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Acne is a common chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous gland in the hair follicle. Commonly used external medications cause skin irritation, and the transdermal capacity is weak, making it difficult to penetrate the cuticle skin barrier. Hair follicles can aid in the breakdown of this barrier. As nanomaterials progress, polymer-based nanocarriers are routinely used for hair follicle drug delivery to treat acne and other skin issues. Based on the physiological and anatomical characteristics of hair follicles, this paper discusses factors affecting hair follicle delivery by polymer nanocarriers, summarizes the common combination technology to improve the targeting of hair follicles by carriers, and finally reviews the most recent research progress of different polymer nanodrug-delivery systems for the treatment of acne by targeting hair follicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy plays a crucial role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in the context of global climate change. However, its deployment for green electricity generation can significantly influence regional climate and vegetation dynamics. While prior studies have examined the impacts of solar power plants on vegetation, the accuracy of these assessments has often been constrained by the availability of publicly accessible multispectral, high-resolution remotely sensed imagery. Given the abundant solar energy resources and the ecological significance of the Tibetan Plateau, a thorough evaluation of the vegetation effects associated with solar power installations is warranted. In this study, we utilize sub-meter resolution imagery from the GF-2 satellite to reconstruct the fractional vegetation cover (FVC) at the Gonghe solar thermal power plant through image classification, in situ sampling, and sliding window techniques. We then quantify the plant's impact on FVC by comparing data from the pre-installation and post-installation periods. Our findings indicate that the Gonghe solar thermal power plant is associated with a 0.02 increase in FVC compared to a surrounding control region (p < 0.05), representing a 12.5% increase relative to the pre-installation period. Notably, the enhancement in FVC is more pronounced in the outer ring areas than near the central tower. The observed enhancement in vegetation growth at the Gonghe plant suggests potential ecological and carbon storage benefits resulting from solar power plant establishment on the Tibetan Plateau. These findings underscore the necessity of evaluating the climate and ecological impacts of renewable energy facilities during the planning and design phases to ensure a harmonious balance between clean energy development and local ecological integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Going through three important iterations, semiconductor material systems have been widely used in important fields such as microelectronics, communications, artificial intelligence, and carbon neutrality. With the rapid development of technologies, the research on a new generation of high-performance semiconductor materials and devices has become the focus of international advanced technology. As one of the most promising fourth-generation semiconductor material, antimonide semiconductor materials have unique advantages and broad application prospects in developing next-generation high-performance, small-volume, low-power, and low-cost infrared optoelectronic devices. In this paper, the development process and research status of antimonide semiconductor lasers at home and abroad were reviewed, the key issues such as design of device structure, material epitaxial growth, mode selection and wavelength expansion were analyzed, high-performance antimonide quantum well lasers have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy technology. The design scheme and key technology for realizing high-power, single-mode and high-beam quality antimonide lasers were emphasized, and the research prospect of single-mode antimonide lasers with excellent characteristics such as low cost, high yield and high power was predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute kidney injury (AKI) presents as a condition marked by a sudden and rapid decrease in kidney function over a short timeframe, resulting from diverse causes. As a transcription factor, PR domain‐containing 16 (PRDM16), has recently been implicated in brown fat biogenesis and heart diseases. Our recent works indicated that PRDM16 could suppress the occurrence of renal interstitial fibrosis in diabetic kidney disorder. Nonetheless, the effect and regulatory mechanism of PRDM16 in AKI remain elusive. Our study demonstrated that PRDM16 inhibited apoptosis induced by ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) in BUMPT (Boston University mouse kidney proximal tubular) cells and HK‐2(Human Kidney‐2) cells. Mechanistically, PRDM16 not only bound to the promoter region of S100 Calcium Binding Protein A6 (S100A6)and upregulated its expression but also interacted with its amino acids 945–949, 957–960, and 981–984 to suppress the p38MAPK and JNK axes via inhibition of PKC‐η activity and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, cisplatin‐ and I/R‐stimulated AKI progression were ameliorated in PRDM16 proximal‐tubule‐specific knockin mice, whereas exacerbated in PRDM16 knockout proximal‐tubule‐specific mice). Moreover, we observed that formononetin ameliorated I/R‐ and cisplatin‐triggered AKI progression in mice. Taken together, these findings reveal a novel self‐protective mechanism in AKI, whereby PRDM16 regulates the S100A6/PKC‐η/ROS/p38MAPK and JNK pathways to inhibit AKI progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-performance p-B-n infrared photodetectors based on In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As / Ga 0.51 As 0.49 Sb type-II superlattices with an Al 0.85 Ga 0.15 AsSb barrier on an InP substrate have been demonstrated. These photodetectors exhibit 50% and 100% cutoff wavelengths of ∼ 2.1 μm and ∼ 2.6 μm, respectively. At a bias voltage of −100 mV bias voltage, the device exhibits a peak responsivity of 0.618 A/W at 2.1 μm, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 36.5%. The device exhibits a saturated dark current shot noise limited specific detectivity (D*) of 4.12 × 10 10 cm · Hz 1 / 2 / W (at a peak responsivity of 2.1 μm) under −100 mV applied bias at 300 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soils contaminated with multiple heavy metals pose a significant threat to human health and ecosystem functionality. Following a "treat pollution with waste" strategy, we synthesized Mg‐Fe‐Al ternary layered double hydroxides (LDHs) from waste Bayer red mud for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Characterization using XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS methods revealed a characteristic layered structure rich in functional groups, offering reaction sites for heavy metal passivation. Passivation experiments showed that the application of Mg‐Fe‐Al LDHs (2.5 wt.