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This book presents an overall picture of the constraints faced at different stages of the translation process, providing a more scientific approach to descriptive translation studies.The study investigates translation constraints at three different levels. The micro-system includes the original work, the translator, and the translation itself. The meso-system includes various factors that represent power, such as individuals, groups, and institutions. The book also examines the macro-system, which includes factors related to culture, society, and even the global context. Drawing on the principles of literary hermeneutics, this book advances the study of translation constraints from description to interpretation through systematic analysis. Incorporating the latest scholarship from both national and international sources, the book discusses translation studies when it explores translation constraints and analyses translation constraints when it discusses translation studies.The book will be of interest to scholars and students of translation theory and practice and Chinese studies. It will also be of value to translation professionals.