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This paper assesses thermoelastic damping (TED) in circular nanoplates by incorporation of the small-scale effect into structural and thermal domains. The nonlocal elasticity theory and dual-phase-lag (DPL) heat conduction model are exploited for achieving the size-dependent coupled thermoelastic equations. By choosing time-harmonic and asymmetric form for deflection and temperature change, and solving the size-dependent thermoelastic eigenvalue problem, the damped natural frequency of circular nanoplate is extracted. On the basis of the complex frequency approach, an analytical relation, for the description of TED in circular nanoplates, is derived. For different boundary conditions and vibration modes, a comparison study is performed between the size-dependent results and those provided by classical continuum mechanics and heat conduction theories. Outcomes show a discrepancy between results acquired by the size effect on the structure and heat conduction. It is elucidated that how nonlocal and DPL characteristic parameters can represent the size-dependent phenomenon and can affect the magnitude of TED. A comprehensive parametric study is conducted to specify the influence of boundary constraints, vibration mode and the type of material on the amount of energy loss from TED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]