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In this work, a thermally tunable optical resonator operating in the visible wavelength range is reported, which consists of a bilayer structure composed of a thin silver layer and a dielectric coating of [Fe(HB(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)3)2] switchable spin‐crossover (SCO) molecules. White light is coupled to the resonant structure using a prism and the resulting resonance spectra are investigated as a function of the incident angle and temperature. Switching the SCO molecules from the low‐spin to the high‐spin state gives rise to a substantial blueshift of the resonances reaching up to 30 nm (associated with a reflectance modulation of up to 70%), which can be linked, through transfer‐matrix simulations, to the variation of the optical thickness of the molecular layer. Interestingly, the study demonstrated that the large thermal tunability of the device also gives rise to a photothermal nonlinearity, which can be leveraged for achieving optical limiting applications. Overall, through the present study, it is shown that molecular SCO nanomaterials can be superior to commonly used thermo‐optical switches and well‐established optical phase‐change materials for applications requiring high broadband optical transparency in the visible spectral domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel dynamical model, building upon the existing dynamical model for Deimos in the current numerical ephemerides, which only encompasses the simple libration effects of Deimos. The study comprehensively incorporates the rotational dynamics of Deimos influenced by the torque exerted by the major celestial bodies (Mars, the Sun) in the solar system within the inertial space. Consequently, a full dynamical model is formulated to account for the complete coupling between the rotation and orbit of Deimos. Simultaneously, employing precision orbit determination methods used for artificial satellites, we develop an adjustment model for fitting data to the complete model. The 12-order Adams–Bashforth–Moulton (ABM) integration algorithm is employed to synchronously integrate the 12 state variables of the full model to obtain the orbit of Deimos.The difference in the orbits obtained by integrating the full model over a period of 10 years and those obtained by the simplified model is at the order of 10 km. After precise orbit determination, this difference decreases to below 100 m, so numerical simulation results indicate that the full dynamical model and adjustment model are stable and reliable. Simultaneously, the integration of the Deimos third-order gravity field in the full model over a 10-year period induces only meter-level positional changes. This suggests that when constructing the complete model, the utilization of a second-order gravity field alone is sufficient. Compared to the simple model, the polar axis of Deimos in the inertial space exhibits a more complex oscillation in the full model. Additionally, the full model calculates that the minimum moment of inertia principal axis of Phobos has an amplitude of approximately 0.5 degrees in the longitude direction and does not exceed 2 degrees in the latitude direction. This work further advances the current dynamical model for Deimos and establishes the foundational model for the generation of a new set of precise numerical ephemerides for Deimos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By employing the cubic B-spline functions, a collocation approach was devised in this study to address the Modified Regularized Long Wave (MRLW) equation. Then, we derived the corresponding nonlinear system and easily solved it using Newton's iterative approach. It was established that the cubic B-spline collocation technique exhibits unconditional stability. The dynamics of solitary waves, including their pairwise and triadic interactions, were meticulously investigated utilizing the proposed numerical method. Additionally, the transformation of the Maxwellian initial condition into solitary wave formations is presented. To validate the current work, three distinct scenarios were compared against the analytical solution and outcomes from alternative methods under both L 2 - and L ∞ -error norms. Primarily, the key strength of the suggested scheme lies in its capacity to yield enhanced numerical resolutions when employed to solve the MRLW equation, and these conservation laws show that the solitary waves have time and space translational symmetry in the propagation process. Finally, this paper concludes with a summary of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To explore the role of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in the formation of atherosclerosis (As) induced by Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pn) infection. Methods The As model in mice of ApoE-/-, ApoE-/- +TLR2-/- and ApoE-/- +Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) -/- +AMD3100 induced by C. pn infection was established on the basis of high fat diet. C. pn IgG and IgM antibody levels were detected by ELISA, and C. pn specific DNA was detected by PCR. Lipid deposition and As lesion area in aorta and aortic root were observed by oil red O and HE staining. Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) were analyzed by colorimetry, and ELISA was used to measure the contents of serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Results The ApoE-/- mice model of C. pn infection was established successfully. Compared with the control group, lipid deposition in aorta and aortic root of ApoE-/- mice increased by 89. 08% and 71.83%, and As lesion area increased by 34. 12% after C. pn infection (all P<0.05). Compared with the C. pn infection group, lipid deposition in aorta and aortic root reduced by 46.16% and 75. 73%, and the lesion area of As decreased by 63.37% in the TLR2-/- +C. pn infection group (all P<0.05). Compared with the TLR2-/- +C. pn infection group, lipid deposition in aorta and aortic root decreased by 26.19% and 56. 94%, and the lesion area of As decreased by 22.24 % in the TLR2-/- +AMD3100+C. pn infection group (all P <0.05). Compared with the control group, serum levels of TC, TG and LDLC increased by 0.62 times, 1.43 times and 1.34 times after C. pn infection, respectively, while serum contents of IL-1β and IL-6 increased by 4. 10 times and 6.00 times, respectively (all P<0.05). Compared with the C. pn infection group, serum levels of TC, TG and LDLC in the TLR2-/- +C. pn infection group decreased by 56.96%, 50.41% and 66.64%, and serum contents of IL-1β and IL-6 also decreased by 66.72% and 69.54% respectively (all P<0.05). Compared with the TLR2-/- +C. pn infection group, serum levels of TC, TG and LDLC in the TLR2-/- + AMD3100 +C. pn infection group decreased by 52.18%, 58.56% and 60.61%, and serum contents of IL-1β and IL-6 and reduced by 28.84% and 43.18%, respectively (all P<0.05). Conclusion CXCR4 enhances the roles of TLR2 in increasing the serum lipid levels and the contents of inflammatory factors, and then participates in the formation of As lesions induced by C. pn infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quotient space method provides a novel idea for modelling the transient dynamics of dimension-varying control systems. This paper investigates the realisation problem of the transient dynamics of dimension-varying control systems. By revealing the structure of the controllable subspace for the linear system on quotient space, we propose the condition for the realisation of the transient dynamics of dimension-varying control systems, based on which a new scheme for modelling the transient dynamics is given. Moreover, the proposed scheme justifies the existing result for the strategy for modelling the transient dynamics. A numeric example is given to illustrate our theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the post-pandemic era, a wide range of COVID-19 sequelae is of growing health concern. However, the risks of digestive diseases in long COVID have not been comprehensively understood. To investigate the long-term risk of digestive diseases among COVID patients. Methods: In this large-scale retrospective cohort study with up to 2.6 years follow-up (median follow-up: 0.7 years), the COVID-19 group (n = 112,311), the contemporary comparison group (n = 359,671) and the historical comparison group (n = 370,979) predated the COVID-19 outbreak were built using UK Biobank database. Each digestive outcome was defined as the diagnosis 30 days or more after the onset of COVID-19 infection or the index date. Hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed utilizing the Cox regression models after inverse probability weighting. Results: Compared with the contemporary comparison group, patients with previous COVID-19 infection had higher risks of digestive diseases, including gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction (HR 1.38 (95% CI 1.26 to 1.51)); peptic ulcer disease (HR 1.23 (1.00 to 1.52)); gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (HR 1.41 (1.30 to 1.53)); gallbladder disease (HR 1.21 (1.06 to 1.38)); severe liver disease (HR 1.35 (1.03 to 1.76)); non-alcoholic liver disease (HR 1.27 (1.09 to 1.47)); and pancreatic disease (HR 1.36 (1.11 to 1.66)). The risks of GERD were increased stepwise with the severity of the acute phase of COVID-19 infection. Even after 1-year follow-up, GERD (HR 1.64 (1.30 to 2.07)) and GI dysfunction (HR 1.35 (1.04 to 1.75)) continued to pose risks to COVID-19 patients. Compared to those with one SARS-CoV-2 infection, reinfected patients were at a higher risk of pancreatic diseases (HR 2.57 (1.23 to 5.38)). The results were consistent when the historical cohort was used as the comparison group. Conclusions: Our study provides insights into the association between COVID-19 and the long-term risk of digestive system disorders. COVID-19 patients are at a higher risk of developing digestive diseases. The risks exhibited a stepwise escalation with the severity of COVID-19, were noted in cases of reinfection, and persisted even after 1-year follow-up. This highlights the need to understand the varying risks of digestive outcomes in COVID-19 patients over time, particularly those who experienced reinfection, and develop appropriate follow-up strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To determine the carrier frequency of, and evaluate a carrier screening program for, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in reproductive age women in Shenzhen area. Methods: A staged screening procedure was used to perform carrier screening for SMA in 22,913 Chinese reproductive age women between 2019 and 2022 in Shenzhen area of China. First, the copy number of exon 7 in the SMN1 gene were detected in women of reproductive age