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Abstract Autophagy is a highly conserved eukaryotic pathway and plays a crucial role in cell survival under stress conditions. Here, we applied a full-length transcriptome approach to study an Arabidopsis autophagy mutant (atg5-1) subjected to nitrogen-starvation, using Oxford Nanopore Technologies. A total of 39,033 transcripts were identified, including 11,356 new transcripts. In addition, alternative splicing (AS) events and lncRNAs were also detected between Col-0 (WT) and atg5-1. Differentially expressed transcript enrichment showed that autophagy upregulates the expression of many stress-responsive genes and inhibits the transcription of photosynthesis-associated genes. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression patterns of photosynthesis-related genes in the atg5-1 differed under the conditions of nitrogen starvation and carbon starvation. Under nitrogen starvation treatment, many genes related to photosynthesis also exhibited AS. Chlorophyll fluorescence images revealed that the Fv/Fm and ΦPSII of old atg5-1 leaves were significantly reduced after nitrogen starvation treatment, but the Y(NPQ) indices were significantly increased compared to those of the WT plants. The results of qRT-PCR suggest that autophagy appears to be involved in the degradation of genes related to photodamage repair in PSII. Taken together, the full-length transcriptiome sequencing provide new insights into how new transcripts, lncRNAs and alternative splicing (AS) are involved in plant autophagy through full-length transcriptome sequencing and suggest a new potential link between autophagy and photosynthesis.

IntroductionThe transplantation of seagrass fragments with shoots and rhizomes is the most common method for the ecological restoration of damaged seagrass meadows.MethodsThe aim of this study was to explore the effects of exogenous addition (10 mg per month for 3 months) of three commonly used plant growth regulators (PGRs), including indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), and paclobutrazol (PP333) on the growth and physiology of transplanted Thalassia hemprichii fragments (TTFs), with and without the rhizome apex (RA), using a simulation test. [Results] IAA and GA3 elevated the photosynthetic capacity and growth rate of TTF leaves but did not significantly alter leaf length and width. In contrast, PP333 reduced the leaf photosynthetic capacity and growth rate, while greatly increasing the leaf width and root viability. Additionally, PP333 treatment led to an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities (peroxidase [POD], superoxide dismutase [SOD], and catalase [CAT]), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and total phenol contents in TTFs, indicating some stress effects on the seagrass. Furthermore, IAA and GA3 decreased soluble sugar and protein contents and increased starch content in TTF tissues, whereas PP333 treatment elevated both nonstructural carbohydrate and soluble protein contents. The presence of RA positively affected the growth and physiology of T. hemprichii compared with TTFs without RA. There was a significant interaction between the PGRs and RA on leaf growth rate, chlorophyll fluorescence variables, and photosynthetic pigment content of the TTFs (p < 0.05).DiscussionThis study provides guidelines for the application of PGRs during the transplantation of T. hemprichii fragments for the restoration of seagrass meadows.

The vegetation of the ecological substrate plays a crucial role in restoring shoreline ecology. This study focused on using zeolite and biochar as substrate modifiers, specifically utilizing the Cynodon dactylon from Central China for vegetation. A pot vegetation experiment was carried out to compare the effects of different ratios of zeolite and biochar. The vegetation indices, including germination index, plant height, and coverage rate, were analyzed and discussed. The results revealed that zeolite primarily influenced the germination index of Cynodon dactylon, while biochar had a more significant impact on germination percentage, germination energy, plant height, and coverage rate. This study discovered that the seed germination effect of the improved substrate initially increased with zeolite content and then decreased. The average germination percentage was 63.96%. Conversely, it decreased with an increase in biochar content, resulting in an average germination percentage of 55.45%. Zeolite and biochar caused a decrease and increase in substrate pH by −0.11 and 0.4 on average, respectively. The germination of each substrate showed a negative correlation with pH. Additionally, the average coverage and plant height decreased with an increase in biochar content. However, the inclusion of 6% zeolite led to an increase in coverage and plant height. Specifically, the average plant height increased by 3.92 cm and the coverage by 7.48%. Our research identified the optimal ratio of zeolite and biochar as 6% zeolite and 0% biochar, showcasing good overall vegetative properties. These findings offer insights for further understanding the vegetative effects of zeolite–biochar-modified substrates and optimizing substrate schemes for ecological vegetation projects.

Using different fast charging strategies for lithium-ion batteries can affect the degradation rate of the batteries. In this case, predicting the capacity fade curve can facilitate the application of new batteries. Considering the impact of fast charging strategies on battery aging, a battery capacity degradation trajectory prediction method based on the TM-Seq2Seq (Trend Matching—Sequence-to-Sequence) model is proposed. This method uses data from the first 100 cycles to predict the future capacity fade curve and EOL (end of life) in one-time. First, features are extracted from the discharge voltage-capacity curve. Secondly, a sequence-to-sequence model based on CNN, SE-net, and GRU is designed. Finally, a trend matching loss function is designed based on the common characteristics of capacity fade curves to constrain the encoding features of the sequence-to-sequence model, facilitating the learning of the underlying relationship between inputs and outputs. TM-Seq2Seq model is verified on a public dataset with 132 battery cells and multiple fast charging strategies. The experimental results indicate that, compared to other popular models, the TM-Seq2Seq model has lower prediction errors.

Under the combined action of soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration, the law of soil water dissipation at different depths of vegetated slopes is unknown and the related influencing factors are unclear. In this paper, six large-scale slope models were constructed for long-term dynamic monitoring of soil water. The effects of slope ratio and vegetation on the dynamic changes in soil water at different depths were analyzed. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between slope conditions, meteorological factors, and soil water dissipation. The results show that under the condition of natural evaporation, slope ratio has little effect on the dynamic change in soil water in bare slopes. However, the greater the slope ratio of vegetated slopes, the faster the soil water decreases in the 40 cm depth range. Additionally, soil water dissipation follows a logarithmic functional relationship with evaporation time in both bare and vegetated slopes. The correlation between slope conditions and soil water dissipation is stronger than that of meteorological factors. The research results can provide some theoretical support for exploring the hydrological effects of vegetated slopes.

Eutrophication due to aquaculture can cause the decline of seagrasses and impact their carbon storage capacity. This study explored the effects of aquaculture on the sediment organic carbon (SOC) in Thalassia testudinum seagrass beds using enzyme activity and microorganisms as indicators. Our results showed that the distance to aquaculture significantly increased the SOC and TN of sediments; the C/N ratio of sediments was reduced by the distance to aquaculture. Distance to aquaculture and seagrasses significantly impacted the δ13C of sediments, and their significant interactive effects on the δ13C of sediments were found. Distance to aquaculture and seagrasses had significantly interactive effects on the cellulase activity of sediments. Distance to aquaculture and seagrasses separately reduced the invertase activity of sediments. SOC in the seagrass bed was significantly positively impacted by cellulase activity and polyphenol oxidase activity in sediments. Firmicutes, Desulfobacterota and Chloroflexi were the dominant taxa in the S1 and S2 locations. From the S1 location to the S2 location, the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Desulfobacterota increased. The functional profiles of COG were relatively similar between the S1 and S2 locations. BugBase phenotype predictions indicated that the microbial phenotypes of all the seagrass sediment samples were dominated by anaerobic bacteria in terms of oxygen utilizing phenotypes. FAPROTAX functional predictions indicated that aquaculture affects functions associated with seagrass bed sediment bacteria, particularly those related to carbon and nitrogen cycling. This study can provide an important basis for understanding the response mechanism of global carbon sink changes to human activities such as aquaculture and supply more scientific data for promoting the conservation and management of seagrass beds.