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La Expresión Corporal es una herramienta fundamental para trabajar las emociones y la comunicación no verbal. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las opiniones sobre la expresión corporal de estudiantes del grado de formación del profesorado de Educación Infantil de Extremadura (España). La muestra estuvo compuesta por ochenta y cuatro estudiantes de cuarto curso. Los resultados muestran que los alumnos no consideran que hayan recibido la formación necesaria para utilizar los contenidos relacionados con la expresión corporal en sus aulas. Además, los encuestados consideran que los centros educativos no dan la suficiente importancia a la expresión corporal, a consecuencia de la falta de material, falta de acondicionamiento de las instalaciones educativas y falta de tiempo en las jornadas diarias del alumnado. Por tanto, debe mejorarse y aumentarse el número de créditos de formación en el ámbito de expresión corporal, así como la formación continuada y específica de los profesionales de la educación en activo.

Introducción: La celiaquía es una patología multisistémica con base autoinmune que provoca una reacción a la proteína gluten encontrada en alimentos como o trigo, centeno, triticale, cebada, espelta y avena. Los síntomas más comunes de la celiaquía son la pérdida de peso, pérdida de apetito y fatiga general entre otros. A consecuencia de estos síntomas el rendimiento deportivo puede verse afectado. Objetivo: Para comprender como la celiaquía impacta en el rendimiento de los deportistas, el objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión sistemática relacionada con el rendimiento deportivo en personas celíacas. Materiales y métodos: Para ello, se utilizó la siguiente frase final de búsqueda: “Celiac” AND “Sport” AND “Performance”, que fue introducida por igual en las bases de datos: Web of Science, Scopus y PubMed. Resultados: Los resultados muestran la existencia de escasos documentos relacionados con el objeto de estudio (n=11), dónde se muestra una variabilidad de tipos de diseño en los trabajos seleccionados. Por otro lado, se extrae que la única solución para mantener un adecuado rendimiento deportivo en una persona celiaca es llevar una dieta libre de gluten de por vida. Conclusiones: Los documentos seleccionados subrayan la importancia de que los deportistas con enfermedad celiaca mantengan una dieta sin gluten de manera constante a lo largo de su vida. Debido a la escasez de estudios relacionados con la temática, se recomienda aumentar el número de investigaciones relacionadas con el objeto de estudio, con la finalidad de mejorar los estilos y hábitos de vida de los deportistas celíacos.

En la actualidad, el balonmano es una disciplina que no se encuentra adaptada a personas con Parálisis Cerebral o Daño Cerebral Adquirido. El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar una propuesta de adaptación del reglamento de balonmano para este colectivo, tomando como referencia la normativa y clasificación funcional del Fútbol a 7, adaptado a estos jugadores. La base del proceso de adaptación ha sido el reglamento de la Federación Internacional de Balonmano y la clasificación funcional de otro deporte adaptado a personas con parálisis cerebral y daño cerebral adquirido, el Fútbol a 7. Es necesario realizar una adaptación del material, los aspectos técnicos y tácticos, así como de las instalaciones deportivas en función de las capacidades motrices de los participantes. La práctica de actividad física-deportiva presenta múltiples beneficios a nivel social, afectivo, físico y psicológico, por lo que incluir un deporte colectivo más, al único que ya existe para esta población, que es el Fútbol a 7, ampliaría sus opciones de participación deportiva.

Ciguateric syndrome is a food poisoning associated with the consumption of some species of fish that have accumulated ciguatoxins (CTXs) in their tissues. The effects of the syndrome occur with nervous imbalances which have been described for quite some time, and mentioned in sailing literature for centuries. In the last decade, research has been focused on the implementation of analytical methods for toxin identification and the study of action modes of CTXs to design effective treatments. However, an important aspect is to determine the damage that CTXs caused in the organs of affected individuals. In this work, the damages observed in tissues of mice, mainly in the small intestine, were analyzed. The animals were fed with CTX-contaminated fish muscle at concentrations 10-times below the median lethal dose (LD50) for 10 weeks. The analysis of tissues derived from the oral treatment resulted in an increased occurrence of Paneth cells, presence of lymphoid tissue infiltrating the mucosa and fibrous lesions in the mucosal layer of the small intestine. A decreasing weight in animals fed with toxic muscle was observed.