using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. If SMA carriers were detected, their spouses were then recommended to test. Prenatal diagnosis was carried out in couples who were both carriers. Results: A total of 389 women were found to be SMA carriers (1.70%, 95% CI: 1.53%–1.87%), indicating the carrier prevalence was approximately 1:59. Despite the proportion of nonpregnant women increased from 37.96% in 2019 to 58.18% in 2022 (p < 0.05) among the 22,913 reproductive age women, the recall rate of spouses was still not high (62.21%, 95% CI: 57.39%–67.03%). Eight partners were found to be SMA carriers and two fetuses were determined to have SMA with no copies of the SMN1 gene. Conclusion: Although the acceptability and awareness of SMA carrier screening in Chinese population has increased in recent years, it still fails to reach the ideal expectation. Our experience may provide a basis for and facilitate the popularization of SMA carrier screening in Shenzhen area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years, chaotic maps have been widely used in the design of various algorithms in cryptographic systems. In this paper, a new model (compound chaotic system) of quantum random walks controlled by a hyper-chaotic map is constructed and a novel scheme for constructing a dynamic S-Box based on the new model is proposed. Through aperiodic evaluation and statistical complexity measurement, it is shown that the compound chaotic system has features such as complex structure and stronger randomness than classical chaotic systems. Based on the chaotic sequence generated by the composite system, we design a dynamic S-Box generation mechanism. The mechanism can quickly generate high-security S-Boxes. Then, an example of randomly generating S-Boxes is given alongside an analytical evaluation of S-Box standard performance criteria such as bijection, boomerang uniformity, bit independence, nonlinearity, linear approximate probability, strict avalanche effect, differential uniformity, the and generalized majority logic criterion. The evaluation results confirm that the performance of the S-Box is excellent. Thus, the proposed dynamic S-Box construction technique can be used to generate cryptographically strong substitution-boxes in practical information security systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The air in the metro or subway system, which is a major form of public transportation in many metropolises, contributes to the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, 18 aerosol samples were collected from two typical Shanghai subway stations (A and B) in the summer, transition, and winter seasons. Bacterial communities and their associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were analyzed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Metagenomic analysis approaches and random forest classification were used to compare and screen the distribution of key target species and ARGs. Bacteria were the predominant microbial kingdom with a relative abundance of 88.28%. In total, 5303 bacterial species were identified in subway stations A and B. The top three abundant bacterial species were unclassified_Pseudomonas , Ewingella_americana , and Halalkalicoccus_subterraneus. Microbial diversity analysis revealed that the microbial communities significantly varied between the three seasons (P < 0.05). Additionally, factors, such as temperature, relative humidity, and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) significantly influenced bacterial community structure (P < 0.05). The random forest algorithm was used to screen indicators in bacterial communities. Some of these bacterial communities, which were primarily derived from environmental sources, may pose health risks. In total, 312 ARGs subtypes related to 20 ARGs classes were identified in subway stations A and B. Random forest classification results revealed 20 indicative types of ARGs, including those involved in metabolizing aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, multidrug, and rifamycin-type antibiotics. This study provides novel insights into microbial communities and ARGs in typical subway micro-environments and their dissemination in subway environments. • A cross-seasonal comprehensive survey in the Shanghai Metro system. • Air microbial composition, bacterial diversity, and ARGs. • To provide bio-surveillance and analysis methods for monitoring pathogens in metro system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni 0.85 Se-MoSe 2 @PEI was constructed by heterogeneous structure and surface modification. Heterogeneous interface can provide abundant active sites and enhance electron transfer, PEI surface modification can optimize O 2 adsorption configuration and regulates electronic structure. The prepared Ni 0.85 Se-MoSe 2 @PEI performed 91.7% selectivity of H 2 O 2 and 3.57 mol g cat. −1h−1H 2 O 2 yield rate in acidic solution. [Display omitted] • The Ni 0.85 Se-MoSe 2 @PEI exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity for 2e− ORR. • The heterostructure provides abundant active sites, enhancing electron transfer in 2e− ORR. • PEI modification can optimize O 2 adsorption configurations and the adsorption of reaction intermediates. • The strategy provides a novel approach to the electrochemical synthesis of H 2 O 2. Two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e− ORR) for hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) production in acidic solution is becoming a promising synthetic method due to its mild and green process. However, it is still hindered by sluggish kinetics and low selectivity. Given that heterostructure can enhance electron transfer and provide abundant active sites, interface modification can optimize O 2 adsorption configurations and the adsorption energy of the reaction intermediates to improve ORR activity and selectivity. Here, we coupled heterostructures of Ni 0.85 Se-MoSe 2 and polyethyleneimine (PEI) functionalization to enhance the activity and selectivity of the 2e− ORR for the efficient production of H 2 O 2 in acidic solutions. The as-fabricated Ni 0.85 Se-MoSe 2 @PEI performed 91.7 % selectivity of H 2 O 2 in the rotating ring-disk electrode test, while the H 2 O 2 yield rate was up to 3.57 mol g cat. −1h−1 and the Faraday efficiency was 95.5 % in the H-type cell. In addition, Ni 0.85 Se-MoSe 2 @PEI maintains excellent stability in long-term operation, verifying the practicability of the catalyst. The combination of heterostructure and interface engineering provides research ideas for the electrochemical synthesis of H 2 O 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In air-conditioning load predicting, the mainstream methods mainly include mechanism model based methods and data-driven prediction methods. The mechanism model can achieve accurate prediction, but are normally used to predict non-existent buildings and by default have to make several assumptions regarding post occupancy. This study proposes a novel data-driven short-term cooling load prediction method based on historical data of the existing buildings to improve the prediction performance when the size of the training sample datasets, including load data and air conditioning internal operation data, is small. Firstly, an improved version of variational mode decomposition (IVMD) technique is proposed to deconstruct complex historical cooling load signals. Then, the permutation entropy and Savitzky-Golay (PE-SG) smoothing method is developed to extract singles with distinct characteristics and high regularity, which comprises multiple single-component amplitude and frequency modulation (AFM) signals, thus mitigating the interference of noise in predictive accuracy. Subsequently, a data-driven model based on temporal convolutional network (TCN) is constructed, which effectively alleviates the risks of over-fitting and under-fitting. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed method is validated through two case studies, and the obtained results show that the issues confronted by small sample datasets are adeptly solved by this method. The precision of prediction is significantly enhanced according to the comparison to other traditional models, showcasing greater stability and generalization ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interstitial atom doping can enhance mechanical properties and phase structure, but its impact on corrosion resistance is not well-researched. This study investigated the influence of carbon-doping on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys. The results show that alloy doped with a moderate carbon content (C0.3 alloy) have the best corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, while alloys with carbides (M 7 C 3) show poor corrosion resistance. The stability, semiconductive property, and composition of the passivation films were characterized to reveal the corrosion mechanisms. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development and application of carbon-doped high-entropy alloys. • The corrosion mechanisms of CoCrFeNi-C x HEAs was studied. • Doping with moderate amounts of carbon can improve the corrosion resistance. • The alloys containing M 7 C 3 carbides undergo galvanic coupling corrosion. • The passivation film properties of alloys (C0.1, C0.3, C0.9) were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Tumor cells with damaged mitochondria undergo metabolic reprogramming, but gene therapy targeting mitochondria has not been comprehensively reported. In this study, plasmids targeting the normal hepatocyte cell line (L-O2) and hepatocellular carcinoma cell line were generated using three genes SIRT3 , SIRT4 , and SIRT5. These deacetylases play a variety of regulatory roles in cancer and are related to mitochondrial function. Compared with L-O2, SIRT3 and SIRT4 significantly ameliorated mitochondrial damage in HCCLM3, Hep3B and HepG2 cell lines and regulated mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, respectively. We constructed double-gene plasmid for co-express SIRT3 and SIRT4 using the internal ribosome entry site (IRES). The results indicated that the double-gene plasmid effectively expressed SIRT3 and SIRT4, significantly improved mitochondrial quality and function, and reduced mtDNA level and oxidative stress in HCC cells. MitoTracker analysis revealed that the mitochondrial network was restored. The proliferation, migration capabilities of HCC cells were reduced, whereas their differentiation abilities were enhanced. This study demonstrated that the use of IRES-linked SIRT3 and SIRT4 double-gene vectors induced the differentiation of HCC cells and inhibited their development by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction. This intervention helped reverse metabolic reprogramming, and may provide a groundbreaking