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Abstract The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (HNRNPC) plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis, yet its role in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains elusive. Herein, we elucidated the function and molecular mechanism of HNRNPC in PTC tumorigenesis and progression. Our study unveiled a significant upregulation of HNRNPC in PTC, and knockdown of HNRNPC markedly inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of BCPAP cells. Furthermore, HNRNPC modulated PKM alternative splicing in BCPAP cells primarily through m6A modification. Additionally, by upregulating PKM2 expression, HNRNPC promoted aerobic glycolysis in BCPAP cells, thereby facilitating malignant progression in PTC. In summary, our findings demonstrate that HNRNPC regulates PKM alternative splicing through m6A methylation modification and promotes the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of PTC through glucose metabolism pathways mediated by PKM2. These discoveries provide new biomarkers for screening and diagnosing PTC patients and offer novel therapeutic targets for personalized treatment strategies.

Ferroptosis is a unique mode of cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, and the process is regulated by a variety of cellular metabolic pathways, including redox homeostasis, iron processing, and lipid metabolism. It has been shown that radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation exhibits the key features of ferroptosis, including iron deposition, glutathione (GSH) depletion, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inactivation and lipid peroxidation. In this paper, we found that ferroptosis plays an important role in radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-induced GI inflammation, and that elevating GSH levels, activating GPX4, inhibiting elevated levels of lipid peroxidation, and maintaining iron homeostasis significantly alleviated radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-induced GI inflammation. This suggests that ferroptosis may be a new target for the treatment of GI inflammation. In addition, we systematically summarize the potential mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its active ingredients in the treatment of GI inflammation, which may be effective in ameliorating radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-induced GI by acting on the key signaling pathways and mediators, such as Nrf2/HO-1, GSH/GPX4, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), iron, and organic peroxides, which in turn inhibit the process of ferroptosis, and thereby effectively ameliorate the radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-induced GI inflammation. This finding provides a new potential approach for the treatment of such GI inflammation and demonstrates the potential value of TCM in modern medical treatment.

Abstract Background There are accumulating type 2 diabetes patients who have osteoporosis simultaneously. More effective therapeutic strategies should be discovered. Biochanin A (BCA) has been indicated that can play a role in improving metabolic disorders of type 2 diabetes and preventing osteoporosis. But whether BCA can treat type 2 diabetic osteoporosis has not been studied. Purpose To investigate if the BCA can protect against type 2 diabetic osteoporosis and clarify the mechanism. Methods Micro-CT and histology assays were performed to detect the trabecular bone and analyze the bone histomorphology effect of BCA. CCK-8 assay was performed to detect the toxicity of BCA. TRAcP staining, immunofluorescence and hydroxyapatite resorption assay were used to observe osteoclasts differentiation and resorptive activity. Molecular docking provided evidence about BCA regulating the MAPK axis via prediction by the algorithm. QRT-PCR and Western Blotting were utilized to detect the expression of osteoclastogenesis-related markers and MAPK signaling pathway. Results Accumulation of bone volume after BCA treatment could be found based on the 3D reconstruction. Besides, there were fewer osteoclasts in db/db mice treated with BCA than db/db mice treated with saline. In vitro, we found that BCA hadn’t toxicity in osteoclasts precursor, but also inhibited differentiation of osteoclasts. Further, we found that BCA suppresses osteoclastogenesis via ROS/MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusion BCA can prevent type 2 diabetic osteoporosis by restricting osteoclast differentiation via ROS/MAPK signaling pathway.

With the increasing adoption of composite materials in aircraft construction, traditional anti-icing technologies face significant challenges due to the low thermal conductivity and heat resistance of composite resins. These limitations have spurred the development of lightweight, efficient, durable, and cost-effective integrated anti-icing technologies as a critical area of research. This paper begins with an overview of advancements in electrothermal anti-icing and de-icing technologies for aircraft. It then explores the configurations and applications of functional-structural integration technology for anti-icing and de-icing, emphasizing pivotal technologies and current challenges in this field. Finally, the study forecasts the development trends in the multifunctional integration of thermal conductivity/insulation, anti-icing, and electromagnetic wave transparency/wave-absorbing properties. These advancements are driven by the evolution of composite materialization in aircraft and the progression of multi-electrical/all-electrical technologies. The objective is to provide a comprehensive guide for technological development in anti-icing, aiding researchers and relevant departments to further enhance the application of anti-icing technology in composite material aircraft.