El empleo de las emociones durante la etapa de Educación Infantil juega un papel fundamental en la construcción de la personalidad y en las interacciones sociales del alumnado. Por ello, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el estado del arte relacionado con el estudio de las emociones en Educación Infantil mediante el desarrollo de una revisión bibliométrica, puesto que las evidencias científicas respaldan la importancia del aprendizaje de las emociones. Para ello, se empleó la base de datos Web of Science, identificándose un total de 114 manuscritos relacionados con la temática objeto de estudio. Además, los resultados obtenidos muestran que es un campo incipiente para los investigadores en el ámbito de la Educación Infantil. La mayoría de los documentos se encuentran clasificados en la categoría de Education and Educational Research. Los documentos que presentan un mayor número de citas son de Blair et al. (2004), con 155, y el artículo de Yoshikawa et al. (2015), con 135, encontrándose la mayoría de los manuscritos redactados en inglés. Las evidencias científicas halladas como resultado del presente estudio respaldan la importancia del aprendizaje de las emociones en Educación Infantil, y se recomienda a los investigadores realizar estudios colaborativos y aumentar el número de estudios relacionados con el empleo de las emociones en el aula de Educación Infantil.

Physical inactivity can lead to frailty and negative health outcomes in middle-aged to older adults. Sedentary individuals have double the risk of death compared to those who engage in high levels of physical activity (PA). The advantages of practicing PA in older age are significant, with regular, moderate-intensity activity (150 min per week)being consistently linked with a decreased risk of chronic disease, cognitive decline, and mortality. Therefore, the study aimed to carry out a bibliometric review related to the terms “Physical activity,” “Functional capacity” and “Aging” including all the documents published in the Web of Science Core Collection until 31st December 2023. The sample was made up of 231 studies related to the topic. The results reported that the first document was published in 1994. However, there was no continuity in the publication of the documents till 1998, which was the first year with at least one document published. Considering 1998 as the first year, it is observed an exponential growth of 77.4%, between the oldest (1997–2008) and contemporaneous studies (2008–2023), in which “Geriatric Gerontology” was the Web of Science category with the highest number of documents (n = 59). The journal “Experimental Gerontology” was associated with the largest number of published documents (n = 7), being indexed in Quartil 2. The years 2009 had the highest number of citations (n = 1811), with a total of 7 documents published and 2018 with the higher number of documents (n = 25). These results reported the importance of PA in elderly people, and how it influences the risk of falls, improving the balance and the functional capacity. Thus, it is important to carry out programmes to promote physical activity to this population and reduce the risk of falls and the presence of diseases.

Monitoring the training load during training is important for quantifying the demand on psychological and physiological responses. This procedure is achieved through subjective and objective methods applied to the control of the level of training, to the attainment of conditioning and performance goals, and to the prevention of injuries. Training load refers to either external load, such as the variables of speed, distance, accelerations, and decelerations, or internal load, which is related to the psychological and physiological responses during an exercise session or training period (e.g., rating of perceived exertion—RPE; and heart rate—HR). To measure external load, traditional methods include pedometers, accelerometers, global positioning systems, and volume load. For internal load, methods include RPE, training monotony, strain, and impulse, HR, hormonal and biochemical markers, and training diaries and questionnaires. The current review reinforces the assumption that the methods should be combined to improve confidence with the information, mainly when assessing internal load stress during training. Moreover, training load provides an objective assessment of performance levels and involvement in different training phases, thus providing relevant information to analyse strategies for the effectiveness of conditioning progress, performance enhancement, and injury prevention.

Introduction: For political organizations, social media, far from being a space for dialogue with citizens, have become another tool for unidirectional communication. Thus, this paper aims to deepen the propagandistic use of YouTube by political parties, focusing the case study on Andalusia, the Spanish region with the largest population and the first where the far-right party Vox achieved influential parliamentary representation. Methodology: Specifically, a content analysis was applied to 999 videos published throughout 2020 by political parties with representation in the Andalusian Parliament, considering variables such as the presence of the party symbols, the type of propaganda used and the reference to a rival political party. Results: Considering the foregoing, the results are discussed in terms of de-ideologization, populism, and the reduction of programmatic ideas. Conclusions: We find differences in the type of propaganda used (with emphasis on reaction and denial propaganda), pointing to a significant inability of political parties to propose alternatives, which is related to the rise of populism and the pseudo-abandonment of ideology.

