKRAMI, SEYED MOHAMMAD REZA
- Subjects
- *
KNEE osteoarthritis , *KNEE , *REAL-time computing , *SERVER farms (Computer network management) , *WOLVES , *BATS - Abstract
The high rate of knee osteoarthritis has raised the need for accurate diagnostic methods. In this study, we propose a precise detection method using the center of pressure data obtained from the patients. The introduced automatic detection pipeline is based on the two modern algorithms of grey wolf and BAT. The extracted statistical features and the obtained data from healthy individuals and patients are processed with the grey wolf binary algorithm. The results are fed into the binary bat algorithm to select important features and increase the pipeline accuracy. Then the groups are classified using a four-layer neural network. We show that the proposed method with a simple four-layer neural network offers fantastic accuracy in high-speed processing large data and classifies the high-dimensional knee osteoarthritis center of pressure data with appropriate precision, recall, specificity, and F1 values. The proposed method has direct applications in knee osteoarthritis diagnostics in clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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34. Analysis and Design of Bat-Like Flapping-Wing Aircraft.
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Wang, Fan, Pei, Xinbiao, Wu, Guangxin, and Bai, Yue
- Subjects
ORNITHOPTERS ,BATS ,MODEL airplanes ,ENERGY consumption ,DYNAMIC models ,BIONICS - Abstract
As the only flying mammal in nature, bats have superb flight skills and aerodynamic characteristics that have been the subject of research by scholars from all over the world. In recent years, the research on bionic flapping-wing aircraft has made good progress. However, such research mostly uses birds or insects as the research objects, and there are few studies on bat-imitating flapping-wing aircraft. This paper combines the characteristics of bats' flexible wings to model and analyze the aerodynamic theory and parameters of the flexible wings of bat-like flapping aircraft. The longitudinal dynamic and kinematic model design of bat-like flapping aircraft is based on the pitch angle of LQR. In terms of height control, the controller uses energy control methods to complete the closed-loop longitudinal channel control of the bat-like flapping aircraft. Finally, this study performed the simulation and flight experimentation of the designed bat-like flapping aircraft, demonstrating the correctness of this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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35. DNA Damage in Bat Blood Leukocytes Using a Chromatin Dispersion Test (CDT): Biomarker of Environmental Genotoxicity.
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Cortés-Gutiérrez, Elva I., Ceyca-Contreras, Juan P., Gómez-Ruiz, Emma P., Rios, Evelyn, García-Vielma, Catalina, and García-Salas, Juan A.
- Abstract
Environmental pollutants produce adverse effects on organisms and ecosystems. Biomonitoring and biomarkers offer a reasonable approach to make these assessments. Induced genetic changes can be using as a biomarker in organisms that react to a given compound in the ecosystem. Monitoring environmental genotoxicity necessitates the choice of model animals known as “sentinels or biological monitors” and the suitability of validated tests for DNA damage evaluation. We aimed to estimate the DNA damage produced by thermal stress in the leukocytes of the Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis). The DNA damage in bat leukocytes exposed to different temperatures (35 °C, 45 °C, and 55 °C) was evaluated by the adapted chromatin dispersion test (CDT) and the results were confirmed by the alkaline comet test. The CDT permitted a clear representation of leukocytes with fragmented DNA and of nonfragmented DNA. In addition, we detected nuclear anomalies in relation to cell death cellular swelling, nuclear fragmentation, and chromatin lysis. The alkaline comet assay revealed that the halos of diffuse chromatin include fragmented DNA. The assay of the method employing the CDT is well established, precise, and cost-effective for the routine quantitative analysis of DNA damage on the effect of the leukocytes of bats exposed to thermal stress. This could also apply as a sensitive screening tool for the evaluation of genotoxicity in environmental protection programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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36. Excessive heavy metal enrichment disturbs liver functions through the gut microbe in the great Himalayan leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros armiger)
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Yutao Li, Jie Peng, Zheng Cheng, Kangkang Zhang, Hao Gu, Jiang Feng, and Ying Liu
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Heavy metals ,Bat ,Hepatotoxicity ,Metabolism disorder ,Conservation biology ,Environmental pollution ,TD172-193.5 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Heavy metal residues in natural ecosystems have emerged as a significant global environmental problem requiring urgent resolution. Because these elements are non-biodegradable, organisms can accumulate excessive levels of heavy metal elements into their tissues. Previous studies suggest that prolonged exposure to heavy metal enrichment poses comprehensive toxicity to various organs in vertebrates. However, few studies have focused on elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the hepatotoxic effects of heavy metal enrichment in Chiroptera. In this study, 10 Hipposideros armiger individuals were dissected from Yingde City (YD, relatively pollution-free) and Chunwan City (CW, excessive heavy metals emission). Environmental samples were also obtained. To investigate the mechanism of heavy metal toxicity in bat livers, we employed a combination of multi-omics, pathology, and molecular biology methods. Our results revealed significant enrichment of Cd and Pb in the bat livers and food sources in the CW group (P
