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This study aimed to i) analyse learning problems in science at boarding schools for junior high school students and ii) determine the effectiveness of science learning in the context of Islamic teachings using the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, -religion (STEM-R) approach to improve reflective and critical thinking skills. The research method applied in this study was a sequential exploratory mixed method. The research design consisted of five stages: i) qualitative data gathering, ii) qualitative data analysis, iii) quantitative data gathering, iv) quantitative data analysis, and v) data interpretation. The subjects of this study were 192 students from boarding schools and were divided into 6 groups. The research results obtained were the school, parents, science teachers and religion teachers' vision and mission causing students to like or dislike science. An excellent teacher is viewed by students as someone who can make learning enjoyable, exhibit creativity in presenting educational material, possess the ability to motivate, link science and religion, engage in investigative activities, infuse humour, establish connections between science and everyday life, and communicate concepts effectively. Moreover, distinctions in reflective thinking and critical thinking abilities were observed between the experimental group and the control group. Learning that connects science and Islamic religion and examines STEM-R aspects is able to develop students' thinking skills.

The review article presents an analysis of the literature on environmental literacy in sustainable development. By utilizing techniques to examine multiple documents published between 2013 and 2023, including citation analysis, co-authorship analysis, subject area analysis, and keyword analysis, this study aims to provide valuable information and insights into the research landscape surrounding environmental literacy and its contribution to promoting sustainable development. A systematic search was conducted to gather several scientific articles, conference papers, and publications from the Scopus database from 2013 to 2023. The findings of this analysis shed light on authors, influential institutions, and active research groups that contributed to the study of environmental literacy and sustainable development. This comprehensive review offers an understanding of the state of research in this field while identifying areas for further exploration and research gaps. The insights gained from this study can be highly beneficial for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to advance knowledge and take action toward promoting literacy's role in sustainable development. This analysis is a foundation for advancing our understanding of literacy's significance while emphasizing its vital role in sustainable development efforts.

Proses Islamisasi di Pulau Jawa kurun waktu abad 15 M-16 M berjalan dengan damai tanpa peperangan. Ja'far Shadiq, yang populer panggil Sunan Kudus, seorang wali yang berjasa dalam penyebaran Islam di Jawa pada abad ke-16 M. Sunan Kudus mengeluarkan fatwa kepada masyarakat Kudus waktu itu, agar tidak menyembelihan sapi. Fatwa itu, seakan berlawanan dengan ajaran Islam yang menghalalkan penyembelihan sapi baik untuk konsumsi atau ibadah kurban. Menariknya, fatwa tersebut masih diamalkan oleh masyarakat Kudus hingga saat ini. Dewasa ini, sebagian umat Islam, terutama kalangan tekstualis mempermasalahkan larangan tersebut karena dianggap tidak sesuai dengan ajaran Islam. Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini adalah memahami kembali maksud sebenarnya dari fatwa tersebut agar semua kalangan mampu menyikapinya dengan bijak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan berbagai data lapangan maupun tertulis dari buku maupun jurnal. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pertama fatwa larangan penyembelihan sapi oleh Sunan Kudus tidak lepas dari keadaan atau konteks sosial, agama dan budaya pada zamannya. Kedua, merupakan bagian dari proses strategi dakwah toleran yang ia lakukan untuk melangsungkan proses Islamisasi. Ketiga, larangan tersebut sebagai bentuk penghormatan tradisi dan keyakinan agama lain, bukan melarang secara hukum mutlak dan permanen, sehingga memungkinkan diperbolehkan menyembelih sapi pada waktu dan tempat yang tepat. Hasil penelitian ini dapat berkontribusi dalam upaya meneguhkan kembali bahwa penghormatan tradisi lokal menjadi point penting untuk memperkuat paradigma moderasi beragama

The Al-Qur'an educational park or TPQ is classified as non-formal education which aims to realize tafaqquh fi al-din (deepening the Islamic religion) activities. Juridically, this kind of education is covered by Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2003 concerning the national education system and Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 55 of 2007 concerning religious education and religious education. In article 14 in paragraph 2 it is stated that Al-Qur'an education is carried out in formal, non-formal and informal channels. Based on these regulations, TPQ has a big role in building the foundation of a child's character. In its realization, TPQ is equivalent to kindergarten (TK), meaning that religious education emphasizes providing basic lessons in reading the Koran. Meanwhile, learning the Koran at TPQ will play a strategic role in instilling Islamic character in children. TPQ learning is required to have pedagogical methods that are reliable, easy, and able to arouse students' interest in learning. Currently, TPQ is starting to compete in realizing quality TPQ management by emphasizing the content of character education in it. The strategic role of TPQ is deemed necessary to carry out research on how TPQ improves the quality of learning so that student output is quality and has character. The stages of the research method were carried out by observing, interviewing kiai, ustad, Islamic boarding school students, and carrying out documentation in the field. From these three stages, conclusions were drawn in order to find out and find novelty in this research. This research uses a qualitative approach to case study design, so that the researcher is the key to the research and is absolutely present at the research location. Next, the researcher will conduct in-depth interviews with Kiai, Ustad or Ustadah (respondents) intensively, preparing questions related to improving the quality of learning at TPQ. Research findings: Kiai as Figurehead/Symbol (leader, liaison, monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson as well as entrepreneur, disturbance handler, provider of all resources, and negotiator). The focus of this research is Kiai as Figurehead/Symbol (leader, liaison, monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson as well as entrepreneur, disturbance handler, provider of all resources, and negotiator.

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