INTRODUCCIÓN. El ocio y tiempo libre desempeñan un papel fundamental en el desarrollo físico, cognitivo, emocional y social de los niños. Durante la emergencia sanitaria provocada por la pandemia de la covid-19, la población infanto-juvenil ha enfrentado una serie de desafíos que han afectado tanto a su salud como su forma de vida. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue analizar los documentos relacionados con la transformación del ocio y tiempo libre en personas infanto-juveniles y las principales características de los juegos durante y después del confinamiento como consecuencia de la pandemia de la COVID-19. MÉTODO. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica mediante el método PRISMA. La búsqueda de información se realizó el 1 de septiembre de 2023, en las bases de datos Wef Of Science, Pubmed y Scopus; los términos de búsqueda en inglés fueron: (“Covid-19” AND “play” AND “leisure” AND “children”). Después de un análisis en profundidad, la revisión sistemática finalmente incluyó 17 artículos. La investigación actual sobre el ocio infantil durante la pandemia es escasa y en ocasiones contradictoria. RESULTADOS. Los hallazgos muestran un descenso de las actividades físicas de ocio durante la pandemia y un aumento de los comportamientos sedentarios, además los estudios analizados coinciden en que los padres tienen un papel clave en promover estilos de vida saludables. CONCLUSIÓN. se necesita una mayor investigación a largo plazo para comprender mejor los efectos en los niños durante eventos disruptivos como la pandemia.

Wheelchair basketball (WB) is a sport modality adapted for people with disabilities who present functional classification (FC) according to their mobility, from 1.0 for players with lesser functional capacity up to 4.5 for great mobility and trunk control players. This study aimed to analyze and compare the external load (EL) and the internal load (IL) of the WB players according to their FC in 5 × 5 simulation game tasks. The main objective of this task was to develop a simulated game in which two teams of five players faced each other to resemble the physical demands of an official match. The development of these tasks allowed for the players to learn the different systems of play, and to improve tactical skills. To conduct the study, 12 (male) national professional WB players (years: 30.7 ± 4.82 and WB experience: 5 ± 1.43) participated in the study and were grouped according to FC. WIMU PROTM devices monitored the EL manufactured by RealTrack Systems in Almería, Spain, and to measure the player’s IL, GarminTM Heart Rate (HR) bands were used (GarminTM in Olathe, KS, USA). The EL variables were divided as kinematic (distance, explosive distance, acc, dec, max. acc, max. dec, average speed, max. speed) and neuromuscular (player load, impact). The IL variables were average HR, max. HR and %max. HR. The main results show that players with greater functional capacity (FC = 4.0) developed higher values in the IL and neuromuscular variables analyzed (p < 0.05), as well as in some kinematic variables like distance, dec and average speed (p < 0.05). This information is relevant because it helps to personalize the training load based on competitive demands and create a gradual and adaptable training program. This information helps athletes to develop better performance during training and prevent injuries caused by overexertion.

Game statistics are used for the analysis of the performance of athletes. This allows the strengths and weaknesses of the players to be understood, and to design and implement training sessions for performance enhancement. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyse the game statistics of the 2021 and 2023 European Champions and the 2023 World Champions in Wheelchair Basketball (WB), both male and female. For this purpose, the game statistics of all the championships were collected, and the differences according to gender and competition analysed through a statistical and inferential analysis, considering the functional classification of the players, based on the Mann–Whitney U test for the comparison of gender, and the Kruskal–Wallis H test for the comparison between championships. The results showed that players with a classification higher than 3.0 have higher three-point and two-point throws, while players with a classification of 1.0 have lower effectiveness in shooting. Depending on the championship, a greater number of three-point throws and respective effectiveness was found in the 2023 World Championships, with the male athletes presenting a greater number of points. This information will support WB coaches in designing and implementing training sessions and patterns of play and movements in competitive moments to improve individual and team performance.