new framework for HCC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a great demand for precision fish farming in aquaculture, and accurate fish counting is essential for precise control and monitoring of fish farming processes. Traditional fish counting is manual, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. Image recognition is an effective method for automatic counting. However, the accuracy of automatic detection in real environments is limited by the different sizes, swimming styles of fish, and the potential for mutual occlusion between multiple moving objects. This study introduces a BoTS-YOLOv5s-seg model based on YOLOv5s to achieve accurate detection of fish edge by using the YOLOv5s instance segmentation model and improving the loss function to SIoU loss while improving non-maximum suppression to reduce missed detection of overlapping objects, and finally incorporating a bottleneck transformer to make the model more focused on valid image information and reduce the model parameters. The BoTS-YOLOv5s-seg model proposed in this study to a realistic scenario with a farmed fish dataset had better performance and resulted in a small model size of only 7.1 M, and the values of mAP@0.5 and GFLOPs of the proposed algorithm reached 90.9% and 25.4, respectively, surpassing the traditional YOLOv5s-seg, YOLOv5m-seg, and YOLOv5l-seg in terms of detection results. This research proposes a method that can effectively support accurate fish counting in the context of intelligent aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of repeated sodium hypochlorite stress on the resistance of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) LWCC1051. LWCC1051 was exposed to Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) containing sodium hypochlorite concentrations of 9 mmol/L, 10 mmol/L, and 11 mmol/L. After 13 repeated transfers and incubations, three sodium hypochlorite resisted LWCC1051 strains were obtained. The D-values and colony morphologies of these strains were assessed. Their survival rates at 60 °C, 65 °C, 70 °C, 75 °C, and − 20 °C were determined and lethality curves at these temperatures were fitted using the Weibull model. Additionally, the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for these strains in various chemicals, including malic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride were ascertained. Sodium hypochlorite concentrations of 9 mmol/L, 10 mmol/L, and 11 mmol/L in TSB induced sodium hypochlorite resistance in S. Enteritidis. D-value increased with the frequency of stress exposure. Higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite resulted in greater D-values and noticeable differences in colony morphologies. The Weibull model accurately represented the temperature resistance curves of LWCC1051 at the specified temperatures. With increasing sodium hypochlorite stress, both high and low-temperature resistances of LWCC1051 improved. Furthermore, under acetic acid stress, the MIC and MBC values of LWCC1051 strains, post exposure to 9 mmol/L, 10 mmol/L, and 11 mmol/L sodium hypochlorite, doubled. Sodium hypochlorite stress enhances the cross-resistance of LWCC1051 to high temperature, low temperature, and acetic acid treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life satisfaction is vital for a smooth transition to emerging adulthood. However, research on age and gender-related fluctuations in life satisfaction has yielded inconclusive and culture-specific results, which necessitates further investigation in more diverse contexts, including the Chinese culture. Despite the attribution theory and the value-as-a-moderator model highlighting the significance of achievement attribution in this period characterized by the pursuit of success, little is known about the specific impact of internal and external achievement attribution on the development of life satisfaction. This study examined life satisfaction trajectories from adolescence to emerging adulthood and explored the moderating effects of gender and achievement attribution, using five waves of data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The sample consists of 504 youth (52.2% female), whose life satisfaction was tracked from 2012 (Mage = 16.55, SD = 0.50) to 2020 (Mage = 24.56, SD = 0.50). The multilevel growth models revealed that life satisfaction increased from ages 16 to 18, peaked at age 18, fell until age 20, and then remained stable from ages 20 to 24. No significant association was found between gender or external achievement attribution and life satisfaction development. Youth with higher internal achievement attribution had a greater increase in life satisfaction from ages 16 to 18, but had a larger decrease from ages 18 to 20. Adjusting internal achievement attribution may help alleviate the vulnerability of youth experiencing declining life satisfaction when transitioning to adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural variants drive tumorigenesis by disrupting normal gene function through insertions, inversions, translocations, and copy number changes, including deletions and duplications. Detecting structural variants is crucial for revealing their roles in tumor development, clinical outcomes, and personalized therapy. Presently, most studies rely on short-read data from next-generation sequencing that aligns back to a reference genome to determine if and, if so, where a structural variant occurs. However, structural variant discovery by short-read sequencing is challenging, primarily because of the difficulty in mapping regions of repetitive sequences. Optical genome mapping (OGM) is a recent technology used for imaging and assembling long DNA strands to detect structural variations. To capture the structural variant landscape more thoroughly in the human genome, we developed an integrated pipeline that combines Bionano OGM and Illumina whole-genome sequencing and applied it to samples from 29 pediatric B-ALL patients. The addition of OGM allowed us to identify 511 deletions, 506 insertions, 93 duplications/gains, and 145 translocations that were otherwise missed in the short-read data. Moreover, we identified several novel gene fusions, the expression of which was confirmed by RNA sequencing. Our results highlight the benefit of integrating OGM and short-read detection methods to obtain a comprehensive analysis of genetic variation that can aid in clinical diagnosis, provide new therapeutic targets, and improve personalized medicine in cancers driven by structural variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation efficiency to enhance simultaneous generation of radicals and non‐radicals is essential for removing new pollutants (NPs) in complex waters. However, achieving this with standard lattice‐structured heterogeneous catalysts remains challenging due to inefficient electron transfer. Here, CuCo2O4 properties are successfully tuned by controlling lattice distortion, enabling simultaneous PMS oxidation and reduction. Unlike the slow rate of electron transfer in heterogeneous metal catalysts with standard lattice structures, the highly active binary lattice distortion in CuCo2O4 alters the structure and electron distribution, exposes more Cu and Co sites, lowers the PMS adsorption barriers, and realizes the synergistic production of SO4•−/•OH), and 1O2. The k‐value for ciprofloxacin is as high as 17.83 min−1 M−1, 29.42 times higher than that with non‐binary lattice distortion. Additionally, the developed intermittent reactor consistently maintains a removal rate above 95% over five cycles in actual wastewater treatment scenarios. This work provides a new avenue for achieving the removal of new pollutants in complex water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnolol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound in many edible plants, which has various biological effects including anti-aging and alleviating neurodegenerative diseases. However, the underlying mechanism on longevity is uncertain. In this study, we investigated the effect of magnolol on the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans and explored the mechanism. The results showed that magnolol treatment significantly extended the lifespan of nematode and alleviated senescence-related decline in the nematode model. Meanwhile, magnolol enhanced stress resistance to heat shock, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), mercuric potassium chloride (MeHgCl) and paraquat (PQ) in nematode. In addition, magnolol reduced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increased superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT) activities in nematodes. Magnolol also up-regulated gene expression of sod-3, hsp16.2, ctl-3, daf-16, skn-1, hsf-1, sir2.1, etc., down-regulated gene expression of daf-2, and promoted intranuclear translocation of daf-16 in nematodes. The lifespan-extending effect of magnolol were reversed in insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) pathway-related mutant lines, including daf-2, age-1, daf-16, skn-1, hsf-1 and sir-2.1, suggesting that IIS signaling is involved in the modulation of longevity by magnolol. Furthermore, magnolol improved the age-related neurodegeneration in PD and AD C. elegans models. These results indicate that magnolol may enhance lifespan and health span through IIS and sir-2.1 pathways. Thus, the current findings implicate magnolol as a potential candidate to ameliorate the symptoms of aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic activity and deactivation characteristic of spherically shaped Mo/H-ZSM-5 particles in the non-oxidative dehydroaromatization of methane was evaluated in a fluidized bed reactor under different cyclic reaction-regeneration operation modes. The aim is to verify the superiority of the H 2 regeneration approach over that oxidative approach in restoring the catalytic performance of coke-deactivated Mo/H-ZSM-5 catalyst. Compared with the fresh catalyst, the catalyst samples oxidatively regenerated at 973 and 1073 K exhibited at 1073 K a largely reduced initial activity and an obviously accelerated deactivation rate. By contrast, the catalyst sample regenerated in a H 2 stream at 1073 K maintained basically the initial activity level and deactivation characteristic of the fresh catalyst over cycles. Oxidatively regenerated at a lower temperature of 773 K, the catalyst sample was allowed to maintain the initial high activity of the fresh catalyst but its deactivation rate estimated over a 20 min reaction period showed an obvious tendency to increase with increasing the number of regeneration cycles. Characterization of all spent catalyst samples using TG, XRD and NMR techniques revealed that a significant loss of active Mo sites via sublimation and/or formation of inactive Al 2 (MoO 4) 3 and