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The ability of the attaching and effacing pathogens enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Citrobacter rodentium to overcome colonisation resistance is reliant on a type 3 secretion system used to intimately attach to the colonic epithelium. This crucial virulence factor is encoded on a pathogenicity island known as the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE) but its expression is regulated by several core-genome encoded transcription factors. Here, we unveil that the core transcription factor PdhR, traditionally known as a regulator of central metabolism in response to cellular pyruvate levels, is a key activator of the LEE. Through genetic and molecular analyses, we demonstrate that PdhR directly binds to a specific motif within the LEE master regulatory region, thus activating type 3 secretion directly and enhancing host cell adhesion. Deletion of pdhR in EHEC significantly impacted the transcription of hundreds of genes, with pathogenesis and protein secretion emerging as the most affected functional categories. Furthermore, in vivo studies using C. rodentium, a murine model for EHEC infection, revealed that PdhR is essential for effective host colonization and maximal LEE expression within the host. Our findings provide new insights into the complex regulatory networks governing bacterial pathogenesis. This research highlights the intricate relationship between virulence and metabolic processes in attaching and effacing pathogens, demonstrating how core transcriptional regulators can be co-opted to control virulence factor expression in tandem with the cell's essential metabolic circuitry. Author summary: This study reveals an unexpected role for a metabolic regulatory protein in the attaching and effacing family of pathogenic Gram-negatives. The transcription factor PdhR normally functions by repressing expression of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in response to cellular pyruvate levels, thus helping cells to manage their energy production. However, we discovered that PdhR is also capable of controlling the ability of these pathogens to colonise host cells early in infection. Deletion of pdhR affected the transcription of hundreds of genes, including many involved in the infection process. As such, PdhR was found to be required for host cell attachment both in vitro and in vivo. This level of control is achieved by a mechanism involving direct interaction between PdhR and the gene region encoding a key pathogen virulence factor. This discovery highlights how bacteria can re-purpose proteins involved in basic processes of life to control their ability to cause disease, showing that the connection between a bacterial metabolism and pathogenesis is more complex than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Candida albicans is a common fungal pathogen that triggers complex host defense mechanisms, including coordinated innate and adaptive immune responses, to neutralize invading fungi effectively. Exploring the immune microenvironment has the potential to inform the development of therapeutic strategies for fungal infections. Methods: The study analyzed individual immune cell profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Candida albicans -infected mice and healthy control mice using single-cell transcriptomics, fluorescence quantitative PCR, and Western blotting. We investigated intergroup differences in the dynamics of immune cell subpopulation infiltration, pathway enrichment, and differentiation during Candida albicans infection. Results: Our findings indicate that infiltration of CD4 + naive cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, and Microtubules-associated (MT)-associated cells increased after infection, along with impaired T cell activity. Notably, CD4+T cells and plasma cells were enhanced after infection, suggesting that antibody production is dependent on T cells. In addition, we screened 6 hub genes, transcription factor forkhead box protein 3(Foxp3), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA4), Interleukin 2 Receptor Subunit Beta (Il2rb), Cd28, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (Ccl5), and Cd27 for alterations associated with CD4+T cell differentiation. Conclusions: These results provide a comprehensive immunological landscape of the mechanisms of Candida albicans infection and greatly advance our understanding of adaptive immunity in fungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persister cells (PCs), a subpopulation occurring within normal cells, exhibit a transient tolerance to antibiotics because of their dormant state. PCs are categorized into two types: type I PCs, which emerge during the stationary phase, and type II PCs, which emerge during the logarithmic phase. Using the conventional colony-forming method, we previously demonstrated that type I PCs of Escherichia coli form more frequently in air–solid biofilm culture than in liquid culture. In the current study, we modified a cell filamentation method as a more efficient and rapid alternative for quantifying PCs. This modified method yielded results consistent with those of the conventional method with 103–104 times higher sensitivity and less detection time, within several hours, and further revealed the existence of multiple levels of type I PCs, including a substantial number of deeply dormant cells. This study also discovered a potential epigenetic memory mechanism, spanning several generations (four or six cell divisions), which influences type II PC formation based on prior biofilm experience in E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Change in pH in growth conditions is the primary stress for most neutralophilic bacteria, including model microorganism Escherichia coli. However, different survival capacities under acid stress in different bacteria are ubiquitous. Research on different acid-tolerance mechanisms in microorganisms is important for the field of combating harmful gut bacteria and promoting fermentation performance of industrial strains. Therefore, this