%) reduced the availability of Pb (29.7%), Cd (64.1%) and Cu (66.0%) in contaminated soil from a sulphide iron ore area in southern Sichuan Province. Simulated acid rain experiments showed leachate concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cu reduced by 43.3%, 72.7% and 42.4%, respectively. This work provides a reference for the development of high‐performance and environmentally friendly adsorption‐stabilizing materials for green remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly weathered lowland (sub)tropical forests are widely recognized as nitrogen (N)‐rich and phosphorus (P)‐poor, and the input of N and P affects soil carbon (C) cycling and storage in these ecosystems. Microbial residual C (MRC) plays a crucial role in regulating soil organic C (SOC) stability in forest soils. However, the effects of long‐term N and P addition on soil MRC across different soil layers remain unclear. This study conducted a 12‐year N and P addition experiment in two typical subtropical plantation forests dominated by Acacia auriculiformis and Eucalyptus urophylla trees, respectively. We measured plant C input (fine root biomass, fine root C, and litter C), microbial community structure, enzyme activity (C/N/P‐cycling enzymes), mineral properties, and MRC. Our results showed that continuous P addition reduced MRC in the subsoil (20–40 cm) of both plantations (A. auriculiformis: 28.44% and E. urophylla: 28.29%), whereas no significant changes occurred in the topsoil (0–20 cm). N addition decreased MRC in the subsoil of E. urophylla (25.44%), but had no significant effects on A. auriculiformis. Combined N and P addition reduced MRC (34.63%) in the subsoil of A. auriculiformis but not in that of E. urophylla. The factors regulating MRC varied across soil layers. In the topsoil (0–10 cm), plant C input (the relative contributions to the total variance was 20%, hereafter) and mineral protection (47.2%) were dominant factors. In the soil layer of 10–20 cm, both microbial characteristics (41.3%) and mineral protection (32.3%) had substantial effects, whereas the deeper layer (20–40 cm) was predominantly regulated by microbial characteristics (37.9%) and mineral protection (18.8%). Understanding differential drivers of MRC across soil depth, particularly in deeper soil layers, is crucial for accurately predicting the stability and storage of SOC and its responses to chronic N enrichment and/or increased P limitation in (sub)tropical forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical and subtropical forests play a crucial role in global carbon (C) pools, and their responses to warming can significantly impact C‐climate feedback and predictions of future global warming. Despite earth system models projecting reductions in land C storage with warming, the magnitude of this response varies greatly between models, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Here, we conducted a field ecosystem‐level warming experiment in a subtropical forest in southern China, by translocating mesocosms (ecosystem composed of soils and plants) across 600 m elevation gradients with temperature gradients of 2.1°C (moderate warming), to explore the response of ecosystem C dynamics of the subtropical forest to continuous 6‐year warming. Compared with the control, the ecosystem C stock decreased by 3.8% under the first year of 2.1°C warming; but increased by 13.4% by the sixth year of 2.1°C warming. The increased ecosystem C stock by the sixth year of warming was mainly attributed to a combination of sustained increased plant C stock due to the maintenance of a high plant growth rate and unchanged soil C stock. The unchanged soil C stock was driven by compensating and offsetting thermal adaptation of soil microorganisms (unresponsive soil respiration and enzyme activity, and more stable microbial community), increased plant C input, and inhibitory C loss (decreased C leaching and inhibited temperature sensitivity of soil respiration) from soil drying. These results suggest that the humid subtropical forest C pool would not necessarily diminish consistently under future long‐term warming. We highlight that differential and asynchronous responses of plant and soil C processes over relatively long‐term periods should be considered when predicting the effects of climate warming on ecosystem C dynamics of subtropical forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a significant health challenge, necessitating diverse therapeutic interventions to manage the disease effectively. While these treatments offer promising outcomes, they are often accompanied by a range of side effects that can impact patient quality of life and treatment compliance. This review provides an overview of the common side effects associated with various PCa therapies, including prostatectomy, radiation therapy, thermal therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted drug therapy, among others. We summarized and discussed the reported side effects encompassing ureteral problems, sexual issues, gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hematologic abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, and liver enzyme elevation. Specific managements, such as personalized treatment plans, proactive symptom monitoring, supportive care interventions, and hematological assessments, are crucial in mitigating these side effects and optimizing treatment outcomes. By prioritizing patient-centered care and tailored interventions, health-care providers can enhance treatment efficacy and improve the overall well-being of individuals undergoing PCa therapies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of this review., (© 2024 The Journal of Biological Methods, All rights reserved.)

