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Airborne gravity gradient dynamic measurement error compensation is a crucial aspect of data processing in gravity gradient dynamic measurements. This study introduces a deep learning approach based on a residual backpropagation (Res-BP) neural network for post-error compensation in airborne gravity gradient dynamic measurement. The network employs residual connections to facilitate identity mapping, thereby enabling gradient propagation across layers. This strategy preserves the original information while acquiring additional information through nonlinear operations, effectively mitigating the gradient vanishing issue and enhancing the neural network's fitting capability. The method proposed in this paper is applied to both simulation data from a gravity gradiometer and high-altitude dynamic measured data of an airborne gravity gradient. Compared to traditional neural network multilayer perceptron, the Res-BP method significantly improves compensation accuracy through its application in high flight experiment of the southern section of Zhangguangcai Ridge on the western side of Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Milankovitch theory has extensive application in sequence stratigraphy and the establishment of time scales. However, it is rarely applied to shallow strata rich in hydrates. Cyclostratigraphic analysis of the Quaternary unconsolidated sediments can help identify climate and sea level changes that correspond to orbital cycles and improve our understanding of the dynamic evolution of hydrates. Methods: Using the natural gamma-ray log data from the deepwater area well W01 in the Qiongdongnan Basin, Milankovitch cycle analysis was conducted to identify the primary astronomical period in W01. Anchored to existing AMS-14 C age from bivalve shell as reference point, an astronomical age scale of W01 was established. Simultaneously, through the analyses of major trace elements and total organic carbon content (TOC) in sediment samples, how astronomical orbital cycles influenced past environmental conditions. Furthermore, employing sedimentary noise models, the relative sea level change of well W01 was reconstructed. Results: Sedimentary cycles of 27.34 m and 6.73 m were identified in the GR data from well W01, corresponding to orbital periods of 405 kyr and 100 kyr eccentricity, with a duration of approximately 2.5 Myr. The spectral analysis of paleoenvironmental proxies reveals a sedimentary cycle of approximately 27 m, while the sedimentary noise model reconstructs the fluctuating rise in sea level change. An obliquity modulation period of approximately 170 kyr was identified in the TOC data, which may reflect the combined effects of obliquity and other orbital parameters. Discussion: Spectral analysis of paleoenvironmental indicators showed that long eccentricity cycle had varying degrees of influence on changes in paleoclimate, paleosalinity, and paleoredox conditions. Additionally, a 1.2 Myr cycle was identified as a significant factor influencing sea level changes during the early Pleistocene in the South China Sea (SCS). In addition, it is confirmed that the dominant period of the glacial-interglacial cycle in the SCS from 0.6 Ma to the present is 100 kyr period. Synthesize the above analysis, during phases of low amplitude in the 405 kyr cycle or minimum value of the 100 kyr cycle, which are associated with lower temperature, conditions become more conducive to hydrate accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) electroreduction has extraordinary significance in curbing CO2 emissions while simultaneously producing value-added chemicals with economic and environmental benefits. In recent years, breakthroughs in designing catalysts, optimizing intrinsic activity, developing reactors, and elucidating reaction mechanisms have continuously driven the advancement of CO2 electroreduction. However, the industrialization of CO2 electroreduction remains a challenging task, with high energy consumption, high costs, limited reaction products, and restricted application scenarios being the issues that urgently need to be addressed. To accelerate the progress of CO2 electroreduction towards practical application, this review shifts the research focus from catalysts to aspects such as reactions and systems, aiming to improve reaction efficiency, reduce technical costs, expand the range of products, and enhance selectivity, offering readers a new perspective. In particular, innovative and specific design strategies such as CO2 reduction coupled with alternative oxidation, co-reduction reaction of CO2 and C/N/O/S-containing species, cascade systems, and integrated CO2 capture and reduction systems are discussed in detail. Additionally, personal views on the opportunities and future challenges of the aforementioned innovative strategies are provided, offering new insights for the future research and development of CO2 electroreduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural regulation of crystal structures to