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This essay is occupied with attempts to provide alternative bibliographic infrastructures for marginalized communities and discusses the possibilities of queer metadata. First, I provide a definitional and literature review focused on the principles and purposes of the field of knowledge organization. Next, I introduce the Homosaurus as an example of a queer alternative to standard cataloging and classification structures. I draw from discussions on imagined records and impossible archival imaginaries in the archival studies field in order to propose the concepts of “metadatic imaginaries” and “impossible metadatic imaginaries.” The essay closes with considerations about the implications for queer bibliography.

Background: Self-reported wellbeing measures such as mood and soreness have been identified as predictors of injury risk. However, most research has focused on investigating time-loss injuries even though nontime-loss injuries are more prevalent.Hypothesis: Impairments in sleep and subjective wellbeing would be associated with increased injury for both time-loss and nontime-loss injuries.Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study.Level of Evidence: Level 3.Methods: During 2022, 127 athletes completed a daily survey that inquired about training load and sleep from the previous day along with mood, stress, and soreness on the current day. Incidence of injury was also monitored using documentation provided by athletes’ respective athletic trainers. Mixed effect models were used to analyze the relationship between wellbeing and sleep measures with injury.Results: Self-reported wellbeing, based most closely on soreness the day of injury, by National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 collegiate athletes was predictive of time-loss injuries, whereas no significant relationship was identified for nontime-loss injuries. Specifically, 1 unit increase in soreness was associated with a 39% increase in odds of sustaining a time-loss injury.Conclusion: This study found that subjective wellbeing and sleep have a different relationship with injury dependent upon whether the resulting injury leads to time loss.Clinical Relevance: Self-reported wellbeing appears to be a relevant predictor of injury among collegiate athletes for time-loss injuries.

Background: Running-related injuries (RRI) are common among adolescent runners; however, our understanding of RRI risk factors in this population is limited. Sleep, stress, and fatigue are risk factors in other youth sports but have not been studied in high school runners. This study prospectively assessed the effect of changes in sleep duration and quality, stress, and fatigue on RRI among high school cross country runners.Hypothesis: Less and poorer quality sleep and greater stress and fatigue, compared with the previous week, would be associated with RRI.Study Design: Prospective, observational study.Level of Evidence: Level 2b.Methods: Runners completed a preseason demographics and injury history survey and daily surveys regarding sleep duration and quality, stress, fatigue, and current RRI. Values were summed within each week, and change scores were calculated relative to the previous week. Runners completing ≥75% of daily surveys were analyzed; sensitivity analyses for those completing ≥50% and ≥90% were also conducted. Generalized estimating equations assessed the association between change in each predictor, including its interaction with sex, and RRI, controlling for year in school, previous RRI, and repeated observations.Results: A total of 434 runners enrolled in the study; 161 (37%) completed ≥75% of daily surveys. No associations between change in sleep duration, sleep quality, or fatigue and RRI were observed (Pvalues ≥0.24). A significant change in stress × sex interaction with RRI was observed (P< 0.01). Associations among boys (P= 0.06) and girls (P= 0.07) were marginally significant. Sensitivity results were similar.Conclusion: Short-term changes in sleep duration, quality, and fatigue were not associated with RRI, but a significant interaction between change in stress and sex suggests that stress may influence RRI risk in high school cross country runners.Clinical Relevance: Large changes in stress levels should be monitored throughout the season, as these changes may precede RRI occurrence in this population.

Context: Cannabis use among the general population has increased over time, in part due to decriminalization of use and greater social acceptance of cannabis use. These changes have contributed to increased availability of cannabis products, thus raising the likelihood that a subset of adolescent and young adult athletes will use cannabis. Therefore, it is imperative that clinicians and other providers working with young athletes have a thorough understanding of the impact cannabis can have on the athletic performance and overall health of a young athlete.Evidence Acquisition: PubMed (Medline), CINAHL, PsycINFO, and SportDiscus databases were used to perform a literature search of articles published between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2022. Additional articles were reviewed based on references obtained from initial articles.Study Design: Clinical review.Level of Evidence: Level 4.Results: Survey studies suggest that up to 1 in 4 athletes have used cannabis at least once in the last year. Age, sex, race, sexual orientation, level of competition, and country of residence of an athlete all contribute to differing rates of cannabis use among athletes. The scientific literature does not support using cannabis for athletic performance, and multiple studies have demonstrated notable impairments in objective athletic performance measures. Cannabis use can also negatively impact an athlete’s overall health via cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and mental health symptoms and disorders.Conclusion: Cannabis use among adolescent and young adult athletes is common, and rates of use are influenced by many different factors. Current evidence suggests that cannabis use can worsen sport performance, negatively impact an athlete’s general health, and contribute to negative mental health outcomes.