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- 2024
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37. Temperature as a potential regulator for Ebola virus replication in primary cells from Mops condylurus
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Marcel Bokelmann, Silke A. Riesle-Sbarbaro, Angelika Lander, Annette Wahlbrink, Martin H. Groschup, Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann, Joseph Prescott, and Andreas Kurth
- Subjects
Ebola virus ,reservoir host ,bat ,temperature ,virus replication ,tolerance ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
IntroductionFor more than 40 years, outbreaks of ebolavirus disease have been documented, but the natural reservoir(s) of ebolaviruses remain unknown. However, recent studies provide evidence that the Angolan free-tailed bat (Mops condylurus), an insectivorous bat belonging to the family Molossidae, is a likely ebolavirus reservoir. Being a heterothermic species, M. condylurus bats are highly tolerant to variations in ambient temperatures, and therefore are capable of living under a broad range of climatic and environmental conditions by using adaptive thermoregulation. Body core temperatures as low as 12.0°C have been measured during winter, while increased body temperatures were observed in their hot roosts or during flight, reaching temperatures typical of fever in most other mammalian species.MethodsHere, we investigated the impact of temperature fluctuations between 27°C and 42°C on Ebola virus (EBOV) survival and replication kinetics in cells from M. condylurus using qRT-PCR.ResultsWe found that primary cells derived from M. condylurus, similar to the bats in their natural environment, were highly tolerant to temperature variations. EBOV replication was temperature-dependent, showing a strong reduction of replication efficiency at low temperature.DiscussionWe therefore conclude, that heterothermy might be involved in balancing the level of EBOV replication and thereby be a key factor for tolerating EBOV infections in vivo.
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- 2024
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38. Perspectives on forestry management: How do bats fit in?
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Tara Hohoff, Brittany Rogness, and Mark Davis
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bat ,conservation ,forestry management ,human dimensions ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 ,General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution ,QH1-199.5 - Abstract
Abstract In the last decade, bat conservation guidance has received increasing attention, as many United States bat species are in decline due to white‐nose syndrome and have been listed or considered for federal endangered species status. Research on how these species are impacted by forestry management decisions has advanced to provide specific conservation actions for these imperiled species. We set out to better understand the level of knowledge land managers had in relation to forestry techniques and their impact on wildlife conservation in order to more effectively strategize how we can efficiently provide educational resources. We surveyed 78 land managers in Illinois to identify their priorities for management and how familiar they were with forestry management guidelines for bat conservation. We followed up with a subset of voluntary participants with semistructured phone interviews to generate more in‐depth responses. Using these tools, we reveal that a top priority for most managers in Illinois is invasive species management. Most have some familiarity with bat conservation actions, but few were confident in their knowledge of threatened and endangered species. Thirteen of the twenty phone interviews identified a preference for talking to/hearing from experts to receive information on bat conservation. These results highlighted where there are information gaps on best practices for forestry management from a conservation perspective, and identified how we can best address these through partnerships with land managers. Implementation of these practices is likely how recovery of these vulnerable species will happen—through protection of their basic needs, including availability of roosts, abundance of prey, and access to uncontaminated water resources.
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- 2024
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39. Legume Allergens Pea, Chickpea, Lentil, Lupine and Beyond
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Abu Risha, Marua, Rick, Eva-Maria, Plum, Melanie, and Jappe, Uta
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- 2024
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40. Investigation of Rabies virus in wild mammals of the atlantic forest in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Cocchi, M., Barboza, C. M., Garcia, J. G., Zamudio, R. M., Champi, A., Novaes, R. L. M., Costa-Neto, S. F., Moratelli, R., and Batista, H. B. C. R.