local collapse of zeolite framework occurred to the two samples once oxidatively regenerated at 973 and 1073 K, while neither Mo loss nor framework breakdown was detected with the H 2 -regenerated sample. Additionally, the formation of disordered non-framework Al was found to occur to the two samples once oxidatively regenerated at 773 and 873 K. All these suggest that applying the H 2 approach to regenerate coke-deactivated Mo/H-ZSM-5 enables the catalyst to avoid losing any of its active Mo sites in its cyclic regeneration process and therefore must be helpful for maintenance of its catalytic performance over the reaction-regeneration cycles. [Display omitted] • Oxidative and H 2 regeneration operations of deactivated Mo/H-ZSM-5 tests were performed at different temperatures. The catalytic activity and stability were compared to confirm the better effectiveness of H 2 regeneration approach and its higher application potential. • Oxidatively regenerating the deactivated Mo/H-ZSM-5 catalyst at 973 K and 1073 K causes a significant loss of its active Mo via sublimation and formation of inactive and non-regenerable Al 2 (MoO 4) 3 and partial collapse of its zeolite framework. • Lowering the regeneration temperature to 773 K is effective in suppression of the loss of active Mo sites, but it cannot prevent the formation of disordered non-framework aluminum and its transformation into Al 2 (MoO 4) 3. • The H 2 regeneration method enables the catalyst to avoid losing its active Mo sites in cyclic regeneration process, and the regenerated catalyst can regain the high initial activity of the fresh catalyst and maintain a highly stable cyclic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pyrolysis of biomass via furnace heating, directions for travel of volatiles and heat flow are opposite. This is drastically different from simultaneously heating surface/inner core of a biomass particle with microwave heating. Changing direction of heat flow and volatiles affects volatiles-char interactions and evolution of pyrolytic products. This was investigated herein by pyrolysis of wet and dry pine needles via furnace or microwave heating at 600 °C. The results indicated that microwave heating induced intensive cracking of outer/inner structures of pine needles. This promoted gasification, decreased production of biochar/bio-oil, diminished formation of both light and heavy organics in bio-oil. Microwave heating also accelerated aromatization, forming biochar of higher C/O and C/H ratios and thermal stability. Additionally, formation of "hot spot" in pyrolysis of wet pine needles via microwave heating was evidenced by the phenomenon of decomposition of CaCO 3 to CaO in pyrolysis, which also contributed to enhanced aromatic degree of biochar. Besides, pyrolysis of wet pine needles via microwave heating also generated developed pore structures in biochar (151.4 m2 g−1), as the inherent water and carbonaceous organics were heated simultaneously. Hydrogen bonding from inherent water was largely cracked only above 500 °C. Prolonged retention time of H 2 O reacted with carbonaceous intermediates, generating more aliphatic structures. Additionally, microwave heating also induced formation of unique morphology like massive thorn-like particulate matters on biochar. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of uneven forces on the inner and outer surfaces during counter-roller spinning (CRS) of thin-walled cylinders, which affects the spinning stability and forming quality, a new dual asymmetric active counter-roller spinning (DAACRS) process is proposed. It enhances the radial strain uniformity through more consistent contact of the inner and outer rollers and the material flow on the inner and outer surfaces. The theoretical analytical model of the influence of the spinning structural and process parameters on the contact condition and the oriented relationship is established. On this basis, the Kriging predictive surrogate model under the coupling influence of these parameters is established, and the spinning parameters optimized by the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm in the global continuous variables are obtained. The radial strain gradient effect of traditional spun parts is basically eliminated under this process parameters. Additionally, an active counter-roller spinning (ACRS) machine is independently developed and a comprehensive macro-micro quality evaluation method is proposed. The ACRS process can transform the material from dispersed {001}<110> low-strength plate texture to more standard {001}<100> high-strength plate texture, and obtain balanced axial and circumferential tensile strengths. Moreover, the new DAACRS process resulted in more balanced forming accuracy, inner and outer surface grain size, texture strength, and isotropic mechanical properties due to the high radial strain uniformity. Compared with the traditional completely symmetric active counter-roller spinning (CSACRS), the L ̅ , O ̅ , U D , U T{100} , U T{110} , and U T{111} are improved by 0.08265 mm , 0. 00335 mm, 4.83 % , 10.55%, 11.54%, and 16.34%, respectively. Further analysis provides that the allowable values of strain uniformity for the higher quality thin-walled cylinders are [ U ε(PEEQ) ]=0.365 and [ U ε(Max Principal) ]=0.438. These results increase the understanding of the strain change, microstructure evolution, and mechanical properties change mechanism of the CRS process, thereby providing important guidance for improving the CRS process and forming quality. [Display omitted] • Proposing a dual asymmetric active counter-roller spinning process. • The new spinning process basically eliminates the strain gradient effect. • Developing a new type of CNC active counter-roller spinning machine. • A balanced and high-quality macro-micro spinning forming effect is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Pyrolysis coupled with in situ condensation method is developed. • Volatiles are cycled back to be fixed on biochar surface by re-polymerization. • Yield of biochar from pyro-condensation doubles that from pyrolysis. • Condensed volatiles are returned to biochar, enhancing biochar yield to > 60 %. • Pyro-condensation shows lower environmental impact than pyrolysis. Biochar is a carbonaceous material produced from pyrolysis of biomass in oxygen-deficient atmosphere, which is the feedstock for production of numerous functional carbon materials. Yield of biochar from biomass in the upstream determines cost in manufacturing downstream biochar-derived materials. In pyrolysis, dominance of cracking reactions removes not only oxygen, hydrogen but also carbon, diminishing biochar production. Therefore, retainment as many carbon-containing organics as possible in pyrolysis is the key for improving yield of biochar. In this study, pyrolysis coupled with in situ condensation (pyro-condensation) method is developed, in which the volatiles are cycled back to surface of biochar constantly. This leads to the re-polymerization of the volatiles after the cracking, which increases molecular sizes of the volatiles and eventually transforms them into part of the biochar, maximizing biochar production while minimizing bio-oil formation. The typical biochar yield reaches 60% for the pyro-condensation of poplar sawdust at 450 °C, doubled that from traditional pyrolysis. Additionally, universality of pyrolysis-condensation method for enhancing biochar yield was confirmed by the use of 25 different types of biomasses as research substrates. The biochar is highly aliphatic, rendering it versatile applications as a reductant, solid fuel, adsorbent for pollutants, or a soil conditioner with a high water retention rate. The configuration of the reactor for pyro-condensation is very simple, and the process shows lower environmental impacts than traditional pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of storage temperature and pH on phenolic compounds of Phyllanthus emblica juice. Juice was stored at different temperatures and pH for 15 days and sampled on 2‐day intervals. The browning index (BI, ABS420 nm), pH, centrifugal precipitation rate (CPR), and phenolic compounds were evaluated. The results showed 4°C and pH 2.5 could effectively inhibit browning and slow down pH drop of P. emblica juice. The result of orthogonal partial least square‐discriminant analysis showed P. emblica juice stored at 4°C and pH 2.5 still had a similar phenolic composition, but at 20°C, 37°C, and pH 3.5, the score plots were concentrated only in the first 3 days. Additionally, gallic acid (GA) and ellagic acid (EA) were screened out to be the differential compounds for browning of P. emblica juice. The contents of GA, epigallocatechin (EGC), corilagin (CL), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), chebulagic acid (CA), 1,2,3,4,6‐O‐galloyl‐d‐glucose (PGG), and EA were more stable at 4°C and pH 2.5. Overall, during storage at 4°C and pH 2.5, it could inhibit the increase of GA and EA and decrease of CL, GCG, CA, and PGG, whereas EGC did not show significant difference between storage conditions. The CPR was higher at 4°C, while pH 2.5 could reduce the CPR. In conclusion, in order to maintain stability of phenolic compounds and extended storage period, the P. emblica juice could be stored at low temperature and adjust the pH to increase the stability of juice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing effective strategy to passivate surface defects in quantum dots (QDs) is critical to achieving high‐efficiency and long‐life perovskite light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). Here, the supramolecular interaction underpinning of organic‐inorganic components is exploited and a facile method is proposed to generate multiple‐hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular‐perovskite crystal structures on QD surfaces by introducing O‐Tolylbiguanide (O‐Tg) during QD synthesis, enabling bright, conductive, and water‐resistant CsPbI3 QDs. Compared with commonly used oleic acid and oleylamine ligands, the biguanide functional group in O‐Tg not only forms multiple hydrogen bond interactions with lead halide octahedra passivating both bridging‐ and terminal‐halogen ion defects, but also compatibly occupies the A‐site position stabilizing the crystal structure simultaneously. With fewer nonradiative defects and introduced hydrophobic benzene rings preventing eroding of polar molecules, CsPbI3 QDs exhibit remarkable photoluminescence quantum yields of 96%, and their film can be submerged in water for 30 h without degrading. The corresponding LEDs display a high external quantum efficiency (21.2%) and offer superior operational stability with a lifetime (T90) of 25 h at a constant current density as high as 50 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal/biochar catalyst