Context: Physical exercise (PE) is an effective treatment for depression, alone or as an adjunct.Objective: There is a lack of indicators regarding the frequency, intensity, duration, and type of physical exercise (PE). This study aims to synthesize and analyze the dose-effect of different PE protocols in adult subjects in the treatment of depression, based on the analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).Data Sources: The search was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library electronic databases.Study Selection: Studies with an exercise-based intervention published by December 31, 2021 were identified. RCTs and meta-analyses involving adults with depression were also included; 10 studies were selected, including a total of 956 subjects.Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Level of Evidence: Level 1.Results: Effect sizes were summarized using standardized mean differences (95% confidence interval) by effected randomized models. The results reinforce that exercise appears to be beneficial in improving depression among adults aged 18 to 65 years. Interventions lasting above 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity and group interventions seem to have a more significant effect on reducing depression. Studies have revealed that aerobic exercise, compared with resistance or flexibility, has a more positive effect on depression.Conclusion: PE can be a way to reduce depression and can be used as a possible adjunctive tool for pharmacological and/or alternative treatments. Considering the findings of this study, it is important that health professionals (eg, exercise physiologists, physicians, nurses, psychologists) promote the practice of PE as a complementary alternative and act early to prevent the worsening of depression.PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42020188909

Context: In June 2021, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) adopted a new policy allowing NCAA athletes the opportunity to benefit and profit from their name, image, and likeness (NIL). Several state high-school associations have established policies to guide their members and students through the new era of NIL. While the potential benefits cannot be ignored, NIL presents novel responsibilities and stressors to athletes. This paper will review the paucity of literature on the effect of NIL on youth athletes and bring attention to mental health, well-being, or academic performance impacted by NIL.Evidence Acquisition: Articles were identified through Google and PubMed search starting from NIL policy approval (June 30, 2021). Search terms included “name, image and likeness” and “NIL.”Study Design: Clinical commentary.Level of Evidence: Level 5.Results: Although 1 article was identified through PubMed search and numerous articles were identified through Google search, no articles directly evaluated the effects of NIL on the mental health, well-being, or academic performance of youth athletes.Conclusion: It is critical for sports medicine providers and other members of the athletic healthcare network to familiarize themselves with these emerging topics to best serve their patients and communities. The athletic healthcare network must be prepared to address possible NIL-related health ramifications for our patients and their families and help them navigate a confusing and predatory landscape. We must provide resources to youth athletes to minimize the risks associated with NIL involvement and related activities, and to ensure that athletes with NIL contracts are able to balance their academic and athletic responsibilities. Fostering strong relationships between stakeholders and sports medicine staff is paramount to creating an environment that permits honest discussions about NIL and the health of athletes from youth to adulthood.Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy: N/A.

Context: The importance of mental health among athletes is becoming more recognized and valued. Athletes experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, and related mental health disorders at rates similar to those of the general population, but because athletes face unique cultural and environmental pressures, such disorders are exacerbated in the context of an injury. Furthermore, we review the less well-known evidence that mental health disorders in athletes are associated with an increased risk of injury. We discuss the increasing awareness of the deficiencies in mental health support for athletes, which has been especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as in prominent professional and Olympic athletes, and describe both internal and external barriers to appropriate care.Evidence Acquisition: We searched PubMed for pertinent peer-reviewed studies.Study Design: Clinical review.Level of Evidence: Level 5.Results: There is a known psychological response to injury that can prolong recovery from musculoskeletal injury; conversely, mental health disorders in athletes are not only associated with an increased injury risk but also portend poorer outcomes subsequently, including prolonged recovery times, increased rates of injury recurrence, decreased rates of return to sport, and reduced performance upon return. Because of inherent barriers to appropriate care of athletes, including identification, stigma, and resource availability, there are currently various ongoing efforts nationally to create and implement initiatives regarding athlete mental health screening, support systems, and directed interventions to address the inextricably linked physical and mental health of athletes.Conclusion: Athletic injury negatively impacts the mental health of athletes. Likewise, mental health can and does influence athletic performance and is also intimately tied to the risk of athletic injury, thus creating a complex cycle with inability to separate physical and mental health.