In recent years, thanks to the development of integrated circuits, clinical medicine has witnessed significant advancements, enabling more efficient and intelligent treatment approaches. Particularly in the field of neuromedical, the utilization of brain-machine interfaces (BMI) has revolutionized the treatment of neurological diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, or spinal cord injury. The BMI acquires neural signals via recording circuits and analyze them to regulate neural stimulator circuits for effective neurological treatment. However, traditional BMI designs, which are often isolated, have given way to closed-loop brain-machine interfaces (CL-BMI) as a contemporary development trend. CL-BMI offers increased integration and accelerated response speed, marking a significant leap forward in neuromedicine. Nonetheless, this advancement comes with its challenges, notably the stimulation artifacts (SA) problem inherent to the structural characteristics of CL-BMI, which poses significant challenges on the neural recording front-ends (NRFE) site. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of technologies addressing artifacts in the NRFE site within CL-BMI. Topics covered will include: (1) understanding and assessing artifacts; (2) exploring the impact of artifacts on traditional neural recording front-ends; (3) reviewing recent technological advancements aimed at addressing artifact-related issues; (4) summarizing and classifying the aforementioned technologies, along with an analysis of future trends.

Toll receptors are involved in the development and innate immunity of insects. BmToll9-1 is an important immune receptor in the Toll pathway. Previous studies have focused on its role as a receptor in immune response. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of BmToll9-1 as a regulator in the immune response. The expression profiles demonstrated that BmToll9-1 was predominantly expressed in the midgut. RNA interference (RNAi) of BmToll9-1 was found to be effective in the midgut via the injection of dsRNA, which resulted in smaller and lighter larvae and cocoons. Most signaling genes in the Toll pathway and downstream effector genes were downregulated after the RNAi of BmToll9-1. The hemolymph from BmToll9-1-silenced larvae showed decreased antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, either in growth curve or inhibition zone experiments. The above results indicate that BmToll9-1 might be positively involved in the immune pathway of silkworm. As a positive regulator, BmToll9-1 might function mainly in the gut to maintain microbial homeostasis to regulate the growth of silkworms. Silencing of BmToll9-1 downregulates the signaling genes in the Toll pathway and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production, resulting in decreased antibacterial activity in the hemolymph.

Abstract Background The understanding of the heterogeneous cellular microenvironment of colonic polyps in paediatric patients with solitary juvenile polyps (SJPs), polyposis syndrome (PJS) and Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS) remains limited. Methods We conducted single‐cell RNA sequencing and multiplexed immunohistochemistry (mIHC) analyses on both normal colonic tissue and different types of colonic polyps obtained from paediatric patients. Results We identified both shared and disease‐specific cell subsets and expression patterns that played important roles in shaping the unique cellular microenvironments observed in each polyp subtype. As such, increased myeloid, endothelial and epithelial cells were the most prominent features of SJP, JPS and PJS polyps, respectively. Noticeably, memory B cells were increased, and a cluster of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐like colonocytes existed across all polyp subtypes. Abundant neutrophil infiltration was observed in SJP polyps, while CX3CR1hi CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were predominant in SJP and JPS polyps, while GZMAhi natural killer T cells were predominant in PJS polyps. Compared with normal colonic tissues, myeloid cells exhibited specific induction of genes involved in chemotaxis and interferon‐related pathways in SJP polyps, whereas fibroblasts in JPS polyps had upregulation of myofiber‐associated genes and epithelial cells in PJS polyps exhibited induction of a series of nutrient absorption‐related genes. In addition, the TNF‐α response was uniformly upregulated in most cell subsets across all polyp subtypes, while endothelial cells and fibroblasts separately showed upregulated cell adhesion and EMT signalling in SJP and JPS polyps. Cell–cell interaction network analysis showed markedly enhanced intercellular communication, such as TNF, VEGF, CXCL and collagen signalling networks, among most cell subsets in polyps, especially SJP and JPS polyps. Conclusion These findings strengthen our understanding of the heterogeneous cellular microenvironment of polyp subtypes and identify potential therapeutic approaches to reduce the recurrence of polyps in children.