achieve specific structural architectures and/or desired functionalities is one of the main focuses in the field of molecular magnetism. The reaction of a trigonal tetradentate ligand, [TpFeIII(CN)3]− bridging unit and cobalt metal centres by the altering change of chemical stoichiometry afforded three different structures [{TpFe(CN)3}2Co(PyPz3)]·4MeOH·5H2O (1), [{TpFe(CN)3}Co(PyPz3)]2(ClO4)2·2MeCN·2H2O (2) and {(Tp)Fe(CN)3Co(PyPz3)}n(BF4)n·2nMeOH (3) (PyPz3 = 2-(di(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine and [TpFeIII(CN)3]− = tri(pyrazolyl)boratetricyanoiron(III)). Detailed structural studies reveal a gradual transformation among the complexes, from a trinuclear structure in 1, to a tetranuclear geometry in 2, and finally to a one-dimensional chain in 3. Magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that all three complexes exhibit ferromagnetic interactions between the cyanide bridged FeIII and CoII centres, with exchange coupling constants of +7.89, +4.37, and +5.92 cm−1, respectively. Our result demonstrates an effective strategy for targeted assembly of architectures by introducing coordinatively unsaturated ligands, complemented by the cyanide-bridged linkers [TpRFeIII(CN)3]−. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the specific hydrolytic ability of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a novel biocompatible ratiometric lanthanide fluorescent probe based on an internal reference (CIP@SiO2-Ce/ATP-Tris) was constructed with Ce3+ as the central ion, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the ligand, Tris as the auxiliary ligand and ciprofloxacin (CIP) encapsulated into SiO2 nanoparticles as the reference signal. The fluorescent probe emits characteristic fluorescence at 363 nm belonging to Ce3+ as the working signal and at 435 nm belonging to CIP as the reference signal. Dephosphorylation disrupted the coordination of Ce/ATP-Tris with the enzymatic reaction of ALP, which resulted in fluorescence quenching of Ce3+. The reference fluorescence was kept stable because of the protective effect of encapsulation by SiO2. The biosensor analysis method was achieved by comparing the relationship between I435/I363 and ALP concentration. The detection limit is 0.0025 U L−1, and the linear range of detection is 0.1–20 U L−1. It was subsequently used to detect ALP in samples of fetal bovine serum and human serum, and promising results were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Systems Engineering & Electronics is the property of Journal of Systems Engineering & Electronics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xihua University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Xihua University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xihua University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Xihua University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of chemical disinfectants inactivates pathogens, but it also leads to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) exhibit a high level of toxicity, so a comprehensive understanding of their generation, toxicity and control strategies is needed. This study examines the research papers covering bromide concentrations in surface water, groundwater, or wastewater, involving 380 sampling sites. Additionally, the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and developmental toxicity of Br-DBPs are summarized. The formation mechanisms of Br-DBPs in ozonation, chlorine-based, and persulfate-based disinfection processes are summarized, and an evaluation of control strategies for Br-DBPs and their associated toxicity is provided. The concentrations of bromide in surface water, groundwater, and wastewater in coastal areas are generally higher than those in inland areas, which are also affected by climate, topography, and the source of water. The toxicity of different types of Br-DBPs is different. The elevation of bromide concentration enhances the water toxicity, particularly in relation to ozonation. The introduction of 1000 µg/L bromide results in a 3.06-fold increase in cytotoxicity and a 4.72-fold increase in genotoxicity. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ammonia (NH3–N) exhibit effective bromate control, but H2O2 demonstrates limits efficacy in controlling Br-DBPs, while NH3–N poses the risk of increased toxicity, up to a 2.86-fold increase in genotoxicity. Ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O3) and Ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) can effectively control Br-DBPs and toxicity but may promote bromate generation. This review will deepen the understanding of Br-DBPs and their toxicity generation behavior, thereby contributing to the further optimization and development of processes for Br-DBPs control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An abundance of experimental evidence indicates that icariin (ICA) could potentially exert an anti-tumor effect on ovarian cancer (OC). Nevertheless, the reliability of this evidence remains ambiguous. This study aimed to explore the impact of ICA on OC and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Bioinformatics analysis was employed to pinpoint ICA-targeted genes and signaling pathways implicated in OC, utilizing network pharmacology. Subsequently, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched from 2001 through June 2023 for in vitro trials evaluating the anti-tumor efficacy of conventional ICA versus placebo in OC. The pathways and genes identified in the literature were recorded, and the therapeutic targets were statistically analyzed and compared with the predicted targets from network pharmacology to confirm the precision of the targets. Results and Discussion: Fourteen target genes were validated with success. The pathways corresponding to the remaining genes—excluding these 14—were analyzed and found to be primarily associated with cell apoptosis, anti-tumor, and other related pathways. Out of the 76 studies retrieved, eight fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The subsequent meta-analysis suggested that ICA treatment was significantly correlated with reduced cell growth and induced apoptosis. This study demonstrated a certain efficacy of ICA compared to placebo in enhancing anti-tumor outcomes, characterized by increased abilities in reducing cell growth and inducing apoptosis. The pathways involved in the therapeutic effect may be linked to cell apoptosis and anti-tumor mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Two-dimensional (2D) MXene, recognized for its outstanding physical and chemical properties,has gained attention as a promising material in the biomedical field. However, its potential in tissue engineering applications remains underexplored. This study focuses on synthesizing SF-MXene composite electrospun fibers and evaluating their suitability for biomedical applications. Methods: SF-MXene composite electrospun fibers were prepared through electrospinning. The fibers were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and contact angle measurements.Protein adsorption capacity and biomineralization potential were assessed. Biocompatibility was evaluated using fibroblasts (L929) and preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1), with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity measured in MC3T3-E1 cells to determine osteogenic potential. Results: The SF-MXene composite fibers exhibited well-defined morphological and structural properties, as confirmed by FE-SEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA analyses. Mechanical testing revealed enhanced mechanical stability. The fibers showed high protein adsorption and potential biomineralization activity. Both L929 and MC3T3-E1 cells displayed high viability on the composite fibers, with significantly increased ALP activity in MC3T3-E1 cells, indicating osteogenic potential. Discussion: The findings demonstrate that SF-MXene composite fibers possess excellent structural, mechanical, and biological properties suitable for tissue engineering. The fibers' ability to support cell viability, protein adsorption, and osteogenic activity highlights their potential in biomedical applications, particularly in bone tissue regeneration. These results suggest that MXene-based composites could be developed further for broader biomedical uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) appears to be a common neurological developmental deficit disorder in pediatric patients, resulting in a tremendous burden on society., Purpose: The article aimed to explore early diagnostic markers for ASD., Methods: Levels of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19 and microRNA-484 (miR-484) were detected using fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Spearman method was applied for the correlation analysis with ASD severity. To evaluate the role of H19 and miR-484 role in ASD diagnosis, the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted. Luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the targeting relationship between H19 and miR-484. The functions and pathways related to miR-484 target genes were annotated by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis., Results: Elevated H19 levels were detected in ASD patients, which was positively correlated with disease severity. MiR-484 showed a decreasing trend in ASD patients, while it was negatively related to disease severity. Both H19 and miR-484 can distinguish ASD cases from controls with an AUC of 0.878 and 0.868, respectively. Luciferase reporter assay determined the target relationship between H19 and miR-484., and their combination showed the highest diagnostic value for ASD (AUC = 0.906). GO and KEGG analysis demonstrated the targeted genes of miR-484 were related to the development of ASD, and EIF4G2 and SMARCA2 were the main core genes., Conclusion: H19 and miR-484 were dysregulated in ASD patients and were both associated with disease severity. The combined H19 and miR-484 represented a high diagnostic value for ASD., (© 2025 International Society for Developmental Neuroscience.)