A 12-week feeding trial with juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) fed high-soybean meal (SBM) diets was conducted to investigate a putative biomarker of nutritional imbalance, N-formimino-L-glutamate (FIGLU). Three fishmeal-free, 60% SBM pelleted diets (named B12, Fol, and Met, respectively) were tested to evaluate the effects on growth performance and tissue metabolite profiles of supplementation of vitamin B12(0.012 mg/kg), folate (10 mg/kg), methionine (1 g/kg) respectively, above basal supplementation levels. A fourth SBM-based diet (named B12/Fol/Met) was formulated with a combination of B12, folate, and methionine to attain the above-mentioned target concentrations. A fifth 60% SBM diet (named FWS) with methionine supplementation (1 g/kg above basal supplementation levels), enriched with taurine, lysine and threonine as well as minerals, was also tested. This diet contained formulation targets and additives which have allowed for replacing fishmeal with plant proteins in rainbow trout feeds. Control diets included a fishmeal-based diet (named FM), an unsupplemented basal 60% SBM diet (named SBM60), and a “natural” diet (named N) made up of equal parts of fish (cigar minnows), squid and shrimp as a positive reference for growth performance. Formulated feeds contained approximately 37% total crude protein, approximately 14% total crude lipid and were energetically balanced. Standard growth performance metrics were measured, and tissues (liver, muscle) were collected at week 12 to evaluate diet-induced metabolic changes using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. Our results show that the FWS diet outperformed all other SBM diets and the FM diet under all performance metrics (P < 0.05). FIGLU was not detected in fish fed the N diet but was detected in those fed the SBM diets and the FM diet. Fish fed the FWS diet and the Met diet showed lower hepatic levels of FIGLU compared with the other SBM-based diets (P < 0.05), suggesting that among the different supplementation regimes, methionine supplementation was associated with lower FIGLU levels. The FWS diet produced tissue metabolite profiles that were more similar to those of fish fed the N diet. Based on our results, the FWS diet constitutes a promising SBM-based alternative diet to fishmeal for red drum.

Context: The ongoing opioid epidemic and associated adverse effects impart a large burden on our current healthcare system. The annual economic and noneconomic cost of opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose is currently estimated at $1 trillion.Objective: This review presents the prevalence, frequency of use, need, and effectiveness of opioid analgesia in the youth and adolescent athlete population. It identifies current indications for opioid versus nonopioid analgesic use in the setting of acute orthopaedic injuries, postoperative management, concussion, and chronic pain. Current knowledge of youth athlete opioid use, risks related to use, misuse, diversion, and addiction are reviewed.Data Sources: A PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library search was conducted in February 2023 to review opioid pain management strategies in the pediatric athlete population from 2000 to present.Study Selection: Searches were restricted to English language articles and human subjects. Initial reviews of titles and abstracts were performed by all authors and relevant full-text articles were selected. Priority was given to systematic and narrative reviews, meta-analyses, and prospective studies.Study Design: Narrative review.Level of Evidence: Level 3.Data Extraction: First author name, publication year, study design, study country, subject demographics, and data on the frequency, type, and duration of analgesic treatments for musculoskeletal injuries, postsurgical care, chronic pain disorders, and concussion were extracted.Results: Pediatric athletes comprise a high-risk population seeking analgesic relief for injury-related pain. Participation in high school sports is associated with increased risk of opioid use. An average of 28% to 46% of high school athletes have used opioids in their lifetime. Participation in ≥1 high school sport puts adolescents at 30% greater odds of future opioid misuse.Conclusion: The use of opioids in the pediatric athlete population is common and associated with both short- and long-term risks of misuse and addiction.