Ice crystal icing occurs in jet engine compressors, which can severely degrade jet engine performance. In this paper, two different numerical calculation methods, the Eulerian method and the Lagrangian method, were used to evaluate the dynamics, mass transfer, heat transfer, phase transition and trajectory of ice crystals. Then, we studied the effects of initial diameter, initial sphericity, initial temperature of ice crystal, and relative humidity of airflow on the phase transition and collection characteristics of ice crystal particles. Results indicate that the non-spherical characteristics of ice crystals have a significant impact on their impingement limits and collection characteristics. The collection coefficient of unmelted ice crystals is positively correlated with the initial particle diameter and sphericity, and negatively correlated with the initial particle temperature and the relative humidity of airflow. The melting rate of ice crystal particles on the impact surface increases exponentially with the initial diameter of the particles, linearly increases with the relative humidity of the airflow and initial temperature of the particles, and exponentially decreases with the sphericity of the particles.

This study explored the effect of commercial ripened Pu-erh tea (Y562, China Tea (Yunnan) Industry Co. Ltd.) on improving the health of populations with abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism. Qualified volunteers were recruited for nutritional epidemiological and clinical intervention studies. The volunteers were asked to drink the tea for three months. Their body composition (body mass, body mass index (BMI), body fat ratio and visceral fat), body circumferences (waist circumference, hip circumference and neck circumference), glucose metabolism-related indicators (fasting blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glycosylated hemoglobin), lipid metabolism-related indicators (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1 and B), blood uric acid levels, liver fat contents, and gut microbiota were tested and compared before and after drinking the tea to explore its health benefits. The results showed that after drinking Y562 without any change in diet or exercise for three months, the body mass, BMI, body circumferences, blood lipids (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1 and B), and liver fat contents of the volunteers were significantly improved (P 0.05). Moreover, the gut microbiota was improved, showing increased uniformity. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Akkermansia muciniphila, Clostridium screenens and Streptococcus thermophilus was increased, while that of Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Paraacteroides distasonis was decreased. This study suggests that ripened Pu-erh tea Y562 has the potential to help reduce the body mass, improve the body shape, reduce blood glucose and lipids, and alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The underlying mechanism may be related to the regulation of the intestinal microecology and the bile acid pathways by Pu-erh tea.

Objective: To determine the therapeutic effects of the Zhuangyao Jianshen pill (, ZYJSP) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and investigate the underlying mechanism., Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: Control group, BPH model group, finasteride-treated group, ZYJSP low, medium and high dose groups. Except for the control group, 40 rats were castrated and injected with testosterone propionate (TP) for 28 consecutive day to induce BPH. Meanwhile, the corresponding drugs were administered by gavage. The prostate wet weight, prostate index (PI), and the histopathological changes in the prostate were measured as the basis for examining the efficacy of ZYJSP against BPH. Levels of the serum sex hormones, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory markers, renal function markers, growth factors, and Cyclin D1 expression in prostate were measured to characterize the therapeutic mechanism of ZYJSP against BPH., Results: ZYJSP administration significantly reduced prostate wet weight and PI and ameliorated histological changes of the prostate in TP-treated castrated rats. TP markedly increased the levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and growth factors in the serum as well as the expression of the Cyclin D1 in the prostate. Most of these markers were significantly decreased by ZYJSP. ZYJSP significantly restored the dysregulation of testosterone, estradiol, and dihydrotestosterone caused by TP. Furthermore, ZYJSP relieved TP-induced prostate injury and exhibited both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity by decreasing interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and malondialdehyde levels and increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase in the serum., Conclusion: These findings indicate that ZYJSP can effectively ameliorate BPH induced by TP in castrated rats, and the underlying mechanism might be related to regulating sex hormone balance, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting the inflammatory response.