Lithium-carbon dioxide (Li-CO₂) batteries have attracted much attention due to their high energy density, low cost, and carbon sequestration. However, the sluggish conversion kinetics between CO₂ and the discharge product lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) have hindered their practical applications. Herein, a flower-like photosensitive metal-organic framework (FJU-115-NS) has been employed as a cathodic electrocatalyst for Li-CO₂ batteries. The FJU-115-NS with well-ordered micropores and abundant exposed catalytic sites can effectively facilitate lithium ion transport and catalyze the Li₂CO₃ formation/decomposition, leading to improved battery performance. At a current density of 200 mA g⁻¹, the FJU-115-NS battery exhibits a substantial discharge capacity of 31579.34 mA h g⁻¹, a low overpotential of 1.31 V, and stable operation over 3200 h. Importantly, under light irradiation, the charging voltage significantly dropped from 4.45 V (without light) to 3.43 V at a high current density of 2 A g⁻¹. Additionally, the cell demonstrated an exceptionally low overpotential of just 0.45 V at a current density of 200 mA g⁻¹, highlighting its enhanced efficiency under light-assisted conditions. This work provides valuable guidance for developing light-assisted MOF catalysts to upgrade the longevity and energy efficiency of Li-CO₂ batteries., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Efficient removal of acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) impurities from polymer-grade ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) in a simple, clean manner remains a challenging goal in industry. The use of porous materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is promising for this aim but the acquisition of high purification performance is still hindered by few knowledge on the purification process because the previous conclusions were derived basically from the non-breakthrough tests or ignored the influence of structural difference (crystal structure, morphology, or defect). Here we propose an unprecedented in situ stimulus response strategy to minimize the influence of structural difference, obtain the gas-loading crystal structures of the same MOF before and after light or heat stimulation, directly observe the evolution of pore charge distribution and pore⋅⋅⋅gas interactions under light/heat induction, and finally summarizes the favorable structure for highly efficient purification of C 2 H 4 . This study opens a new route to understand the relationship between the structure and separation performance for porous materials., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

High-entropy alloys (HEAs), containing five or more elements in equal proportions, have recently made significant achievements in materials science due to their remarkable properties, including high toughness, excellent catalytic, thermal, and electrical conductivity, and resistance to wear and corrosion. This study focuses on a HEA composed of 23Fe-21Cr-18Ni-20Ti-18Mn, synthesized via ball milling. The alloy was treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to enhance its active surface area. The untreated HEA and the HCl-treated HEA (HEA-T) were then evaluated as potential cathode materials for supercapacitors (SCs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed that the HEA's composition and crystalline structure remained stable during acid treatment, with no new phases forming. The acid treatment significantly increased the surface area by ~20 times, the pore volume by ~10 times, and improved microstructural homogeneity. The HEA-T electrode demonstrated superior specific capacitance, lower internal resistance, and better cycling stability than the untreated HEA electrode. At 0.5 A/g current density, the specific capacitance (Csp) of the HEA-T was 600 F/g, approximately two times higher than the untreated HEA. This enhanced performance suggests that the HEA-T electrode could lead to the development of high-performance SCs., (© 2025 The Authors. ChemistryOpen published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 into products such as CH 4 and C 2 H 6 poses a significant challenge due to the lengthy reaction steps and the high energy barrier involved. In this study, both benzothiadiazole (BTD) and hydroxyl groups (-OH) are introduced into cobalt-based polymerized porphyrinic network (PPN) through a C-C coupling reaction. This modification of orbital energy levels that strengthens the ability of gain electrons and facilitates the charge transfer in PPN. Hydroxyl group largely enhances the ability for light response, while thiadiazole unit tunes the molecular orbital to proper energy level. By this way, BTD-DBP-PPN(Co) achieves the capability for CO 2 conversion to CH 4 and C 2 H 6 under the irradiation of light. Co active site is introduced to reduce the energy barrier and facilitate the charge transfer. The reaction pathway for C 2 H 6 production has been studied for further mechanism explanation. Overall, a series of cobalt-based porphyrin centers with a donor-acceptor (D-A) structure are designed and synthesized to enhance CO 2 reduction performance and achieve the formation of C 2 products under 300-W Xe lamp irradiation., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