Background: Injury in sport is an inherent risk to participation, and it can have devastating consequences for the athlete, both mentally and physically. Previous research has found that impairments in well-being can increase the risk of injury, and that various forms of mindfulness training and practice can improve well-being and mental health in various populations.Hypothesis: Mindfulness would be associated with greater well-being and lower risk of injury.Study Design: Cohort study.Level of Evidence: Level 3.Methods: A total of 21 female Division I athletes underwent a formal 6-week mindfulness training program and were encouraged to continue mindfulness exercises. The athletes completed daily surveys on their smartphones in relation to mood, muscle readiness (soreness), readiness to train, energy level, daily training load, and whether they had participated in mindfulness training that day. Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate well-being variables and mindfulness state, and separate mixed effects logistics regression models were used to evaluate injury incidence and wellness variables.Results: On days with mindfulness practice, athletes reported higher mood (19.6 [18.8-20.3] vs 19.4 [18.6-20.1, P= 0.03), muscle readiness (18.9 [17.8-20.0] vs 18.6 [17.5-19.6], P= 0.03), readiness to train (78.7 [75.9-81.5] vs 77.4 [74.7-80.2], P< 0.01), and energy level (19.3 [18.6-20.1] vs 18.8 [18.1-19.5, P< 0.01) than on the days when they did not participate in mindfulness training. Mindfulness practice was associated with significantly reduced likelihood of suffering an acute injury the following day (odds ratio, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.42-0.43; P< 0.01).Conclusion: On an individual level, participation in mindfulness by female collegiate athletes was associated with a dramatic reduction in injury risk the following day. In addition, mindfulness was associated with significantly improved mood, muscle readiness, readiness to train, and energy level.Clinical Relevance: These findings suggest that mindfulness training in athletes may improve well-being and reduce the risk of injury among high-level athletes.

Background: There are little to no data on whether any associations exist between sport specialization and mental health in youth softball athletes.Hypothesis: Highly specialized youth softball athletes will have worse self-reported depression and anxiety symptom scores compared with low and moderate specialized athletes.Study Design: Cross-sectional survey.Level of Evidence: Level 4.Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was distributed in the fall of 2021 to a national sample of female youth softball athletes between the ages of 12 and 18 years. Sport specialization status was determined using a 3-point specialization scale that classifies either low, moderate, or high. The patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the 7-item general anxiety disorder scale (GAD-7) were used to assess self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety. Comparison also included sports participation and specialization behaviors between specialization groups.Results: A total of 1283 subjects (mean age, 15.1 ± 1.7 years) fully completed the survey. After adjusting for covariates, lower scores were reported on both the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 by highly specialized athletes compared with moderate or low specialization athletes (PHQ-9, high = 8.6 ± 0.4; moderate = 11.2 ± 0.3; low = 10.9 ± 0.5; P< 0.01; GAD-7, high = 6.5 ± 0.4; moderate = 8.6 ± 0.3; low = 8.4 ± 0.4, P< 0.01). Conversely, higher scores were reported on both scales for athletes who received private softball coaching compared with those who did not (PHQ-9, 11.5 ± 0.3 vs 9.0 ± 0.3; P< 0.01; GAD-7, 8.8 ± 0.3 vs 6.9 ± 0.3, P< 0.01). Finally, athletes who reported an arm overuse injury in the previous year reported higher PHQ-9 scores (10.8 ± 0.3 vs 9.8 ± 0.3; P< 0.01).Conclusion: While sport specialization, as measured by the validated 3-point scale, was not associated with increased anxiety and depression symptom scores, other aspects of specialization behavior such as private coaching or overuse injury history were associated with worse scores on these scales, indicating potential concern for anxiety and depression. However, although the differences we observed were statistically significant, they did not exceed the minimal clinically important difference values that have been established for the PHQ-9 (5 points) or GAD-7 (4 points).Clinical Relevance: This project is a first step toward understanding the sport specialization behaviors and their influence on the mental health of youth softball athletes. Focusing on investigating specialization behaviors further may reveal to be a better indicator of risk of developing anxiety and depression symptoms compared with utilizing the 3-point specialization scale.