features with the advantages for easy recovery of chemical energy of biochar carrier and metal species via simply combustion. Another unique feature of biochar carrier is intrinsic inorganic species, which might also interact with metal species in resulting catalyst. This was investigated herein by synthesis of the Ni/biochar with rice husk-derived biochar carrier pretreated with NaOH for removal of SiO 2 and evaluation of the resulting catalysts in steam reforming of glycerol. The solid phase reactions between NaOH and biochar (mass ratio: 2) plus subsequent washing removed 94.6% of ash (mainly SiO 2). This formed Ni/biochar of fragmented surface with specific surface area increasing from 207.8 to 457.4 m2g-1 and simultaneously increasing mesopore percentage from 15.5% to 24.0%. NaOH treatment also effectively removed significant portion of both Lewis and Brønsted acidic sites but created abundant alkaline sites. These drastically enhanced nickel dispersion and activity for steam reforming. In-situ IR characterization suggested enhanced adsorption/activation of CO 2 and H 2 O over Ni/biochar treated with NaOH (Ni/biochar-NaOH), which mitigated accumulation of coke precursors bearing C O or C C via accelerated gasification reactions. This led to the reduced amount of coke (mass ratio to catalyst) from 193.4% to 94.7% over Ni/biochar treated with 2-fold of NaOH or to 111.3% over Ni/biochar treated with 1-fold of NaOH. The coke formed was mainly catalytic type in form of carbon nanotube over Ni/biochar-NaOH. The superior resistivity to coking originated from developed pores, enhanced Ni dispersion and abundant alkaline sites from the NaOH treatment. [Display omitted] • NaOH treatment removes SiO 2 in rice husk-biochar and creates developed pores. • NaOH treatment brings abundant alkaline sites while removes Lewis and Brønsted acidic sites. • NaOH treatment enhances Ni dispersion in Ni/biochar and activity for reforming. • NaOH treatment enhances activation of CO 2 /H 2 O, promoting gasification of coke precursors bearing C O/C C. • NaOH pretreatment effectively increases resistivity of Ni/biochar to coking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that the existing horizontal-well-drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology used to achieve large-scale, cost-effective production from immature to low–moderate-maturity continental shale in China, where the organic matter mainly exists in solid form, is fairly ineffective. To overcome the obstacles, in situ conversion technology seems feasible, while implementing it in the target layer along with estimating the amount of expected recoverable hydrocarbon in such shale formations seems difficult. This is because there are no guidelines for choosing the most appropriate method and selecting relevant key parameters for this purpose. Hence, based on thermal simulation experiments during the in situ conversion of crude oil from the Triassic Chang 73 Formation in the Ordos Basin and the Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation in the Songliao Basin, this deficiency in knowledge was addressed. First, relationships between the in situ-converted total organic carbon (TOC) content and the vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of the shales and between the residual oil volume and the hydrocarbon yield were established. Second, the yields of residual oil and in situ-converted hydrocarbon were measured, revealing their sensitivity to fluid pressure and crude oil density. In addition, a model was proposed to estimate the amount of in situ-converted hydrocarbon based on TOC, hydrocarbon generation potential, Ro, residual oil volume, fluid pressure, and crude oil density. Finally, a method was established to determine key parameters of the final hydrocarbon yield from immature to low–moderate-maturity organic material during in situ conversion in shales. Following the procedure outlined in this paper, the estimated recoverable in situ-converted oil in the shales of the Nenjiang Formation in the Songliao Basin was estimated to be approximately 292 × 108 tons, along with 18.5 × 1012 cubic meters of natural gas, in an area of approximately 8 × 104 square kilometers. Collectively, the method developed in this study is independent of the organic matter type and other geological and/or petrophysical properties of the formation and can be applied to other areas globally where there are no available in situ conversion thermal simulation experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the dissolution and oxidation corrosion behaviors of Hastelloy exposed to static liquid lead‐bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 500°C with an oxygen concentration of 1 × 10−6 mass%. Hastelloy exhibited better LBE corrosion resistance than the Monel alloy. Both dissolution and oxidation corrosion were observed in Hastelloy, and the maximum LBE penetration depth and spinel layer thickness in the corroded sample after 4000 h of exposure reached 120 ± 36 and 21 ± 12 µm, respectively. Annealing twin boundaries provided favorable paths of accelerated LBE penetration into the matrix, resulting in selective leaching of Ni. Microstructural characterization revealed that the spinel layer formed between penetrated LBE and base metal slowed down the elemental interdiffusion, thereby retarding the dissolution rate. Volumetric changes induced by LBE penetration promoted the formation of stacking faults and dislocations, which could provide more channels for elemental diffusion, leading to the propagation of dissolution attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection are challenging to be cured completely due to the existence of HIV-1 latency reservoirs. However, the knowledge of the mechanisms and biomarkers associated with HIV-1 latency is limited. Therefore, identifying proteins related to HIV-1 latency could provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of HIV-1 latency, and ultimately contribute to the eradication of HIV reservoirs. Methods: An Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ)-labeled subcellular proteomic study was performed on an HIV-1 latently infected cell model (U1, a HIV-1-integrated U937 cell line) and its control (U937). Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were analyzed using STRING-DB. Selected DEPs were further evaluated by western blotting and multiple reaction monitoring technology in both cell model and patient-derived cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)+ T cells. Finally, we investigated the relationship between a specific DEP lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (LAMP2) and HIV-1 reactivation by panobinostat or lysosome regulation by a lysosomotropic agent hydroxychloroquine in U1 and U937 cells. Results: In total, 110 DEPs were identified in U1 cells comparing to U937 control cells. Bioinformatics analysis suggested associations of the altered proteins with the immune response and endosomal/lysosomal pathway. LAMP2, leukocyte surface antigen CD47, CD55, and ITGA6 were downregulated in HIV-1 latent cells. Downregulated LAMP2 was further confirmed in resting CD4+ T cells from patients with latent HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, both HIV-1 reactivation by panobinostat and stimulation with hydroxychloroquine upregulated LAMP2 expression. Conclusions: Our results indicated the involvement of the endosomal/lysosomal pathway in HIV-1 latency in macrophage cell model. The down-modulation of LAMP2 was associated with HIV latency, and the restoration of LAMP2 expression accompanied the transition of viral latency to active infection. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of HIV-1 latency and potential strategies for eradicating HIV-1 reservoirs by targeting LAMP2 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common practice in mountainous areas for rockfall protection is to cover the top slab of a rockfall shed with a thick granular layer to buffer the impact. However, the weight of the sand is significant, with limited buffering capacity. This paper proposes a novel composite cushion consisting of a flexible buffer and a sand layer. Full-scale rockfall impact tests of 500 kJ were conducted to evaluate the performance of the cushion. Based on the sand layer impact test, DEM parameters for simulating sand were calibrated, and a numerical model of the composite cushion with rockfall impact using FEM-DEM coupling method was constructed. The buffering performance of the composite cushion was compared with the EPS-sand cushion. The study further investigates the effect of buffer height, sand layer thickness, and rockfall mass on impact force and energy distribution using numerical simulations. The results show that (1) the impact force on the composite cushion decreases by 73.2% compared to the sand layer. (2) The buffering performance of the composite cushion is equivalent to that of the 1 m EPS + 0.4 m sand cushion in terms of inhibiting the stress development on the shed slab. (3) The superior buffering performance of the cushion is attributed to the high flexibility of the net and the force-controlling characteristics of the energy dissipaters. Meanwhile, the sand layer plays more of a secondary defense role to prevent direct collision between the rockfall and the shed slab. These findings provide theoretical bases for the engineering design of such composite cushions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using computational tools, bulk transcriptomics can be deconvoluted to estimate the abundance of constituent cell types. However, existing deconvolution methods are conditioned on the assumption that the whole study population is served by a single reference panel, ignoring person-to-person heterogeneity. Here, we present imply, a novel algorithm to deconvolute cell type proportions using personalized reference panels. Simulation studies demonstrate reduced bias compared with existing methods. Real data analyses on longitudinal consortia show disparities in cell type proportions are associated with several disease phenotypes in Type 1 diabetes and Parkinson's disease. imply is available through the R/Bioconductor package ISLET at https://bioconductor.org/packages/ISLET/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer after non-melanoma skin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in US men. Its incidence and mortality rates vary substantially across geographical regions and over time, with large disparities by race, geographic regions (i.e., Appalachia), among others. The widely used Cox proportional hazards model is usually not applicable in such scenarios owing to the violation of the proportional hazards assumption. In this paper, we fit Bayesian accelerated failure time models for the analysis of prostate cancer survival and take