N 2 O is a dominant atmosphere pollutant, causing ozone depletion and global warming. Currently, electrochemical reduction of N 2 O has gained increasing attention to remove N 2 O, but its product is worthless N 2 . Here, we propose a direct eight-electron (8 e ) pathway to electrochemically convert N 2 O into NH 3 . As a proof of concept, using density functional theory calculation, an Fe 2 double-atom catalyst (DAC) anchored by N-doped porous graphene (Fe 2 @NG) was screened out to be the most active and selective catalyst for N 2 O electroreduction toward NH 3 via the novel 8 e pathway, which benefits from the unique bent N 2 O adsorption configuration. Guided by theoretical prediction, Fe 2 @NG DAC was fabricated experimentally, and it can achieve a high N 2 O-to-NH 3 Faradaic efficiency of 77.8% with a large NH 3 yield rate of 2.9 mg h -1 cm -2 at -0.6 V vs RHE in a neutral electrolyte. Our study offers a feasible strategy to synthesize NH 3 from pollutant N 2 O with simultaneous N 2 O removal.

Achieving high operating temperature (HOT) plays a crucial role in miniaturizing type-II superlattice (T2SL) mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) focal plane arrays (FPAs). However, their full potential has yet to be realized due to a lack of complete understanding of their operation from the perspective of detection principles. Here, by investigating the photon transmission path and optoelectronic performance of the simulated devices, a detailed noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) model of the T2SL MWIR FPAs was established. The NETD limitations in the optics-limited and detector-limited modes were revealed by studying the effects of the source, optical system, and FPA-related parameters. Although NETD exhibits sensitivity to dark currents, improvements in the quantum efficiency and well capacity can further boost its performance. When the defects and carrier lifetimes are well controlled to completely suppress the dark current, the NETD of an MWIR system with optimized integration times, which operates between 150 K and 200 K, is predicted to be below 10 mK when detecting room-temperature targets. The results provide new insights into the model and sources contributing to the NETD and demonstrate the possibility of high-temperature operation of T2SLs MWIR FPAs.

A bias-selectable near-infrared (NIR) and extended short wavelength infrared (eSWIR) dual-band bandgap engineered Ga 0.51 As 0.49 Sb/Al 0.85 Ga 0.15 AsSb/T2SL (In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As/Ga 0.51 As 0.49 Sb) infrared photodetector, vertically stacked in a monolithic grown on InP substrate, is demonstrated. GaAsSb NIR sub-detector and T2SL eSWIR sub-detector are operated under small forward and reverse bias, respectively. The GaAsSb sub-detector functions within the NIR spectrum, with a 100% cutoff wavelength of 1.72 μm at 50 mV, achieving a peak responsivity of 0.560 A/W at 1.55 μm and a specific detectivity (D*) of 1.48 ×10 11 c m ⋅ H z 1/2 / W . At -250 mV, the T2SL eSWIR sub-detector functions in the eSWIR band, exhibiting a 100% cutoff wavelength of 2.6 μm. The peak responsivity is 0.273 A/W at 2.0 μm, with a specific detectivity of 6.11 ×10 9 c m ⋅ H z 1/2 / W . The present work demonstrates the potential of the dual-band photodetector for multispectral SWIR applications.