Background: Pre-existing mental health diagnoses may contribute to greater emotional symptom burden and prolonged recovery after concussion.Hypothesis: Youth with pre-existing mental health diagnoses will have greater emotional symptom burden, greater risk for delayed return to exercise, and more prolonged recovery from concussion than those without those diagnoses.Study Design: Prospective cohort.Level of Evidence: Level 3.Methods: A prospective registry of youth concussion was examined for differences in emotional symptom burden after injury to develop a predictive risk model for prolonged recovery. The impact of individual and total number of pre-existing mental health diagnoses (0, 1, 2, and 3+) was assessed, and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with prolonged recovery.Results: Among a cohort of 3105 youth with concussion, those with a history of mental health diagnoses, in a dose-response fashion, had greater postinjury emotional symptom burden (7 emotional symptoms vs 4; P< 0.01), visio-vestibular dysfunction (65% abnormal vs 56% abnormal; P< 0.01), later return to symptom-limited exercise (23 vs 21 days; P< 0.01), and overall longer concussion recovery (38 days, interquartile range [IQR] 18, 80) versus 25 days (IQR 13, 54; P< 0.01). Boys with prolonged recovery after concussion had greater emotional symptom burden than girls (5 emotional symptoms vs 3; P< 0.01).Conclusion: Pre-existing mental health diagnoses are associated with greater postinjury emotional symptom burden and longer concussion recovery in a dose-response fashion. Visiovestibular deficits and delayed return to exercise are also associated with pre-existing mental health diagnoses and prolonged recovery. Boys with prolonged recovery from concussion experience greater emotional symptom burden than girls.Clinical Relevance: Addressing pre-existing mental health diagnoses is essential to concussion management. Boys with prolonged recovery from concussion may particularly benefit from interventions to address their higher emotional symptom burden. Interventions, including a home visio-vestibular exercise program and symptom-limited exercise, may contribute to improving time to concussion recovery.

Background: Securing a professional baseball career is a formidable task, and only a unique few can overcome the obstacles necessary to become a Major League player in the Korea Baseball Organization (KBO). When achieving a spot in a KBO Major League team, a player’s technical aspect may be influenced by their initial neuropsychological status.Hypothesis: Personality and neurocognitive functions influence long-term pro-baseball league success.Study Design: Cohort observational study.Level of Evidence: Level 3.Methods: From the start of each player’s career, we monitored the status and course of 153 baseball players in the KBO from 2009 to 2019 who agreed to participate in this study. The Korean versions of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y (STAI-KY) analyzed traits and estimated state and trait anxiety levels, respectively. The Trail Making Test (TMT) (parts A and B) assessed attention shifting, and, in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), perseverative errors determined cognitive flexibility. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to predict player status variables, with TCI and neurocognitive function variables as covariates.Results: High novelty-seeking scores, low state anxiety, and short TMT A results reliably predict KBO Major League participation in a player’s third year. Similarly, low state anxiety scores and high harm avoidance, reward dependence, and self-transcendence scores accurately predict KBO Major League participation in a player’s fifth year. Lastly, short TMT A results, low perseverative error scores, and high novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and self-transcendence efficiently predict KBO Major League participation in a player’s seventh year.Conclusion: Draft ranking, personality, and neurocognitive function are associated with pro-baseball league achievement. In particular, personality and neuropsychological functions are associated with long-term success.Clinical Relevance: Clinically, sound personality and neuropsychological functions determine KBO Major League success.

ABSTRACTMainland Chinese students’ (MCSs’) cross-cultural adaptation experiences in Hong Kong have remained under-researched. Our study investigates this phenomenon with a language and social psychology approach and explores the role of Cantonese ability and communication with locals. We invoked Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) to investigate the intergroup communication between MCSs and locals. Thematic analysis of ten semi-structured interviews revealed that MCSs considered self-perceived Cantonese abilities and communication with locals critical for their adaptation. Invoking CAT to investigate this intercultural context provided valuable insights into the importance MCSs place on locals’ communicative behaviours when deciding whether to communicate in the local language.

BackgroundPlexins are large transmembrane receptors for the semaphorin family of signalling proteins. Semaphorin-plexin signalling controls cellular interactions that are critical during development as well as in adult life stages. Nine plexin genes have been identified in humans, but despite the apparent importance of plexins in development, only biallelic PLXND1and PLXNA1variants have so far been associated with Mendelian genetic disease.MethodsEight individuals from six families presented with a recessively inherited variable clinical condition, with core features of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), with variable intellectual disability. Probands were investigated by exome or genome sequencing. Common variants and those unlikely to affect function were excluded. Variants consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance were prioritised. Variant segregation analysis was performed by Sanger sequencing. RNA expression analysis was conducted in C57Bl6 mice.ResultsRare biallelic pathogenic variants in plexin B2 (PLXNB2), a large transmembrane semaphorin receptor protein, were found to segregate with disease in all six families. The variants identified include missense, nonsense, splicing changes and a multiexon deletion. Plxnb2expression was detected in differentiating ameloblasts.ConclusionWe identify rare biallelic pathogenic variants in PLXNB2as a cause of a new autosomal recessive, phenotypically diverse syndrome with AI and SNHL as core features. Intellectual disability, ocular disease, ear developmental abnormalities and lymphoedema were also present in multiple cases. The variable syndromic human phenotype overlaps with that seen in Plxnb2knockout mice, and, together with the rarity of human PLXNB2variants, may explain why pathogenic variants in PLXNB2have not been reported previously.

