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Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are crucial energy equipment that sustain low cost and better environmental benefit. Nevertheless, the practical energy density of SIBs is limited by cathode material. Over last decades, the iron‐based sulfate (IBS) has been extensively studied owing to its numerous advantages, including a large theoretical specific energy (over 100 Wh kg−1), high working potential (above 3.4 V), low cost, good structural stability, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, the application of IBS in SIBs is limited by its unsuitable electrolyte and low electronic/ionic conductivity. This review summarizes recently developed results on IBS materials for SIBs, ranging from the phase diagram–composition structure–electrochemical performance to modification research. A generalized summary of the future prospects of IBS‐based materials is also provided, with the hope of inspiring further advances in their application in SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The millisecond-level precision of NTP (network time protocol) in train communication networks has increasingly failed to meet the requirements of high traffic and deterministic transmission. Meanwhile, existing research is limited to applying the PTP (precision time protocol) to train communication scenarios, lacking research on time synchronization in time-sensitive networks within train communication networks. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct relevant analysis. Method Firstly, based on the current research status of time synchronization in train communication networks, the deviation and delay in train communication networks are analyzed according to time-sensitive network synchronization protocols. Secondly, redundancy mechanis for clock service source failures and jumps are proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the redundancy mechanism is verified through simulation of the time synchronization process. Result & Conclusion Time-sensitive networks are well suited for time synchronization of clock service sources in train communication networks, and their redundancy mechanisms effectively mitigate synchronization errors caused by clock service source failures and jumps.

Objective TCN (train communication networks) has complex topologies and requires high real-time transmission capabilities. Currently, train data transmission mainly relies on TRDP (train real-time data protocol) for carriage, while there are issues of network latency uncertainty. TSN is thus adopted to ensure bounded latency for data transmission, addressing the aforementioned issues faced by TCN. Method A method called TTAM (TRDP and TSN adaptive method) is proposed to achieve protocol conversion between TRDP and TSN, ensuring data transmission in the network. Result & Conclusion Through the establishment of a TSN testbed, the functionality and performance of TSN networks (IEEE 802.1 AS and IEEE 802.1 Qbv) are tested, validating the effectiveness of TTAM in TSN technology application.

Using Fe-modified biochar (Fe-B) to capture phosphorus in eutrophic water and then reusing it as a phosphorus fertilizer for agricultural production is a sustainable way to remediate surface water eutrophication and develop agriculture. However, the adsorption efficiency of Fe-modified biochar is influenced by a variety of factors including methods to produce biochar and surface water environment. In this review, we analyze different methods to manufacture Fe-B and their efficacy for phosphate adsorption. Other factors we analyzed include pH value, coexisting ions, biochar application rate, temperature which have shown to affect the capacity of Fe-B to adsorb phosphorus. We also discuss the potential of Fe-B and the phosphorus it adsorbed to be reused as a slow-release phosphorus fertilizer for agricultural production, as well as the perspective of Fe -modified biochar (Fe-B) and its applications.

The synergy between Nb/Ti strengthening and precise isothermal transformation temperatures has resulted in the optimal microstructure and mechanical properties in Nb/Ti anti-seismic rebars. The microstructure, precipitates, and mechanical properties of experimental steels at different isothermal transformation temperatures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and universal tensile testing machine. As the isothermal transformation temperature decreased from 700 to 600°C, the ferrite grain size, pearlite interlamellar spacing, and carbon diffusion coefficient of the experimental steel decreased to 6.69 μm, 0.17 μm, and 0.14 cm2·s−1, respectively, while the yield strength and tensile strength increased to 584 and 714 MPa, respectively. At 600°C, the pearlite transformation rate in the experimental steel was the fastest, accompanied by the most rapid precipitation kinetics. The precipitates were (Nb, Ti)C of approximately 50 nm in size, with a mismatch of 14.24% at the matrix/precipitate interface and a screw dislocation angle of 2.07°. The presence of screw dislocation steps may facilitate nucleation of Nb/Ti precipitates, forming semi-coherent interfaces.

The nuclear heating rate is a critical parameter for reactor core design and irradiation tests, it is typically determined via experimental measurements in a reactor experimental channel. In-pile calibration of calorimeter is an important method for measuring the nuclear heating rate in a fission reactor. This paper summarizes the working principle of the common in-pile calorimeter and reviews the current situation and research progress with regard to in-pile calorimetry employed worldwide. The structural design and performance characteristics of single-cell and multi-cell (differential) calorimeters are compared, and the design method of multimodal integrated measurement device, which represents one of development directions of calorimeters, is introduced. Moreover, the in- and out-pile calibration principles and application methods are described. The advantages and disadvantages of the calibration methods are analyzed, and the developing trend and direction for next-generation in-pile calorimeters are prospected.

