Competing Interests: Disclosure TP reports personal fees for advisory board membership from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), Eisai, Exelixis, Incyte, Ipsen, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Merck Serono, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and Seattle Genetics; personal travel grants from AstraZeneca, Ipsen, MSD, Pfizer and Roche; personal sponsorship for the Uromigos Podcast from Mashup Ltd; institutional honoraria from Gilead; and institutional research grants from Astellas, AstraZeneca, BMS, Eisai, Exelixis, Ipsen, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Merck Serono, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and Seattle Genetics. JB reports personal fees for advisory board membership from AstraZeneca (bladder cancer), BMS (adjuvant study CM 247), Merck (bladder cancer) and Pfizer (global); personal fees as an invited speaker from Merck (lectures in national meetings) and MSD (ESMO Asia Congress 2020); personal stocks/shares in Bicycle; personal royalties as Section Editor for bladder cancer from UpToDate; institutional fees as coordinating principal investigator (PI) of the INDUCOMAIN trial from MSD and of a prostate cancer study of avelumab plus carboplatin from Pfizer, both through the Asia Pacific Regional Office (APRO) Association; and non-renumerated membership of the IMvigor011 study Steering Committee (Genentech) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). EC reports personal fees as an invited speaker from Janssen; and a non-renumerated advisory role as a consulting pathologist for the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines for bladder cancer. MDS reports fees from 4D (personal for advisory board membership; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership and an advisory function), AAA (personal for advisory board and Steering Committee memberships), Amgen (personal for advisory board and Steering Committee memberships and an advisory function), Astellas (personal for advisory board membership, an advisory function and as an invited speaker; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership and an advisory function), AstraZeneca (personal for advisory board and Steering Committee memberships and as an invited speaker; personal and institutional as coordinating PI and for an advisory function), Basilea (personal for advisory board membership; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership, an advisory function, clinical trials and as local PI), Bayer (personal for advisory board membership; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership and an advisory function), Bioclin (personal for advisory board membership, advisory functions and as an invited speaker), BMS (personal for advisory board membership; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership, an advisory function and travel grants), Calithera (institutional as local PI), Eisai (personal for advisory board membership; personal and institutional as local PI, for an advisory function and clinical trials), Ferring (personal for advisory board membership and an advisory function), Gilead (personal for advisory board membership; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership), Immunomedics/Gilead (personal for advisory board membership; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership, an advisory function and as local PI), Ipsen (personal for advisory board membership; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership and an advisory function), Janssen (personal as an invited speaker; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership and an advisory function), Merck/Serono (personal for advisory board membership; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership and an advisory function), MSD (personal for advisory board membership and as an invited speaker; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership, an advisory function, clinical trials and as local PI), Nektar (institutional for clinical trials and as local PI), Novartis/Sandoz (personal for advisory board membership; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership and advisory function), Pierre Fabre (personal for advisory board membership and as an invited speaker personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership, an advisory function and as local and coordinating PI), Roche (personal for advisory board membership), Roche/Genentech (personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership and an advisory function), Sandoz (personal for Steering Committee membership and an advisory function), Sanofi (personal for advisory board membership; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership and an advisory function), Seagen (personal for advisory board membership; personal and institutional for Steering Committee membership, an advisory function and as local PI); and non-renumerated membership of the EAU guidelines group for prostate cancer (writing and discussing guidelines for treatment and diagnostics), the ESMO CPGs author group for bladder cancer and the S3-Leitlinie Blasenkrebs (guidelines for the treatment of bladder cancer). RH reports personal fees for advisory board membership from Astellas, BioNTech, BMS, Merck, MSD, Nektar and Roche; personal fees as an invited speaker from Pfizer and Roche; personal fees for expert testimony from the National Institute of Clinical Excellence; personal and institutional fees for Steering Committee membership from Janssen and Nektar; personal fees for consultancy from Roche; personal fees for a limited liability partnership from the Cancer Centre London; institutional royalties from Janssen; institutional fees as a local PI from Astellas, Basilea, Bicycle, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Nektar and Roche; institutional fees as a coordinating PI from Cancer Research UK (CRUK); institutional research grants from MSD and Roche; non-renumerated roles as chief investigator or co-investigator on CRUK-funded studies; non-renumerated roles as educational secretary and trustee of the British Uro-oncology group; a non-renumerated role as chair of the NCRI Clinical and Translational Radiotherapy Research Working Group (CTRad); and non-renumerated membership of the consensus guideline group of the Royal College of Radiologists. YL reports personal fees for advisory board membership from Gilead, Merck KGaA, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics and Taiho; personal fees for advisory board membership and lectures from Astellas, AstraZeneca, BMS, Janssen, MSD and Roche; personal fees for Steering Committee membership from Basilea; institutional fees as a local PI from Astellas, AstraZeneca, BMS, Exelixis, Gilead, Incyte, Janssen, Merck KGaA, MSD and Pfizer; institutional fees for Steering Committee membership and as a coordinating PI from Janssen; institutional research grants from Celsius, Janssen, MSD, Roche and Sanofi; Steering Committee membership for Astellas, Gilead/Immunomedics, MSD and Taiho; and non-renumerated memberships of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), the Scientific Committee of Fondation ARC, ASCO and ESMO. AN reports personal fees for Steering Committee membership from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Clovis Oncology, Janssen, Merck and Roche; institutional research grants from AstraZeneca, BMS, Gilead, Ipsen and Merck; a role as coordinating PI for Incyte; a role as local PI for Pfizer; and a non-renumerated leadership role for the Global Society of Rare Genitourinary Tumors (GSRGT). BPV reports personal fees for advisory board membership from AAA, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, BMS, EUSA Pharma, Ipsen, Merck, MSD, Pfizer and Recordati; personal fees as an invited speaker from AAA, Almirall Pharma, Astellas Pharma, Bayer, BMS, Merck, MSD and Pfizer; and travel grants from BMS and Pfizer. AR reports personal fees for advisory board membership from AstraZeneca, BMS, Ipsen, Merck GA and Pfizer; institutional research grants from Ipsen, Merck GA and Pfizer; institutional fees as local PI from AstraZeneca, BMS, Ipsen, Merck GA and Pfizer; travel grants/accommodation compensation for meetings/conferences from BMS, Ipsen, Merck GA and Pfizer; and a non-renumerated role as affiliate of ASCO. SFS reports personal fees for advisory board membership from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Cepheid, Ferring, Ipsen, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Olympus, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Richard Wolf, Roche, Sanochemia, Sanofi, Takeda and UroGen. BS reports personal fees for advisory board membership from Merck KGaA; personal fees as an invited speaker from MSD and Pfizer; personal fees for expert testimony from Ellipses and Ipsen; and personal travel grants from Photocure and Roche/Genentech. MSvdH reports institutional fees for advisory board membership from AstraZeneca, BMS, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer and Seagen; institutional funding for investigator-initiated trials from 4SC, AstraZeneca, BMS and Roche; institutional fees for Steering Committee membership and as local PI from AstraZeneca, BMS, MSD and Seagen; and institutional fees as local and study co-PI from Janssen. SG reports personal fees as an invited speaker for DESO, ESMO, Meister ConCept GmbH and the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK); personal travel grants from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Gilead and Intellisphere LLC; a patent for a biomarker of Proteomedix/Onconetix; institutional fees for advisory board membership from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Innomedica, Ipsen, Macrogenics, MSD Merck Sharp & Dohme, Myriad Genetics and Orion; institutional fees as an invited speaker for AdMeTech Foundation, ASCO GU, EPG Health, ESMO, Intellisphere LLC, Meister ConCept GmbH, S. Grasso Consulting, SAKK and Silvio Grasso Consulting; institutional funding as a co-investigator from Astellas; other institutional fees from PeerVoice (interview), Pfizer (Scientific Committee Pfizer Forschungspreis), TOLREMO (consulting) and WebMD-Medscape (faculty activity); and a non-remunerated advisory role for ProteoMediX.