dependent spatial structures and temporal information into account by incorporating random effects with multivariate conditional autoregressive priors. In particular, we relax the proportional hazards assumption, consider flexible frailty structures in space and time, and also explore strategies for handling the temporal variable. The parameter estimation and inference are based on a Monte Carlo Markov chain technique under a Bayesian framework. The deviance information criterion is used to check goodness of fit and to select the best candidate model. Extensive simulations are performed to examine and compare the performances of models in different contexts. Finally, we illustrate our approach by using the 2004-2014 Pennsylvania Prostate Cancer Registry data to explore spatial-temporal heterogeneity in overall survival and identify significant risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microglia overactivation-induced neuroinflammation is a significant cause of the brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Iron homeostasis is crucial for microglia activation, but the mechanism and causality still need further study. This study aimed to explore the roles and mechanism of the mitochondrial iron transporter SLC25A28 in microglia activation after ICH. Intrastriatal injection of autologous blood was used to establish ICH model, and the neuroinflammation, iron metabolism and brain injuries were assessed in wildtype or microglia-specific SLC25A28 knockout mice after ICH. Mitochondria iron levels and microglial function were determined in SLC25A28 overexpressed or deleted microglia. The extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), lactate production, and glycolytic enzyme levels were used to determine aerobic glycolysis. The results showed that ICH stimulated mitochondrial iron overload, and synchronously upregulated the SLC25A28 expression. In vitro, SLC25A28 overexpression increased mitochondrial iron levels in microglia. Interestingly, microglial SLC25A28 deficiency ameliorated neuroinflammation, brain edema, blood–brain barrier injury and ethological alterations in mice after ICH. Mechanically, SLC25A28 deficiency inhibited microglial activation by restricting the aerobic glycolysis. Moreover, zinc protoporphyrin could reduce SLC25A28 expression and mitigated brain injury. SLC25A28 plays crucial roles in mitochondrial iron homeostasis and microglia activation after ICH, and it might be a potential therapeutic target for ICH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Taxadiene synthase, taxadiene-5α-hydroxylase, and taxane 13α-hydroxylase genes were introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana, and the improved resistance to lepidoptera pest fall armyworm was reported. Fall armyworm (FAW) is a serious agricultural pest. Genetic engineering techniques have been used to create pest-resistant plant varieties for reducing pest damage. Paclitaxel is a diterpenoid natural metabolite with antineoplastic effects in medicine. However, the effects of taxanes on the growth and development of lepidoptera pests, such as the FAW, are unknown. Here, selected paclitaxel precursor biosynthesis pathway genes, taxadiene synthase, taxane 5α-hydroxylase, and taxane 13α-hydroxylase, were engineered in the heterologous host Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Bioassay experiments showed that the transgenic N. benthamiana plants displayed improved resistance to FAW infestation, with degeneration of gut tissues and induced expression of apoptosis-related genes. Cytotoxicity experiment showed that the paclitaxel precursor, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, is cytotoxic to Sf9 cells, causing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and disorder of the cytoskeleton. Metabolome analysis showed that heterologous expression of taxane genes in N. benthamiana affected the digestive system, steroid hormone and purine metabolism pathways of FAW larvae. In summary, this study provides a candidate approach for FAW control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal keratitis (FK) is a vision-threatening infection. We aimed to explore the antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects of pseudolaric acid B (PAB) on FK and the underlying mechanisms involved. Network pharmacology utilized to acquire the potential target genes, and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) was consistently downregulated in Gene Expression Omnibus dataset and clinical samples. Molecular docking analysis showed that PAB and SIRT1 had good binding activity. No toxicity was observed in vivo and in vitro with a PAB concentration below 0.3 μM. PAB exerted its antifungal activity by destroying the integrity of hyphae, and alleviated the severity of FK in rats by decreasing clinical scores, fungal burden and inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration. PAB increased SIRT1 to regulate the crosstalk between nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), decreasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6; and pattern recognition receptors, C-type lectin domain containing 7A (Dectin-1), lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1), toll like receptor (TLR)-2, and TLR4 both in vivo and in vitro. However, this anti-inflammatory effect of PAB was abolished by the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527. This study provides new evidence that PAB has antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects in FK and may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of FK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of floating offshore wind turbines is regarded as a promising solution for offshore renewables, wherein blade pitch control plays a crucial role in both operation and maintenance. Among the various blade pitch control methods, strategies that involve more states pertaining to the control objectives demonstrate superior tracking performance. However, these approaches necessitate additional linearization and parameter tuning efforts, particularly when addressing varying operating conditions in real-world unsteady environments. In this study, a decoupled model reference adaptive control framework with inner control laws for ideal responses for both collective and individual blade pitch is employed, in the context of floating offshore wind turbine control problems during operation beyond rated conditions. According to the simulations conducted on a benchmark wind turbine simulator under a series of turbulent wind speeds, the proposed integrated controller achieved reductions in power fluctuation and damage equivalent load in blades compared to corresponding baseline controllers, at the expense of acceptable deterioration in tower base loads and blade actuator activities. The proposed scheme demonstrates its adaptability in serving the entire operating range, mitigating the need for parameter tuning due to variations in wind speed, and exhibits potential to involve more control purposes. • An adaptive control framework for both collective and individual blade pitch control. • State based Lyapunov-MRAC with inner control law is adopted. • Avoiding linearization and parameter tuning as operating point shifting. • Simulations are taken under a serial of wind speeds with turbulence and incoming waves. • Compared with a baseline controller composed by GSPI, IPC-SISO and VPPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome drought stress in soybean (Glycine max), it is strategically vital to improve drought resistance. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for drought resistance remain poorly defined. Here, we present comparative physiological and transcriptome analyses in seedlings of two contrasting genotypes, drought‐resistant (DR) L14 and drought‐sensitive (DS) L21 in response to polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐induced drought stress. Each genotype was subjected to 20% PEG along with control (0% PEG) in a greenhouse, and the leave samples were collected to determine the physiological traits and transcriptome profiling. With the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) under drought stress, the DR genotype exhibited higher water retention capability and slow‐wilting phenotype compared to DS genotype. As nonsignificant changes in oxidative damages and antioxidant defenses, overcoming drought stress in DR genotype was facilitated by drought avoidance rather than drought tolerance. There were 1567 and 4029 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in the DR and DS genotypes, respectively. The DEGs were mostly enriched in photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, cell wall organization, and signaling pathways, which were less affected in DR genotype. However, most of the leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinases (LRR‐RLKs) were uniquely downregulated in DS genotype but uniquely upregulated in DR genotype by drought stress. By protein–protein interaction network analysis and whole genome resequencing, six LRR‐RLKs were considered the potential candidate genes for drought avoidance. We suggested that these LRR‐RLKs may play a critical role in promoting ABA‐induced stomatal closure through enhancing ABA sensitivity, but this hypothesis needs further validation. Taken together, these findings could provide in‐depth insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with drought avoidance and facilitate the breeding of drought‐resistant soybean cultivars. Core Ideas: The L14 had higher water retention capability and slow‐wilting phenotype compared to L21 under drought stress.The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with several metabolisms were more affected by drought stress in L21 rather than L14.Six leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinases (LRR‐RLKs) genes would be considered potential candidates for drought resistance but need further validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of nirmatrelvir (NMV) are unknown in Chinese patients with COVID‐19.To understand the PK, as well as PK–PD characteristics of NMV for optimizing the dose in Chinese patients with COVID‐19.We enrolled 141 participants who received NMV 300 mg/ritonavir (RTV) 100 mg b.i.d. for 5 days. The NMV concentrations were analyzed using 251 blood samples. PK/PD of NMV was investigated in these COVID‐19 patients using a nonlinear mixed‐effects model.The patients had a mean age of 82 years (range, 34–97). The absorption rate constant and apparent clearance of NMV in this Chinese cohort were 0.253 h−1 and 6.83 L/h, respectively, similar to Caucasian patients. No covariates affected NMV clearance. Predicted peak (Cmax) and trough concentration (Cmin) under 300 mg NMV/100 mg RTV b.i.d. were 4004 and 1498 ng/mL, respectively. Although