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This contribution proposes to analyse the conflict that resulted from the events of 7 October 2023, involving the State of Israel, Palestine and other Middle Eastern states. Offering various bibliographical insights, reflections are made on the nature of these attacks by outlining the historical and legal context of the State of Israel, analysing its legitimacy, past wars and current threats. It also delves into the concept of 'genocide' as applied to the situation in Gaza and, conversely, into the emerging global anti-Semitism fuelled by an anti-Israel narrative shared by many Western countries. It finally highlights the need to address the risk of discrimination against Jews - motivated not religiously or racially, as in the past, but on the basis of 'humanitarian' and 'inclusive' principles. Denouncing this dangerous regression is an important task for anyone who rejects racism and has not forgotten the lesson of the Shoah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]