study aimed to carry out a narrative review of acid-stress response mechanism of E. coli discovered so far, including six AR systems, cell membrane protection, and macromolecular repair. In addition, the application of acid-tolerant E. coli in industry was illustrated, such as production of industrial organic acid and developing bioprocessing for industrial wastes. Identifying these aspects will open the opportunity for discussing development aspects for subsequent research of acid-tolerant mechanisms and application in E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Havruta learning method using ChatGPT to improve the teaching efficacy of pre-service early childhood teachers. The effects of the Havruta teaching method in classes using ChatGPT on improving teaching efficacy were analyzed in a group of pre-service early childhood teachers to explore the direction of teaching and learning to improve the future educational capabilities required of prospective teachers. The participants were sophomores enrolled in a "Curriculum for Early Childhood Education" course at a university in Korea (Gyeonggi Province). During the 15-week of early childhood curriculum classes course, Havruta classes using ChatGPT were conducted for 12 weeks, excluding midterm and final exams. A paired-sample t-test was performed to verify the effectiveness of enhancing pre-service early childhood teachers' teaching efficacy. The analysis showed that the Havruta learning method using ChatGPT positively affected both AI teaching efficacy and creative teaching efficacy for pre-service early childhood teachers. The findings verify that Havruta classes using ChatGPT are meaningful teaching and learning methods for pre-service early childhood teachers as future educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant pathogenic bacteria often have a narrow host range, which can vary among different isolates within a population. Here, we investigated the host range of the tomato pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm). We determined the genome sequences of 40 tomato Cm isolates and screened them for pathogenicity on tomato and eggplant. Our screen revealed that out of the tested isolates, five were unable to cause disease on any of the hosts, 33 were exclusively pathogenic on tomato, and two were capable of infecting both tomato and eggplant. Through comparative genomic analyses, we identified that the five non-pathogenic isolates lacked the chp/tomA pathogenicity island, which has previously been associated with virulence in tomato. In addition, we found that the two eggplant-pathogenic isolates encode a unique allelic variant of the putative serine hydrolase chpG (chpGC), an effector that is recognized in eggplant. Introduction of chpGC into a chpG inactivation mutant in the eggplant-non-pathogenic strain Cm101, failed to complement the mutant, which retained its ability to cause disease in eggplant and failed to elicit hypersensitive response (HR). Conversely, introduction of the chpG variant from Cm101 into an eggplant pathogenic Cm isolate (C48), eliminated its pathogenicity on eggplant, and enabled C48 to elicit HR. Our study demonstrates that allelic variation in the chpG effector gene is a key determinant of host range plasticity within Cm populations. Author summary: Most plant-pathogenic bacteria are specialists and have a narrow host range. However, the true host range of plant-pathogenic species is usually not well defined. Here, we demonstrate a variation in the host range of different clones of the specialist pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm), which is mainly reported to cause disease in tomato. We characterized a Cm clone library by combining dual-host virulence phenotyping, using tomato and eggplant, and genomic approaches. Our analysis showed that individual Cm clones harbor a differential host range. While most clones were solely pathogenic on tomato, a few were pathogenic on eggplant, and some were non-pathogenic in either host. Comparative genomic analyses identified that non-pathogenic clones lacked the chp/tomA pathogenicity island, a major virulence determinant of Cm. In addition, we found that eggplant-pathogenic clones harbored a distinct allelic variant of the putative secreted serine hydrolase chpG, a known immune elicitor in eggplant. We demonstrated that the presence of this allelic variant in eggplant-pathogenic Cm clones allows them to evade detection and cause disease. Our study provides novel insights into the phenotypic complexity within the population of bacterial plant pathogens and establishes a link between phenotypic variations and distinct genetic features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), characterized by low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility and targeting specificity along with excellent blood-brain barrier permeability, are increasingly recognized as promising drug delivery vehicles for treating a variety of diseases, such as cancer, inflammation and viral infection. However, recent findings demonstrate that the intracellular delivery efficiency of EVs fall short of expectations due to phagocytic clearance mediated by the host mononuclear phagocyte system through Fcg receptors, complement receptors as well as non-opsonic phagocytic receptors. In this text, we investigate a range of bacterial virulence proteins that antagonize host phagocytic machinery, aiming to explore their potential in engineering EVs to counteract phagocytosis. Special emphasis is placed on IdeS secreted by Group A Streptococcus and ImpA secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as they not only counteract phagocytosis but also bind to highly upregulated surface biomarkers aVb3 on cancer cells or cleave the tumor growth and metastasis-promoting factor CD44, respectively. This suggests that bacterial anti-phagocytic proteins, after decorated onto EVs using preloading or post-loading strategies, can not only improve EV-based drug delivery efficiency by evading host phagocytosis and thus achieve better therapeutic outcomes but also further enable an innovative