higher AUC and Cmin were weakly associated with a slight increase in the number of cycle threshold (CT) of viral genes, no significant correlation was found, indicating a weak relationship between drug exposure and efficacy (CT).In all, our findings suggest no ethnic PK differences, a weak and clinically insignificant relationship between drug exposure and efficacy, suitable dosage for Chinese patients (including the elderly) based on PK parameters, and the need for further studies to determine optimal regimens for high‐risk patients due to inter‐individual variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, the expression and prognostic significance of the transmembrane p24 trafficking protein 1 (TMED1) in colorectal cancer were investigated by utilizing patient survival data and multi-omics datasets, including immunohistochemical staining, transcriptomics, and proteomics. The results indicated that TMED1, functioning as an oncogene, is upregulated in colorectal cancer and exhibits a significant association with an unfavorable prognosis. Furthermore, the downregulation of TMED1 was found to impact the cell cycle and apoptotic signaling pathways. Additionally, a positive correlation was identified between TMED1 and other members of the TMED family (TMED2, TMED4, TMED9, and TMED10) in colorectal cancer. The protein–protein interaction network analysis further indicated the potential influence of TMED1 on immune regulation. Consequently, TMED1 emerged as a promising candidate biomarker for assessing the progression and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Several TMED protein family members are overexpressed in malignant tumors and associated with tumor progression. TMED1 belongs to the TMED protein family and is involved in protein vesicular trafficking. However, the expression level and biological role of TMED1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, the integration of patient survival and multi-omics data (immunohistochemical staining, transcriptomics, and proteomics) revealed that the highly expressed TMED1 was related to the poor prognosis in CRC. Crystal violet staining indicated the cell growth was reduced after knocking down TMED1. Moreover, the flow cytometry results showed that TMED1 knockdown could increase cell apoptosis. The expression of TMED1 was positively correlated with other TMED family members (TMED2, TMED4, TMED9, and TMED10) in CRC, and the protein–protein interaction network suggested its potential impact on immune regulation. Furthermore, TMED1 expression was positively associated with the infiltration levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and endothelial cells and negatively correlated with the infiltration levels of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells. At last, the CTRP and GDSC datasets on the GSCA platform were used to analyze the relationship between TMED1 expression and drug sensitivity (IC50). The result found that the elevation of TMED1 was positively correlated with IC50 and implied it could increase the drug resistance of cancer cells. This research revealed that TMED1 is a novel prognostic biomarker in CRC and provided a valuable strategy for analyzing potential therapeutic targets of malignant tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of unsymmetric tetradentate β-diketiminato rare-earth metal monoalkyl complexes were synthesized, and their catalytic behavior has been well developed. Indole-incorporated β-diketiminato proligands H2L (L = MeC(NDipp)CHC(Me)NCH2CH2-3-(1-R-C8H4N), R = CH2-(2-C4H7O), L1; R = (CH2)2OMe, L2; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) were prepared by the reaction of an arylamino-enone with 1-substituted-tryptamine in good yields. Treatment of the proligands with the rare-earth metal trialkyl complexes RE(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2 generated the corresponding unsymmetric N,N,C,O-tetradentate β-diketiminato rare-earth metal monoalkyl complexes LRE(CH2SiMe3) (L1, RE = Y (1a), Gd (1b), Yb (1c), Lu (1d); L2, RE = Y (2a), Gd (2b), Yb (2c), and Lu(2d)). During the process, the activation of the sp2 C–H bond at the 2-position of the indole ring led to the formation of an unprecedented β-diketiminato dianion L2−, bonding to the rare-earth metal ions in a chelating N,N,C,O-tetradentate manner. Further studies indicated that these tetradentate rare-earth metal complexes could initiate the Oppenauer oxidation of secondary alcohols into the corresponding ketones in high yields. In the case of primary alcohols, a tandem Oppenauer oxidation and cross-aldol condensation occurred unexpectedly. Various α-mono-substituted benzylidene acetones, α,α′-bis-substituted benzylidene acetones and cyclohexanones were obtained under mild conditions only by controlling the molar ratio of alcohols to ketones. Notably, all these alkenylation ketones exhibited exclusive E configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of cracks in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) can have a significant impact on the flow of two phases within Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs). This study focuses on investigating the transport process of two-phases flow in a GDL sample using both experimental and numerical methods. The porous structure of a hydrophobic carbon paper, serving as the macro-porous substrate (MPS) of the GDL, is examined using synchrotron radiation X-ray phase contrast Computed Tomography (CT). A 3-D model with various crack geometries is then created, and a Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) simulation is employed to analyze the flow behavior within the GDL model. The findings reveal that the water intrusion mode in the MPS primarily depends on its hydrophobic nature, but the width and depth of the cracks also significantly influence both the rate and path of water intrusion. Increasing the crack width from 7 μm to 28 μm results in a 30% increment in water intrusion rate, while the intrusion path remains unchanged. However, when the crack width reaches 42 μm, the crack itself becomes the primary path for water intrusion, doubling the intrusion rate. Furthermore, an increase in crack depth leads to a higher invasion rate of the liquid phase, consequently increasing the liquid storage volume within the GDL. This research provides a novel approach for analyzing cracked GDLs and demonstrates the potential to optimize the water management process of PEMFCs through GDL microstructure design. • A 3D model of gas diffusion layer (GDL) in PEMFC is obtained via Synchrotron X-ray phase contrast CT. • Lattice Boltzmann Method is applied to investigate GDL cracking phenomenon. • The two-phase transport process in the cracked GDL is analyzed. • The effect of the crack geometric features on the GDL performance is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prophenoloxidase (PPO) activation and Toll antimicrobial peptide synthesis pathways are two critical immune responses in the insect immune system. The activation of these pathways is mediated by the cascade of serine proteases, which is negatively regulated by serpins. In this study, we identified a typical serpin, BmSerpin-4, in silkworms, whose expression was dramatically up-regulated in the fat body and hemocytes after bacterial infections. The pre-injection of recombinant BmSerpin-4 remarkably decreased the antibacterial activity of the hemolymph and the expression of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) gloverin-3, cecropin-D, cecropin-E, and moricin in the fat body under Micrococcus luteus and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O: 3 (YP III) infection. Meanwhile, the inhibition of systemic melanization, PO activity, and PPO activation by BmSerpin-4 was also observed. Hemolymph proteinase 1 (HP1), serine protease 2 (SP2), HP6, and SP21 were predicted as the candidate target serine proteases for BmSerpin-4 through the analysis of residues adjacent to the scissile bond and comparisons of orthologous genes in Manduca sexta. This suggests that HP1, SP2, HP6, and SP21 might be essential in the activation of the serine protease cascade in both the Toll and PPO pathways in silkworms. Our study provided a comprehensive characterization of BmSerpin-4 and clues for the further dissection of silkworm PPO and Toll activation signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stem cell therapies have shown great potential for treating myocardial infarction (MI) but are limited by low cell survival and compromised functionality due to the harsh microenvironment at the disease site. Here, we presented a Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) spheroid-based strategy for MI treatment by introducing a protein/polyphenol self-assembling armor coating on the surface of cell spheroids, which showed significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy by actively manipulating the hostile pathological MI microenvironment and enabling versatile functionality, including protecting the donor cells from host immune clearance, remodeling the ROS microenvironment and stimulating MSC's pro-healing paracrine secretion. The underlying mechanism was elucidated, wherein the armor protected to prolong MSCs residence at MI site, and triggered paracrine stimulation of MSCs towards immunoregulation and angiogenesis through inducing hypoxia to provoke glycolysis in stem cells. Furthermore, local delivery of coated MSC spheroids in MI rat significantly alleviated local inflammation and subsequent fibrosis via mediation macrophage polarization towards pro-healing M2 phenotype and improved cardiac function. In general, this study provided critical insight into the enhanced therapeutic efficacy of stem cell spheroids coated with a multifunctional armor. It potentially opens up a new avenue for designing immunomodulatory treatment for MI via stem cell therapy empowered by functional biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Explored the factors influencing the cutting performance of plasma cutting on carbon steel plates of different thicknesses. • Provided data input for digital simulation of the decommissioning of the heavy water research reactor. • Successfully conducted a mock-up experiment on the plasma cutting of the heavy water research reactor outer shell under optimal cutting performance. • Offered guidance and personnel training for the actual decommissioning of the heavy water research reactor internals. The dismantling of internal components within the reactor is one of the primary technical activities in the reactor decommissioning project. Currently, the first nuclear reactor in China, heavy water research reactor (HWRR), is in the phase of decommissioning. By integrating the characteristics of the HWRR with both domestic and international cutting technology