Search

The article discusses the use of CMOS sensor chips from discarded cameras or smartphones as teaching tools for demonstrating diffraction. The authors conducted diffraction experiments using electronic components and fluorescent dyes to visualize diffracted light paths. They also created transmission gratings using CMOS sensors as templates and observed diffraction patterns. The study aimed to provide low-cost demonstrations of physics concepts, particularly related to diffraction. The research was conducted by Lian Hu and Yi-Xiang Wang from Jiangnan University in China, who are interested in developing innovative physics demonstrations. [Extracted from the article]

Objectives: Confirm that stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth‐derived exosomes (SHED‐exos) can limit inflammation‐triggered epithelial cell apoptosis and explore the molecular mechanism. Methods: SHED‐exos were injected into the submandibular glands (SMGs) of non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice, an animal model of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Cell death was evaluated by western blotting and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labelling staining. Results: SHED‐exos treatment promoted the saliva flow rates of NOD mice, accompanied by decreased cleaved caspase‐3 levels and apoptotic cell numbers in SMGs. SHED‐exos inhibited autophagy, pyroptosis, NETosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis and oxeiptosis marker expression in SS‐damaged glands. Mechanistically, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of exosomal miRNAs suggested that the rat sarcoma virus (RAS)/mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway might play an important role. In vivo, the expression of Kirsten RAS, Harvey RAS, MEK1/2 and p‐ERK1/2 was upregulated in SMGs, and this change was blocked by SHED‐exos treatment. In vitro, SHED‐exos suppressed p‐ERK1/2 activation and increased cleaved caspase‐3 and apoptotic cell numbers, which were induced by IFN‐γ. Conclusion: SHED‐exos suppress epithelial cell death, which is responsible for promoting salivary secretion. SHED‐exos inhibited inflammation‐triggered epithelial cell apoptosis by suppressing p‐ERK1/2 activation, which is involved in these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence Level: 1 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the importance of studying the placenta and the potential of non-invasive techniques to measure placental function. The authors focus on the use of diffusion MRI and the intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model to evaluate placental blood flow and microstructures. They propose a new model that includes two perfusion compartments in addition to the diffusion compartment in the placenta. The study includes patients with normal pregnancies, Small for Gestational Age (SGA), Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR), and placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders. The results show differences in perfusion fractions between these groups, but further validation and testing with more cases are needed. [Extracted from the article]