synergistic EVbased cancer therapy approach by integrating both phagocytosis antagonism and cancer targeting or deactivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida albicans is the predominant cause of systemic candidiasis, although other non albicans Candida species are progressively becoming more widespread nowadays. Candida auris has emerged as a deadly multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, posing a significant threat to global public health. In the absence of effective antifungal therapies, the development of a vaccine against C. auris infections is imperative. Enolase, a key glycolytic enzyme, has emerged as a promising vaccine candidate due to its immunogenic properties and essential role in fungal virulence. Herein, full-length Enolase gene sequences from C. albicans and C. auris were cloned into suitable expression vector and transformed into Escherichia coli expression hosts. Recombinant Enolase proteins were successfully expressed and purified using affinity chromatography under native conditions, followed by SDS-PAGE characterization and Western blot analysis. CD spectroscopy verified the existence of expressed proteins in soluble native conformation. Preliminary in silico studies verified the immunogenicity of recombinant Enolase proteins isolated from both C. albicans and C. auris. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis revealed conserved B-cell and T-cell epitopes across C. albicans and C. auris Enolase proteins, suggesting potential cross-reactivity and broad-spectrumvaccine efficacy. Our findings are anticipated to play a role in advancing therapeutic as well as diagnostic strategies against systemic candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), a "high priority antibiotic-resistant pathogen", is emerging and threatening global health. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms associated with virulence and multidrug resistance in VRSA are not fully investigated particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Here, for the first time, the complete genome of a VRSA strain VR480 isolated from a Vietnamese patient was generated by the combination of long- and short-read sequencing technologies. The VRSA strain VR480 was a multidrug-resistant phenotype with resistance to at least one antibiotic belonging to beta lactams, quinolones, lincomycin, oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, glycylcyclines, macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin, nitrofurans, rifamycins, sulfonamides and glycopeptides. This strain was classified as vancomycin resistance (MIC ≥ 32 μg/mL). VRSA strain VR480 belonged to sequence type ST2779 and carried the SCCmec type II(2A). The VRSA strain VR480 genome contains five resistance mutations in genes. gyrA S84L, parC S80F, parE D432N, fusA L461K and glpT W355Stop, and eleven antibiotic resistant genes including mecA, mecR, mecI, tetM, tet38, mepA, lmrS, ant(9), ermA, fosB and catA. This strain possesses various virulence factors associated with adherence, biofilm formation, colonization, invasion, anti-phagocytosis and toxicity that promote the infection and pathogenesis. Protein interaction network analysis revealed five clusters consisting of known and putative virulence proteins. Furthermore, epimerase, EssC, IcaA, SplA and Ssl1 were the key proteins within each cluster. This study raises a warning about the circulation and dissemination of VRSA in Vietnam. The key proteins would be potential targets for the development of anti-virulent agents to combat the VRSA infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sternal bursitis, a common inflammatory condition in poultry, poses significant challenges to both animal welfare and public health. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with sternal bursitis in chickens. Ninety-eight samples were collected from affected chickens, and 24 S. aureus isolates were identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed resistance to multiple agents, with a notable prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance genes. Whole genome sequencing elucidated the genetic diversity and virulence profiles of the isolates, highlighting the predominance of clonal complex 5 (CC5) strains. Additionally, biofilm formation assays demonstrated moderate biofilm production capacity among the isolates. These findings underscore the importance of vigilant monitoring and targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of sternal bursitis in poultry production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a dysbiosis‐driven inflammatory disease affecting the tooth‐supporting tissues, characterized by their progressive resorption, which can ultimately lead to tooth loss. A step‐wise therapeutic approach is employed for periodontitis. After an initial behavioral and non‐surgical phase, intra‐bony or furcation defects may be amenable to regenerative procedures. This review discusses the regenerative technologies employed for periodontal regeneration, highlighting the current limitations and future research areas. The search, performed on the MEDLINE database, has identified the available biomaterials, including biologicals (autologous platelet concentrates, hydrogels), bone grafts (pure or putty), and membranes. Biologicals and bone grafts have been critically analyzed in terms of composition, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. Although a certain degree of periodontal regeneration is predictable in intra‐bony and class II furcation defects, complete defect closure is hardly achieved. Moreover, treating class III furcation defects remains challenging. The key properties required for functional regeneration are discussed, and none of the commercially available biomaterials possess all the ideal characteristics. Therefore, research is needed to promote the advancement of more effective and targeted regenerative therapies for periodontitis. Lastly, improving the design and reporting of clinical studies is suggested by strictly adhering to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 2010 statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (also known as pneumococci) pose a threat to human health. Pneumococcal infections are the most common cause of milder respiratory tract infections, such as otitis and sinusitis, and of more severe diseases, including pneumonia (with or without septicaemia) and meningitis. The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the childhood vaccination programme in many countries has led to a notable decrease of severe invasive pneumococcal disease in vaccinated children. However, infections caused by non-vaccine types have concurrently increased, causing invasive pneumococcal disease in unvaccinated populations (such as older adults), which has hampered the effect of these vaccines. Moreover, emerging antibiotic resistance is threatening effective therapy. Thus, new approaches are needed for the treatment and prevention of pneumococcal infections, and recent advances in the field may pave the way for new strategies. Recently, several important findings have been gained regarding pneumococcal epidemiology, genomics and the effect of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, elucidative pathogenesis studies have shown that the interactions between pneumococcal virulence factors and host receptors may be exploited for new therapies, and new vaccine candidates have been suggested. In this Review, we summarize some recent findings from clinical disease to basic pathogenesis studies that may be of importance for future control strategies., (© 2024. Springer Nature Limited.)

Myricetin (1), Quercetin (2), Kaempferol (3) and Kaempferide (4) were flavonoids with phenolic hydroxyl groups. The antioxidant and pharmacological mechanisms of them were investigated in detail. The lowest hydroxyl dissociation enthalpies of 1, 2, 3 and 4 were calculated by DFT, respectively. The hydroxyl dissociation enthalpies of the four flavonoids at the O2 site are the highest. By analyzing the intramolecular hydrogen bonds and HOMO-LUMO orbitals of the four flavonoids, the reasons for their divergence of hydroxyl dissociation enthalpies and antioxidant mechanisms were further investigated. The UV-vis and IR spectra of four flavonoids were compared. The interactions about electrostatic attraction, p-π conjugation and hydrogen bond combined the flavonoid with the target protein closely. The root mean square deviation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ combined with 1, 2 and 3 increased, while that of PPARγ combined with 4 decreased., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on school education, as confirmed by numerous studies produced at the international level. One of the most profound effects was the potential change to the political mandates of schools and resulting alterations in professional teaching practices, given the proliferation of remote (online and blended) teaching. This article aims to explore the extent to which the pandemic crisis has reconfigured schools' educational priorities, with an emphasis on democratisation and inclusion at the expense of learning outcomes and meritocratic approaches. Based on an extensive study as part of a wider international project, the results of a questionnaire survey of Portuguese teachers (n = 3983) during the initial lockdown period in 2020 are analysed. The empirical evidence suggests that the pandemic resulted in a strengthening of the democratising pole, underpinned by the principles of equal opportunities, inclusion, and social justice, even though the practices and priorities of teachers as a whole are not homogeneous. This heterogeneity reflects pre-existing professional and school cultures, which vary depending on level of education, gender, school type, and career length, among other important factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to extract collagen‐I from lamb feet (LF) and examine the effects of ultrasound treatment on the structural and molecular characteristics of the collagen. Compared to ultrasonic bath treatment and conventional extraction methods, ultrasonic probe (USP) treatment significantly increased the collagen content of the extract (p < 0.05). The electrophoretic profiles confirmed the presence of α‐ and β‐chains, indicating it as type I. Furthermore, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectra analyses revealed that the extraction method did not adversely affect the triple helix structure of the collagen. Moreover, the fibrillar structure of the collagen samples was verified through scanning electron microscopy analyses. Notably, the LF collagen exhibited a high thermal denaturation temperature owing to its elevated imino acid content. The collagen samples exhibited high solubility in acidic pH but low solubility in high salt concentrations. The present findings signified that sonication with USP can effectively enhance the yield of collagen from LF without compromising its quality. Practical Application: This study showed that ultrasonication enhanced the collagen concentration without disturbing the integrity of lamb feet collagen. We expect that lamb feet collagen can be used for industrial processes and consumer products thanks to unique product properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Aim of this study is to estimate interobserver agreement in classifying adnexal tumors using IOTA terms, simple rules and subjective assessment. In addition, we related observers' accuracy with their experience in gynecological ultrasonography and the year of IOTA certification. Methods: Eleven observers with three different levels of experience evaluated videoclips of 70 adnexal masses, defining tumor type according to IOTA terms and definitions, classifying the mass using IOTA Simple rules and Subjective assessment as well as providing Color Score evaluation. Sensitivity, specificity and area under the ROC curve were calculated and the year of IOTA certification was related with operators' accuracy through Pearson correlation coefficient. Interobserver agreement was estimated calculating percentage of agreement, Fleiss kappa and Cohen's kappa. Results: We found a positive