With the increasing penetration of distributed power sources, the stochastic and fluctuating nature of distributed power sources poses a great challenge to the reactive power optimization of the distribution network system. In this study, a dynamic reactive power optimization model with two-stage robust optimization is established, proposing whether the energy storage is charged or discharged. The number of groups of group-switching capacitors is taken as the variables in the first stage. The power of the energy storage charging and discharging and the amount of static reactive power compensator compensation are placed in the second stage. The control strategy in the first stage ensures that the control strategy in the second stage can maintain the safe and stable operation of the distribution network under the worst scenarios. The grid-storage joint optimization technology based on distributed architecture establishes an optimization planning model for the distribution network energy storage system with the goal of optimal technical and economic performance of the transmission and distribution network and considering the constraints of safe and stable operation of the transmission and distribution network, respectively. The PG&E-69 node system arithmetic example is used to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model and algorithm. The results of the arithmetic example show that the strategy obtained based on the robust optimization model can achieve voltage magnitude stability within the safety range of 1.0-1.05 p.u. in the simulation scenario that has the best economy. At the same time, the mismatches of each distribution system under cooperative planning are all 0, which indicates that the proposed optimization strategy can fully cooperate with the resources of transmission and distribution networks, promote the safe consumption of clean energy, effectively improve the economy of transmission and distribution networks, and achieve the goal of “mutual benefit and win-win”.

This paper explores the principle of deep reinforcement learning algorithm application and constructs the digital teaching model of Civics through the recurrent neural network, Markov decision process, Actor-Critic algorithm and collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm. On this basis, the state representation model and decision-making model are invoked to improve the diversity optimization recommendation of the deep reinforcement learning algorithm. Aiming at the problems existing in the practical application of the OBE concept, the model constructed in this paper is utilized to propose a multi-platform integration of the Civics digital learning model. The objective of empirical and simulation experiments is to confirm the model’s implementation and recommendation effects, respectively. In the validation of hyperparameter d and N values, the DQN model achieves the optimal recommendation effect when the d values are 65 and 63 on the HetRec and MovieTweetings datasets. During the implementation of the digital teaching evaluation of the course Civics, more than 60% of the students rated the teacher’s feedback session higher. Overall, the 6 dimensions were rated higher, and the number of students who chose to be fully compliant and conforming was more than 200.

Exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) is associated with several chronic diseases, but the relationship with mortality risk is unclear. Therefore, we used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2018 data to evaluate these relationships. 6,869 participants aged 18 years or older were included. Survival status information was obtained through the National Death Index through 31 December 2019. Multivariable COX regression model was adopted to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relationships of urinary OPEs metabolites with mortality risk. During an average of 5.0 years of follow-up, 406 deaths were documented. After adjusting for confounders, bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality [HR (95%CI) = 1.12(1.05–1.20)] and cardiovascular mortality [HR (95%CI) = 1.15(1.04–1.26)]. Our study found that exposure to OPEs was significantly associated with increased risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Consequently, controlling OPEs exposure is needed to alleviate the health-related burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we report the chemical synthesis of conjugation-ready trisaccharides, representing biological repeating units of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 10 and 19 O -antigens. The α-d-QuiN 3 glycosidic bond was stereoselectively synthesized through TMSI─Ph 3 P═O mediated 1,2- cis glycosylation. Selective oxidation of the C6-OH group at the disaccharide stage allowed for benzylidene-promoted construction of the α-l-GalN 3 glycosidic bond and simplification of the postglycosylation process at the trisaccharide stage. The low reaction temperature and neighboring electron-donating effect facilitated the efficient synthesis of the trisaccharide.

In this Letter, a surface wave, the Pearcey Talbot-like plasmon, which has the properties of self-imaging and multiple autofocusing, is presented as a novel, to the best of our knowledge, plasmonic bottle array generation scheme. With originality, the overall structure and the partial intensity of the plasmonic bottle array can be adjusted through the initial input, and modifying the Pearcey function enables the plasmonic bottle array to exhibit self-bending characteristics, which makes particle capture and manipulation easier and more flexible. A scheme to generate the plasmon is proposed, and we prove it by the finite-difference time-domain numerical simulations.

Replica symmetry breaking (RSB) has been introduced in a random laser to investigate the interactions between disorder and fluctuations. In this work, the dynamic difference between four non-energy transfer and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-assisted random laser systems is investigated based on RSB. It is found that FRET is one of the key factors influencing RSB, and it is demonstrated that RSB in a random laser is not robust. This dynamic difference can be attributed to the different disorders induced by the gain mechanism in different random laser systems. This provides experimental evidence and theoretical support for the classification feasibility of RL with different emission mechanisms employing RSB.