experience, plasma cutting has been identified as a suitable and commonly used technique for cutting the reactor internals. Considering that the decommissioning process of nuclear facilities is irreversible, it is essential to conduct mock-up experiments to acquire cutting performance parameters for the cutter prior to decommissioning of the reactor internals, which not only helps optimize the decommissioning plan but also provides data support for decommissioning practices. Based on the characteristics of the outer shell, within the HWRR, parameters such as cutting current, workpiece thickness, cutting speed, working angle, and nozzle standoff were selected for the plasma cutting experiments. Through orthogonal experiments, cutting current, workpiece thickness, and cutting speed were identified as key factors influencing the performance of plasma cutting. Based on the previous research, the maximum cutting speed and workpiece quality loss under various cutting conditions were determined through special experiments. Finally, using the outer shell mock-up of the HWRR as the experimental object and combining it with the decommissioning path provided by simulation, it was demonstrated that the optimal operating parameters obtained from the previous experiments can be successfully applied to practical outer shell cutting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic municipal waste is a mixture of carbonaceous feedstock and cross-interaction of volatiles in their co-pyrolysis has been well documented, but quantifying their extent of interactions in co-pyrolysis is difficult. In this study, the ratio of char yield from co-pyrolysis to calculated average of pyrolysis of single feedstock was used as an indicator to probe the interaction in co-pyrolysis of every two typical carbonaceous wastes (sawdust, rice, spinach, chicken manure, office paper, corrugated paper, plastic bottles/films, fiber towel) at 550 °C. The results indicated that the co-pyrolysis of sawdust and corrugated paper had the highest degree of interaction (0.44). Sawdust and rice with ash-rich feedstock (spinach, chicken manure and office paper) resulted in dominance of gasification reactions to reduce char production in co-pyrolysis process. In comparison, the organics from the degradation of spinach and corrugated/office paper could react with the derivatives (mostly radicals) of plastic bottle (PET), plastic film (PE) or fiber towel (polyesters) via secondary condensation to generate more char. The chicken manure with high ash content hardly forms char of enhanced yield during its co-pyrolysis with other feedstocks. The enhancing char yield through secondary condensation generally resulted in additional oxygen-containing deposit on char and reduced thermal stability, which was the opposite to the formation of char with dominance of gasification. Co-pyrolysis of varied feedstock also led to change of morphologies of char via filling mechanism or formation of organics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive understanding of diffusion kinetics of the Ti–Fe–V system is crucial for elucidating the solidification process in high-strength titanium alloys. In this paper, ten sets of diffusion couples within bcc Ti–Fe–V alloys that underwent annealing at temperatures of 1273K, 1323K, and 1373K were prepared. Composition-distance curves were determined using the electron probe microstructure analysis technique. Atomic mobility parameters and interdiffusion coefficients were obtained using the numerical inverse method with the assistance of HitDIC software. It should be noted that the atomic mobility parameters for Ti–Fe and Ti–V were reoptimized using the most up-to-date thermodynamic descriptions. This approach enables the acquisition of comprehensive data regarding the temperature-composition relationship in diffusion. D ˜ F e F e T i exhibits a markedly greater value compared to D ˜ V V T i . Both D ˜ F e F e T i and D ˜ V V T i demonstrate an increase with the increase of temperature. Furthermore, the Arrhenius equation can be applied to solve for the variation in frequency factors and activation energies concerning temperature and composition. • Ten groups of concentration profiles in bcc Ti–Fe–V alloys were measured. • The atomic mobility parameters for Ti–Fe and Ti–V were reoptimized using the most up-to-date thermodynamic descriptions. • Atomic mobility parameters in bcc Ti–Fe–V ststem were established directly from concentration profiles. • Interdiffusivities in bcc Ti–Fe–V alloys were obtained using the numerical inverse method. • D ˜ F e F e T i < ! − − Q 3 : Highlights should only consist of 125 characters per bullet point , including spaces. The highlights provided are too long ; please edit them to meet the requirement. − − > exhibits a markedly greater value compared to D ˜ V V T i , both D ˜ F e F e T i and D ˜ V V T i demonstrate an increase with rising temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study is the first to investigate the clinical reliability and vascular anatomical basis of the modified MGM flap with extended anterior boundary. • This study is the first to report clinical applications of the modified MGM flap with only extended inferior boundary. • The vascular anatomical basis of the modified MGM flap with extended anterior, inferior and/or posterior boundaries is discussed in terms of vascular connection patterns (true or choke anastomoses). Reports on medial gastrocnemius myocutaneous (MGM) flaps with extended inferior and posterior boundaries are rare, and information about the MGM flaps with extended anterior boundaries is unavailable. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the vascular anatomical basis and clinical reliability of the modified MGM flap with extended anterior, inferior and/or posterior boundaries. Five fresh lower limb specimens from patients with recurrent tumours in the thigh were immediately irrigated and perfused. The stripped integuments were radiographed. The pretibial skin was equally divided into nine zones. The reconstruction outcomes of the modified MGM flaps were documented in 33 patients. True anastomotic connections existed among the branches of the saphenous artery, the perforator from the inferior medial genicular artery and 3–5 (mean, 4.5) perforators from the posterior tibial artery in the upper two-thirds of the leg. A total of 33 modified MGM flaps were applied. The anterior margins of 26 modified flaps with extended anterior boundaries exceeded the medial edge of the tibia by 1.0–4.5 cm (mean, 2.1 cm). Fourteen modified MGM flaps were used to repair the defects involving the lower third leg, whose distal edges were located in the seventh (n = 8) or eighth (n = 6) zone. A 1–169-month (median, 9 months) follow-up was conducted for 33 patients. Of the 33 flaps, 29 (87.9 %) survived completely, partial necrosis occurred in four flaps with extended anterior (n = 2) or inferior (n = 2) boundaries. Multiple source vessels are the vascular anatomical basis of the modified MGM flap with extended anterior, posterior and/or inferior boundaries. The modification of the MGM flap is feasible and reliable, broadening the applicable scope of the flap. The modified MGM flap can be applied to repair more distal, wider and larger-area defects with a simpler design and procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new approach of bidirectional electro-migration rehabilitation (BIEM) using pulse currents was proposed. The effect of the duty cycle and frequency of the square wave pulse current on the BIEM was investigated. The results showed that the desalination efficiency was improved by 10 % with the decrease of duty ratio and frequency. Furthermore, With the increase of duty ratio and frequency, the hydrogen permeation of steel bars decreased by 28.5 %. More uniform desalination efficiency was obtained by using pulse current. The half-cell potential of the rebars was also measured and it was higher for the samples using pulse currents than for those using direct currents, indicating a lower risk of corrosion after pulse current treatment. The pH value of the concrete also increased during the BIEM process. • The amount of hydrogen permeation in the rebars of concrete repaired by pulse current is reduced. • Increasing frequency and decreasing duty cycle of pulse current make the desalination efficiency distributed more evenly. • Decreasing frequency and duty cycle of pulse current will increase the efficiency of chloride ions removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • NaOH disrupts entangled structure in Chinese parasol (CP), releasing more volatile. • Activation of CP-NaOH increased permeability and yield of activated carbon (AC). • Activation of CP-NaOH with ZnCl 2 renders AC of more developed pores. • Reduced stability and aliphatic content form less pores in activation with K 2 C 2 O 4. • In-situ IR confirms enhanced condensation by ZnCl 2 and reduced cracking by K 2 C 2 O 4. Pore structures of activated carbon (AC) is determined not only by activation conditions but also by biomass composition. Alkaline treatment removes lignin and hemicellulose structures, which is expected to impact subsequent activation. This was investigated herein by activation of NaOH-treated Chinese parasol (CP) with ZnCl 2 and K 2 C 2 O 4 , respectively. The results indicated that pyrolysis of CP-NaOH (with NaOH treatment) enhanced pyrolysis to form more bio-oil (increase of yield by 39.0 %) but less gases (decrease by 62.5 %), due to increased mass transfer of volatiles via destructing winding structure. Activation of CP-NaOH with ZnCl 2 also generated higher yield of AC than that of activation of CP (40.5 % versus 31.5 %), because of enhanced permeability of ZnCl 2 after the NaOH treatment for catalyzing condensation of cellulose derivatives. The NaOH treatment also rendered AC-NaOH-ZnCl 2 (NaOH treatment followed by activation) with more developed pores than AC-ZnCl 2 (specific surface area: 1531.5 versus 1281.8 m2g−1), with also more abundant micropores (97.1 % versus 94.1 %), due to the higher accessibility of ZnCl 2 to cellulose structure in CP-NaOH. However, activation of CP-NaOH produced AC-NaOH-K 2 C 2 O 4 with less developed pore structure than AC-K 2 C 2 O 4 (863.2 versus1062.9 m2g−1). This was due to the lowered structural stability of AC and consequently merge of micropores from reduced content of lignin and less pores generated from cracking of aliphatic structures from partial hemicellulose removal. The in-situ IR characterization confirmed accelerated dehydration and condensation of unsaturated aldehydes/ketones in activation of CP-NaOH with ZnCl 2 and the reduced abundance of aliphatic structures and decreased intensity for cracking for generating pores with K 2 C 2 O 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]