BackgroundCollagen XVII is most typically associated with human disease when biallelic COL17A1variants (>230) cause junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), a rare, genetically heterogeneous, mucocutaneous blistering disease with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), a developmental enamel defect. Despite recognition that heterozygous carriers in JEB families can have AI, and that heterozygous COL17A1variants also cause dominant corneal epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophy (ERED), the importance of heterozygous COL17A1variants causing dominant non-syndromic AI is not widely recognised.MethodsProbands from an AI cohort were screened by single molecule molecular inversion probes or targeted hybridisation capture (both a custom panel and whole exome sequencing) for COL17A1variants. Patient phenotypes were assessed by clinical examination and analyses of affected teeth.ResultsNineteen unrelated probands with isolated AI (no co-segregating features) had 17 heterozygous, potentially pathogenic COL17A1variants, including missense, premature termination codons, frameshift and splice site variants in both the endo-domains and the ecto-domains of the protein. The AI phenotype was consistent with enamel of near normal thickness and variable focal hypoplasia with surface irregularities including pitting.ConclusionThese results indicate that COL17A1variants are a frequent cause of dominantly inherited non-syndromic AI. Comparison of variants implicated in AI and JEB identifies similarities in type and distribution, with five identified in both conditions, one of which may also cause ERED. Increased availability of genetic testing means that more individuals will receive reports of heterozygous COL17A1variants. We propose that patients with isolated AI or ERED, due to COL17A1variants, should be considered as potential carriers for JEB and counselled accordingly, reflecting the importance of multidisciplinary care.

ABSTRACT:In April 1956, Jesse C. Fisher Jr., a white businessman, wrote to Frank Lloyd Wright proposing a residential development for “a group of better-type colored people” in rural Whiteville, North Carolina. Over the next two years, Wright’s office developed a scheme for Fisher’s tract based on a type of quadruplex Wright called a “cloverleaf.” This paper examines the design and development of this obscure project by putting its small collection of architectural drawings and correspondence in dialogue with relevant historical scholarship, detailed attention to the town of Whiteville, and other aspects of Wright’s work and thought. This varied approach sheds light on the contradictions—including expressions of racial tolerance masking deep-rooted prejudices—that shaped Fisher’s proposal and Wright’s designs. Lastly, the project’s obscurity within the literature on Wright raises questions about historians’ unwillingness or inability, until recently, to reckon with the racialized complexities of Wright’s work.

ABSTRACTLive cell imaging is a standard technique in experimental biology that enables the observation of isolated cells and tissue slices in real time and the testing of cellular responses to changes in buffer composition. However, most live cell imaging devices require the use of dedicated microscopes and/or specialised stage adaptors, and come at a reasonably high cost. We employed 3D printing technology to create a low-cost imaging chamber with side ports to exchange fluids, to be used on upright microscopes. The chamber increased the functionality of a standard upright epifluorescent microscope to allow dynamic, real-time calcium imaging of cultured hypothalamic astrocytes from mice, and to test the effects of ATP stimulation upon calcium signalling. It was also used on slices obtained from the mouse brain using a brain matrix slicer. The advantages of this chamber include a very simple design that can be used with upright epifluorescence microscopes, does not require any special stage adaptor, and includes ports to permit fluid exchange during imaging. This chamber is ideal for educational settings with undergraduate laboratories that do not have access to dedicated inverted fluorescent microscopes for tissue culture experiments.

Mindfulness has been around for centuries and a significant amount of research has been published in the past 6 years. Mindfulness has been shown to be helpful to improve overall well-being and sports performance. There has been a large increase in anxiety, depression, and overall stress in the pediatric, adolescent, and young adult population. This clinical commentary highlights the importance of using mindfulness as one tool to help young athletes improve their overall well-being and athletic performance. It also describes how it can be utilized in the sports medicine world along with noting a novel program at a Children’s Hospital that is utilizing these tools to help young athletes.