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- 2024
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41. Range-wide population genetic structure and genetic diversity of Southeastern Myotis (Myotis austroriparius)
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Vannatta, Jessica M. and Carver, Brian D.
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- 2024
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42. Effect of algorithm techniques on optimization of laminate stacking sequence for buckling load condition
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Pitchumani, Shenbaga Velu, Gopu, Arunkumar, Gopalan, Venkatachalam, Narayanan, V. Neela, and Guru, A.
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- 2024
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43. Arachidonic acid inhibit granulosa cell function by affecting metabolic function of liver in brown adipose transplantation rats
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Yan Yan, Fangfang Di, Ruoxi Zhang, Liwen Song, Runjie Zhang, and Jin Qiu
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PCOS ,BAT ,Granulosa cells ,Arachidonic acid ,Metabolites ,Liver factor ,Gynecology and obstetrics ,RG1-991 - Abstract
Abstract Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a gynecological endocrine disease and could be considered a metabolic disease because it is often accompanied by obesity and insulin resistance. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) transplantation has been shown to be effective in treating PCOS rats. Results The study demonstrated that BAT successfully recovered the reproductive and metabolic phenotype of PCOS rats. The disorder estrous cycle, abnormal hyperglycemia and the expression of liver factors were improved. Differentially expressed metabolites were analyzed, among them, arachidonic acid may play a role in inhibiting cell proliferation, enhancing oxidative stress reaction, promoting estrogen expression, and reducing progesterone level in KGN cells. Conclusion Our findings suggest that BAT transplantation may be a therapeutic strategy for PCOS by changing the expression of some cytokines and metabolites. Differentially expressed metabolites might be crucially important for the pathogenesis of PCOS.
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- 2024
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44. Status of vertebrate species in Danial Cave, northern Iran
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Pouria Ghelich Khani, Ali T. Qashqaei, and Heidi Kolkert
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Bat ,conservation ,frog ,Hyrcanian ,Myotis blythii ,Rhinolophus blasii ,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum ,subterranean ,General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution ,QH1-199.5 - Abstract
Cave biodiversity and ecosystems are underexplored. To guide conservation needs for visitor management, we surveyed the 2,158 m long Danial Cave in northern Iran for vertebrate fauna. We identified four mammalian and two amphibian species in the cave: the greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Blasius's horseshoe bat Rhinolophus blasii, the lesser mouse-eared myotis Myotis blythii, the Hyrcanian field mouse Apodemus hyrcanicus, the Hyrcanian wood frog Rana pseudodalmatina and the Eurasian marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus. Considering the increasing tourism pressures at Danial Cave, information on cave fauna is imperative for the conservation management of unique and endemic cave species.
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- 2024
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45. A Novel Framework for Epileptic Seizure Detection Using Electroencephalogram Signals Based on the Bat Feature Selection Algorithm.
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Pouryosef, Mahrad, Abedini-Nassab, Roozbeh, and Akrami, Seyed Mohammad Reza
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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *FEATURE selection , *EPILEPSY , *K-nearest neighbor classification , *SIGNAL classification , *ALGORITHMS , *GENETIC algorithms - Abstract
• For the first time 100% accuracy for epileptic seizure detection using electroencephalogram signals is demonstrated. • Both balanced and unbalanced datasets are studied. • Wavelet extraction from the original EEG signal enhances the feature extraction and selection steps. • Automatic segmentation with algorithmic intelligence is used. • As opposed to Genetic algorithms fast GA is used to achieve fast analysis. The precise electroencephalogram (EEG) signal classification with the highest possible accuracy is a key goal in the brain-computer interface (BCI). Considering the complexity and nonstationary nature of the EEG signals, there is an urgent need for effective feature extraction and data mining techniques. Here, we introduce a novel pipeline based on Bat and genetic algorithms for feature construction and dimension reduction of EEG signals. After wavelet extraction and segmentation, the Bat algorithm identifies the most relevant features. We use these features and a genetic algorithm combined with a neural network method to automatically classify the segments of the epilepsy EEG signals. We also use available classification methods based on k-Nearest Neighbors or naïve Bayes for comparison purposes. The code distinguishes individual signals within various combinations of data obtained from healthy volunteers with open or closed eyes and patients suffering from epilepsy disorders during seizure-free periods or seizure activities. Compared to the previously introduced methods, our proposed framework demonstrates a superior balance of high accuracy and short runtime. The minimum achieved accuracies for balanced and unbalanced classes are 100% and 75.9%, respectively. This approach has the potential for direct applications in clinics, enabling accurate and rapid analysis of the epilepsy EEG signals obtained from patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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46. The effects of perceived musical fit on sport consumer behaviours: examining the mediating role of consumer emotional states.
