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With freshwater resources becoming scarce worldwide, mariculture is a promising avenue to sustain aquaculture development, especially by incorporating brackish and saline groundwater (GW) use into fish farming. A 75-day rearing trial was conducted to evaluate fish growth, immune response, overall health, and water quality of Chelon ramada cultured in brackish GW and fed on a basal diet (BD) augmented with rosemary oil (RO) or RO + zymogen forte™ (ZF) as an anti-flatulent. Five treatments were administrated in triplicate: T1: fish-fed BD without additives (control group); T2: fish-fed BD + 0.5 g RO /kg diet; T3: fish-fed BD + 0.5 g RO and 1 g ZF /kg diet; T4: fish-fed BD + 1 g RO /kg diet; T5: fish-fed BD + 1 g RO and 1 g ZF /kg diet. Three hundred fish (8.51 ± 0.01 g/fish) were housed in 15 fiberglass tanks (1500-L tank). The results revealed significant improvements (P < 0.05) in growth performance, survival, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1. Additionally, there were decreases in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the levels of nitrogen by-products (NH4, NH3, and NO2) and pathogenic bacterial counts in the rearing water when fish were fed diets supplemented with RO and RO + ZF. Furthermore, significant reductions in the levels of plasma stress indicators (cortisol, creatinine, and glucose) were detected. In addition, there were significant enhancements observed in the levels of innate immune markers, such as white blood cells, total protein, albumin, and immunoglobulin. The complement system, specifically complement 3 and complement 4, also showed considerable improvements. Furthermore, there were increases in plasma heat shock proteins HSP70 and HSP90, as well as enhanced antioxidant activity. These gains were associated with healthier liver and intestines. The investigation demonstrated that adding 0.5–1 g RO / kg diet or RO + ZF to a C. ramada diet has many benefits, including reducing the levels of nitrogen by-product chemicals and pathogenic bacterial load in GW used in growth tanks. Furthermore, significant improvements were observed in the rates of growth and associated hormones, efficiency of feed utilization, blood indicators, immune function, condition of internal organs (namely the intestine and liver), and overall health of the fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automotive radiators are primarily utilized in vehicles to dissipate the heat generated by the engine block into the surrounding. Utilizing coolants with superior thermophysical properties reduces the engine power consumption and improves the cooling engine performance. Comprehending the correlation between coolant characteristics and its thermohydraulic behavior is essential for advancing this innovative cooling technology. This investigation introduces a detailed parametric study of an automotive radiator using diversified coolant mixtures. Ethylene glycol (EG)/water mixtures, namely, (40:60), (50:50), and (60:40) are utilized as a coolant. The influences of the operational mechanism parameters, that is, inlet coolant temperature, intake air temperature, airflow rate, coolant flowrate, and coolant mixture ratio on the effectiveness, heat transfer, and fluid flow characteristics of the radiator are investigated. A thermohydraulic coupled model, based on the effectiveness‐NTU and thermal resistance theories, are developed for simulation of the investigated radiator. The outcomes revealed that the heat transfer rate is more significantly influenced by the inlet temperatures of the coolant and air than by the flowrate. Findings reveal optimal conditions for radiator design to be a coolant mixture of (40 EG:60 Water), coolant mixture Reynolds number of 1087.5, air Reynolds number of 2175, 11°C air‐intake temperature, and 94.25°C coolant mixture temperature for engine cooling maximization. The findings also indicated optimum mixture yielded the maximum advantage ratio (AR) and heat transfer with lowest pumping power, which achieved 7.94% and 19.30% higher AR compared to (50:50) and (60:40) mixture solutions, respectively. From energy consumption reduction prospective, the optimal EG/water coolant mixture results in a reduction in pumping power by 25.11% and 49.77%, compared to the (50:50) and (60:40) mixtures, respectively, under the same optimal operating conditions. Conclusively, the optimized automotive radiator design explored in this study offers a promising approach to improving vehicle technology and increasing cooling efficiency in internal combustion engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]