correlation between the year of IOTA certification and operators' accuracy (Pearson coefficient 0.694), especially among the observers with the least experience, the residents (p = 0.003). For tumor type classification, identification of papillary projections and classification of tumors using subjective assessment, agreement among all observers was moderate (Fleiss kappa 0.455, 0.552, and 0.476, respectively) and increased with the years of experience. Agreement in the application of Simple Rules was moderate in all examiners with IOTA certification, with Fleiss kappa in the range of (0.403, 0.498). For Color Score assignment interobserver agreement among all observers was fair (Cohen's kappa 0.380). Conclusions: Even among expert examiners, the results of adnexal lesion assessment can be inconsistent. Experience impacts on accuracy and agreement in subjective assessment, while the application of Simple Rules can mitigate the role of experience in interobserver agreement. The knowledge of IOTA models among residents seams to improve their diagnostic accuracy, showing the benefits of IOTA terminology for in training sonographers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is a significant human pathogen with a formidable propensity for antibiotic resistance. Worldwide, it is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and infective endocarditis originating from both community- and healthcare-associated settings. Although often grouped by methicillin resistance, both methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) strains are known to cause significant pathologies and injuries. Virulence factors and growing resistance to antibiotics play major roles in the pathogenicity of community-associated strains. In our study, we examined the genetic variability and acquired antibiograms of 122 S. aureus clinical isolates from SSTI, blood, and urinary tract infections originating from pediatric patients within the southeast region of Virginia, USA. We identified a suite of clinically relevant virulence factors and evaluated their prevalence within these isolates. Five genes (clfA, spA, sbi, scpA, and vwb) with immune-evasive functions were identified in all isolates. MRSA isolates had a greater propensity to be resistant to more antibiotics as well as significantly more likely to carry several virulence factors compared to MSSA strains. Further, the carriage of various genes was found to vary significantly based on the infection type (SSTI, blood, urine). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the experience of a Chilean early childhood (EC) teacher in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Part of a broader qualitative and narrative research, this article is a case study based on her professional experience during the pandemic. The results reveal four phases in the process: (1) initial confusion, (2) proposal, (3) disappointment and action, (4) balance and dialogue. The narrative shows a series of situations experienced by the EC teacher in her relationship with the children's families, where identity negotiation emerged linked to the revalidation of her professional role. In addition, developing teaching and collaborative skills to respond to emergency situations is highlighted. Based on this experience, the need to elicit cultural changes that articulate care and pedagogical fields in EC education in Chile is analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a double antigen sandwich ELISA (DAgS-ELISA) method for more efficient, accurate, and quantitative detection of total antibodies against Candida albicans enolase1 (CaEno1) for diagnosing invasive candidiasis (IC)., Methods: DAgS-ELISA was developed using recombinant CaEno1 and a monoclonal antibody as the standard. Performance evaluation included limit of detection, accuracy, and repeatability. Dynamic changes in antibody levels against CaEno1 in serum from systemic candidiasis mice were analyzed using DAgS-ELISA. Patient serum samples from IC, Candida colonization, bacterial infections, and healthy controls were analyzed with DAgS-ELISA and indirect ELISA., Results: DAgS-ELISA outperformed indirect ELISA in terms of linear range and test background. In systemic candidiasis mice, a distinctive 'double-peak' pattern in dynamic antibody levels was observed. Additionally, there was a high level of consistency in the positive rates of CaEno1 antibodies detected by both DAgS-ELISA and indirect ELISA. While the positivity rates differed among patient groups, no significant variations in antibody levels were detected among the various positive patient groups., Conclusions: DAgS-ELISA offers a reliable novel approach for IC diagnosis, enabling rapid, accurate, and quantitative detection of CaEno1 antibodies. Further validation and optimization are needed for its clinical application and effectiveness., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) have a significant impact on global health, especially among children and the elderly. The key bacterial pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and non-fermenting Gram Negative bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are most commonly associated with RTIs. These bacterial pathogens have evolved a diverse array of resistance mechanisms through horizontal gene transfer, often mediated by mobile genetic elements and environmental acquisition. Treatment failures are primarily due to antimicrobial resistance and inadequate bacterial engagement, which necessitates the development of alternative treatment strategies. To overcome this, our review mainly focuses on different virulence mechanisms and their resulting pathogenicity, highlighting different therapeutic interventions to combat resistance. To prevent the antimicrobial resistance crisis, we also focused on leveraging the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning to manage RTIs. Integrative approaches combining mechanistic insights are crucial for addressing the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance in respiratory infections., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)