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Young Suk Oh, Mkumbo, Peter J., Arthur-Banning, Skye G., and Jungah Choi
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CONSUMER behavior ,EMOTIONAL state ,HUMAN behavior ,CONSUMER attitudes ,CONSUMERS ,SPORTS marketing - Abstract
Although music plays a critical role in human behaviour, few scholars have examined how it may impact the shopping behaviours of sport consumers. This study uses structural equation modelling to explore how consumers' perceived musical fit (PMF) influences their purchase intention (PIN), store evaluation (SEV) and brand attitude (BAT) in a sport retails setting. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate whether consumers' emotional states (EMS) mediate the relations between PMF and the three outcome variables being tested. The results demonstrate that PMF directly affected BAT and PIN, but this was not statistically significant with SEV. Furthermore, EMS fully mediated the relationship between PMF and SEV. However, it was found to partially mediate the relations between PMF and PIN, as well as between PMF and BAT. The implications of the findings, limitations and future research directions are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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47. Identification of Viruses in Molossus Bats from the Brazilian Amazon: A Descriptive Metagenomic Analysis.
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Pinheiro, Lucas Rafael Santana, Rodrigues, Érika Dayane Leal, Paiva, Francisco Amilton dos Santos, Cruz, Ana Cecília Ribeiro, Medeiros, Daniele Barbosa de Almeida, Casseb, Alexandre do Rosário, Silva, Sandro Patroca da, and Casseb, Livia Medeiros Neves
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VIRUS identification ,RHOPALOSIPHUM padi ,METAGENOMICS ,BATS ,MORBILLIVIRUSES ,RABIES virus - Abstract
Bats are widely distributed in Brazil, including the Amazon region, and their association with viral pathogens is well-known. This work aimed to evaluate the metavirome in samples of Molossus sp. bats captured in the Brazilian Amazon from 2019 to 2021. Lung samples from 58 bats were divided into 13 pools for RNA isolation and sequencing followed by bioinformatic analysis. The Retroviridae family showed the highest abundance of viral reads. Although no complete genome could be recovered, the Paramyxoviridae and Dicistroviridae families showed the formation of contigs with satisfactory identity and size characteristics for further analysis. One contig of the Paramyxoviridae family was characterized as belonging to the genus Morbillivirus, being grouped most closely phylogenetically to Porcine morbillivirus. The contig related to the Dicistroviridae family was identified within the Cripavirus genus, with 94%, 91%, and 42% amino acid identity with Culex dicistrovirus 2, Rhopalosiphum padi, and Aphid lethal paralysis, respectively. The presence of viruses in bats needs constant updating since the study was able to identify viral sequences related to families or genera still poorly described in the literature in association with bats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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48. Geographic variation and discrimination of social calls in male great himalayan leaf-nosed bats: do functionally similar calls have similar patterns?