To diversify wine production in Xinjiang and address the issue of wine homogenization, it is crucial to leverage the unique climatic advantages of each grape-producing area to foster a high-quality wine industry. Using meteorological data from 80 national standard meteorological stations in Xinjiang, spanning 1961 to 2019, this study established a climatic zoning index system tailored to distinct grape varieties for wines, including dry red, dry white, ice wine, sparkling wine, and natural sweet wines. The system is formulated based on key climatic factors such as the frost-free period, ≥ 10 °C active accumulated temperature (AAT10), mean temperature of the coldest month, annual extreme minimum temperature, and dryness. The fine climatic zoning for wine grapes in Xinjiang was created using GIS spatial interpolation technology. The findings reveal that Xinjiang's four traditional wine grape growing areas are ideally suited for cultivating high-quality dry red and dry white wine grapes. The premium planting areas for natural sweet wine grapes are concentrated primarily in the northern Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang and the southern Junggar Basin at the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains. The sparkling wine grape cultivation area is scarce in Xinjiang, with only a small, high-quality segment located in the Emin region of the Tacheng Basin. As for ice wine grapes, Xinjiang has limited growing areas, with scattered cultivable patches found in the Yili River Valley and the Tacheng Basin. Notably, the Tacheng Basin, a non-traditional wine grape region, contains high-quality grape growing area for dry white and sparkling wines, including the only high-quality area for sparkling wine. This diversification potential could enhance Xinjiang's capacity to develop and expand its premium dry white wines and expand its range of wine offerings., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Hybrid lead halides show significant potential in photocatalysis due to their excellent photophysical properties, but the atomically precise modification of their organic component to achieve synergistic interactions with the lead halide units remains a great challenge. Herein, for the first time, we have employed the crystal engineering strategy to construct a class of single-atom-substituted hybrid lead halides with electron donor-acceptor (D-A) effect. The lead halide frameworks consist of 1D linear [PbCl] + chains as inorganic building units and benzoxadiazole/benzothiadiazole/ benzoselenadiazole-funtionalized dicarboxylates as linkers. The covalent bonding between the organic ligands with electron-withdrawing groups and the electron-rich lead halide units not only facilitate the charge separation, but also enhance structural robustness that is critical for photocatalysis. The D-A structured lead halides serve as highly efficient heterogeneous photooxidation catalysts, including aerobic oxidation of C(sp 3 )-H bonds, oxidative coupling of primary amines, oxidation of phenylboronic acids and selective oxidation of sulfides that are demonstrated in 30 examples. Importantly, these photooxidation reactions are able to be driven by natural sunlight and ambient air to afford quantitative yields. Moreover, our lead halide photocatalysts are successful to fix into a photocatalytic flow system, which enables the flow-type synthesis of high value-added photooxidation products on a gram scale., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The complex composition of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) has posed challenges for in-depth study and global application, despite their abundance of bioactive compounds that make them valuable resources for disease treatment. To overcome these obstacles, it is essential to modernize TCMs by focusing on precise disease treatment. This involves elucidating the structure-activity relationships within their complex compositions, ensuring accurate in vivo delivery, and monitoring the delivery process. This review discusses the research progress of TCMs in precision disease treatment from three perspectives: spatial multi-omics technology for precision therapeutic activity, carrier systems for precise in vivo delivery, and medical imaging technology for visualizing the delivery process. The aim is to establish a novel research paradigm that advances the precision therapy of TCMs., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Wetlands, as crucial terrestrial carbon reservoirs, have recently suffered severe degradation due to intense human activities. Lacustrine sediments serve as vital indicators for understanding wetland environmental changes. In the current paper, porewater samples were extracted from lacustrine sediment in three boreholes with a depth of ~75 cm in the Huixian karst wetland, southwest China, to study the chemical and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) evolution under anthropogenic influence. Two boreholes are situated beneath the Mudong Lake, while the other one is in the degraded wetland area. The results show that porewater in the central region of Mudong Lake is natural HCO 3 -Ca type water and recharged by karst groundwater as evidenced by depleted 2 H - 18 O isotopes. Methanogenesis prevails in this area, suggested by positive δ 13 C values ranging from 4.29‰ to 7.05‰. However, shallow porewater at the western edge of Mudong Lake and porewater in the degraded wetland exhibit significantly higher concentrations of NO 3 - and SO 4 2- , resulting from the agricultural input and recharged groundwater influenced by oxidation of pyrite. These processes lead to a decrease in methane production and generate DIC through degradation of organic fertilizer and carbonate weathering by sulfuric acid, thereby significantly altering porewater δ 13 C values. Two types of DIC mixing processes were observed based on the increasing δ 13 C values with depth, which can be attributed to the unique karst groundwater subsystems. This work highlights the potential impact of human-induced porewater chemical variations on the fate of DIC, particularly in karst wetland environments., (© 2025 National Ground Water Association.)