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Zhang, Chunmian, Zheng, Ziqi, Lucas, Jeffrey R., Feng, Jiang, Sun, Congnan, and Jiang, Tinglei
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Geographical variation in animals’ acoustic signals has received much attention. However, few studies have compared the patterns and underlying selective forces driving geographical divergence of vocalizations with similar and different functions within the same species. Also, the social consequences of geographical divergence in acoustic signals are still rather poorly understood. Here we recorded three types of social calls of male great Himalayan leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros armiger) across eight colonies in China. Two calls share similar functions and the third has a function distinct from the other two. We examined the patterns and causes of geographical variation of each of these calls. We found that all three calls had significant geographic variation with similar patterns of spatial variation. Only one of the two social calls with similar functions was found to be affected by genetic drift, while the other two calls were not affected by selection, drift, or morphological constraints. Furthermore, we found that bats could discriminate between vocalizations of their own colony and those of an allopatric colony. Overall, these results suggest that acoustic signals with similar functions may be shaped by different driving forces and acoustic signals with different functions may exhibit similar geographical patterns. This study expands our limited knowledge of the patterns of geographical variation of vocalizations emitted at different emotional states and highlights the importance of comparing simultaneously patterns and causes of geographical divergence of vocalizations with similar and different functions.Significance statement: This study provides the empirical evidence suggesting that calls with a similar function may fail to co-vary and alternatively calls with a different function may co-vary. Moreover, we show that bats can discriminate between calls of their own colony from those of a foreign colony. These results expand our limited knowledge of the patterns of geographical variation of vocalizations uttered under different emotional states and the nature of functional drivers that influence the evolution of communicative systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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49. The nose knows: a review of the diversity, form, and function of the external and internal features of the bat nose.
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Dzal, Yvonne A. and Gillam, Erin H.
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Dr. M. Brock Fenton has been intrigued by the diversity of bats throughout his long career, and has combined his research and photography skills to capture the extensive morphological diversity found across the order Chiroptera. In this paper, we honour Brock's fascination with diversity by conducting a review of the external and internal characteristics of the bat nose, a morphological feature that Brock's photographs have beautifully captured in many bat species. Specifically, we explore variation in form and function of the bat rostrum and its role in respiration, echolocation, and olfaction in bats, with an emphasis on the noseleaves of nasal-emitting echolocators, as well as how turbinate morphology may be impacted by nasophonation. While our review is not an extensive dive into all that is known about bat noses, our goal is to highlight the diversity we see in form across the order Chiroptera while exploring how function has been shaped by selection, particularly in relation to mode of echolocation signal emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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50. Severe zoonotic viruses carried by different species of bats and their regional distribution.
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Liu, Zegang, Liu, Qinlu, Wang, Huifang, and Yao, Xinsheng
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EBOLA virus , *CORONAVIRUSES , *RIFT Valley fever , *HEPATITIS E virus , *HENDRA virus , *JAPANESE encephalitis viruses , *WEST Nile virus - Abstract
Bats have garnered increased attention in the field of life sciences for their typical biological characteristics of carrying a variety of zoonotic viruses without disease, long lifespans, low tumorigenesis rates, and high metabolism. When it was found that bats can carry the rabies virus, over 60 years of research revealed that bats host over 4100 distinct viruses, including Ebola virus and SARS-CoV. This paper primarily reviews the profiles of zoonotic viruses carried by bats across various regions globally. The review aims to provide a foundation and reference for future research on monitoring zoonotic viruses in diverse global regions and bat species, exploring the coevolutionary relationship between bats and viruses, understanding the tolerance mechanisms of bat B cells, prevention, and treatment of zoonotic diseases caused by bats. The search used 'bat', 'bats', 'rabies virus', 'Dengue virus', 'West Nile virus', 'Zika virus', 'St. Louis encephalitis virus', 'Japanese encephalitis virus', 'Hantavirus', 'Novel hantavirus', 'Rift Valley fever virus', 'Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus', 'Paramyxovirus', 'Nipah virus', 'Hendra virus', 'Menangle virus', 'Tioman virus', 'Marburg Virus', 'Bombali virus', 'Ebola virus', 'Influenza A virus', 'coronavirus', 'Hepatitis B virus', and 'Hepatitis E virus' as text in PubMed. A total of 147 references were obtained. Surveys on severe zoonotic virus carriage have been limited to only 83 bat species belonging to nine families, which are distributed all over the world. We also briefly describe the antibody responses and B-cell molecules in bats. Several viruses have been found in different species of bats. This suggests that bats may be important hosts for future viral infectious diseases. Particularly in recent years, the close correlation between human infection pandemics caused by coronaviruses and bats highlights the pressing need to comprehend the species, tolerance, and coevolutionary mechanisms of zoonotic viruses carried by different bat species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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