α-Diazoesters belong to significantly important carbenoid precursors in synthetic chemistry. Diazomethylation-based difunctionalization of alkenes is highly valuable but remain nontrivial. Herein, we reported a general and modular approach for the direct 1,2-oxydiazomethylation of alkenes through visible-light photoredox catalysis. This process exploits photocatalyzed strategy to convert alkenes to γ-formyloxyl-α-diazoesters using α-diazo iodonium salts as carbyne precursors, featuring wide substrate tolerance and broad late-stage diversifications. Mechanistic studies suggest that the formation of γ-carbocation-tethered α-diazoesters plays a crucial role in trapping DMF and H 2 O to allow for this transformation., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a critical tool in the characterization of covalently modified nucleic acids. Well-developed bottom-up approaches, where nucleic acids are digested with an endonuclease and the resulting oligonucleotides are separated before MS and MS/MS analysis, provide substantial insight into modified nucleotides in biological and synthetic nucleic. Top-down MS presents an alternative approach where the entire nucleic acid molecule is introduced to the mass spectrometer intact and then fragmented by MS/MS. Current top-down MS workflows have incorporated automated, on-line HPLC workflows to enable rapid desalting of nucleic acid samples for facile mass analysis without complication from adduction. Furthermore, optimization of MS/MS parameters utilizing collision, electron, or photon-based activation methods have enabled effective bond cleavage throughout the phosphodiester backbone while limiting secondary fragmentation, allowing characterization of progressively larger (~100 nt) nucleic acids and localization of covalent modifications. Development of software applications to perform automated identification of fragment ions has accelerated the broader adoption of mass spectrometry for analysis of nucleic acids. This review focuses on progress in tandem mass spectrometry for characterization of nucleic acids with particular emphasis on the software tools that have proven critical for advancing the field., (© 2025 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Food-derived bioactive peptides are a class of peptides from natural protein. It may have biological effects on the human body and play a significant role in protecting human physiological health and regulating physiological metabolism, such as lowering blood pressure, lowering cholesterol, antioxidant, antibacterial, regulating immune activity, and so on. However, most of the natural food-derived functional peptides need to overcome a variety of barriers in the body to enter the blood circulation system and target to specific tissues to generate physiological activity. During this process, the bioavailability of the functional peptides will be reduced. The nano-delivery system can offer the feasibility to overcome these obstacles and improve the stability and bioavailability of food-derived active peptides by nanoencapsulation. This work summarizes the application of food-derived bioactive peptides and the obstacles during the delivery pathway in vivo. Moreover, the different nano-delivery systems used for bioactive peptides and their application were summarized, which could provide ideas for oral delivery of food-derived bioactive peptides., (© 2025 Institute of Food Technologists.)

Traditional drying is a highly energy-intensive process, accounting for approximately 15% of total manufacturing cost, it often resulting in reduced product quality due to low drying efficiency. Biological and chemical agents, referred to as biochemical drying improvers, are employed as pretreatments to enhance both drying characteristics and quality attributes of fruits and vegetables. This article provides a thorough examination of various biochemical drying improvers (including enzymes, microorganisms, edible film coatings, ethanol, organic acids, hyperosmotic solutions, ethyl oleate alkaline solutions, sulfites, cold plasma, carbon dioxide, ozone, inorganic alkaline agents, and inorganic salts) and their effects on improving the drying processes of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, it introduces physical drying improvers (including ultrasonic, pulsed electric field, vacuum, and others) to enhance the effects of biochemical drying improvers. Pretreatment with biochemical agents not only significantly enhances drying characteristics but also preserves or enhances the color, texture, and bioactive compound content of the dried products. Meanwhile, physical drying improvers reduce moisture diffusion resistance through physical modifications of the food materials, thus complementing biochemical drying improvers. This integrated approach mitigates the energy consumption and quality degradation typically associated with traditional drying methods. Overall, this review examines the role of biochemical agents in enhancing the drying characteristics and quality of fruits and vegetables, offering a comprehensive strategy for energy conservation and quality improvement., (© 2024 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

The efficient adsorption-based separation of krypton (Kr) and xenon (Xe) is of paramount importance but is challenged by their similar physicochemical properties. While carbon adsorbents are theoretically promising for Kr/Xe sieving, practical success has remained elusive. Here, a series of ultramicroporous carbon molecular sieves synthesized from sucrose-derived hydrochar is reported. The study employs careful characterization and controlled thermal pyrolysis to tailor ultramicropore formation and elucidate the evolution of the carbon framework. The leading material, C-Suc-750, has an ideal pore size of ≈4.0 Å. In particular, C-Suc-750 has achieved a remarkable Kr/Xe uptake ratio of 39.3 at ambient conditions, setting a new benchmark for selective Kr adsorption and molecular sieving of Kr/Xe. Breakthrough experiments further confirm the superior molecular sieving performance of C-Suc-750, highlighting its potential for Kr recovery in nuclear waste treatment. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrate the critical role of narrow slit-pore of the carbon molecular sieve in molecular sieving separation of Kr/Xe, providing insights into the mechanism driving this selectivity., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)