Incorrect limb position while lifting heavy weights might compromise athlete success during weightlifting performance, similar to the way that it increases the risk of muscle injuries during resistance exercises, regardless of the individual’s level of experience. However, practitioners might not have the necessary background knowledge for self-supervision of limb position and adjustment of the lifting position when improper movement occurs. Therefore, the computerized analysis of movement patterns might assist people in detecting changes in limb position during exercises with different loads or enhance the analysis of an observer with expertise in weightlifting exercises. In this study, hidden Markov models (HMMs) were employed to automate the detection of joint position and barbell trajectory during back squat exercises. Ten volunteers performed three lift movements each with a 0, 50, and 75% load based on body weight. A smartphone was used to record the movements in the sagittal plane, providing information for the analysis of variance and identifying significant position changes by video analysis (p < 0.05). Data from individuals performing the same movements with no added weight load were used to train the HMMs to identify changes in the pattern. A comparison of HMMs and human experts revealed between 40% and 90% agreement, indicating the reliability of HMMs for identifying changes in the control of movements with added weight load. In addition, the results highlighted that HMMs can detect changes imperceptible to the human visual analysis.

During the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in the rationalisation of how structural changes stabilise (or destabilise) diradical systems. Demonstrated herein is that indolocarbazole (ICz) diradicals, substituted with dicyanomethylene (DCM) groups, are useful motifs for dynamic covalent chemistry by self-assembling from isolated monomers to cyclophane structures. The comparison of ICz-based systems substituted with DCM groups in para- or meta-positions (p-ICz-CN and m-ICz-CN) and their short-chain carbazole analogues (p-Cz-CN and m-Cz-CN) may identify new potential design strategies for stimuli-responsive materials. The principal objectives of this investigation are the elucidation of (i) the connection between diradical character and the cyclophane stability, (ii) the spatial disposition of the cyclophane structures, (iii) the monomer/cyclophane interconversion both in solution and solid state in response to external stimuli and (iv) the impact that the different π-conjugation and electronic communication between the DCM terminals exerts on the electronic adsorption of the diradicals and their redox behavior. The spontaneous nature of the cyclophane structure is supported by the negative relative Gibbs free energies calculated at 298 K and experimentally by UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopy of the initial yellow solid powder. The conversion to monomeric species having diradical character was demonstrated by variable-temperature (VT) EPR, UV-Vis, Raman and IR measurements, resulting in appreciable chromic changes. In addition, electrochemical oxidation and reduction convert the cyclophane dimer (m-ICz-CN)2 to the monomer monocations and dianions, respectively. This research demonstrates how the chemical reactivity and physical properties of π-conjugated diradicals can be effectively tuned by subtle changes in their chemical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Crosstalk of microbes with human gut epithelia and immune cells is crucial for gut health. However, there is no existing system for a long-term co-culture of human innate immune cells with epithelium and oxygen-intolerant commensal microbes, hindering the understanding of microbe-immune interactions in a controlled manner. Here, we established a gut epithelium-microbe-immune (GuMI) microphysiological system to maintain the long-term continuous co-culture of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii/Faecalibacterium duncaniae with colonic epithelium, antigen-presenting cells (APCs, herein dendritic cells and macrophages), and CD4+ naive T cells circulating underneath the colonic epithelium. In GuMI-APC condition, multiplex cytokine assays suggested that APCs contribute to the elevated level of cytokines and chemokines secreted into both apical and basolateral compartments compared to GuMI condition that lacks APC. In GuMI-APC with F. prausnitzii (GuMI-APC-FP), F. prausnitzii increased the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes such as toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and interferon alpha 1 (IFNA1) in the colonic epithelium, without a significant effect on cytokine secretion, compared to the GuMI-APC without bacteria (GuMI-APC-NB). In contrast, in the presence of CD4+ naive T cells (GuMI-APCT-FP), TLR1, IFNA1, and IDO1 transcription levels decreased with a simultaneous increase in F. prausnitzii-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL8) compared to GuMI-APC-FP that lacks T cells. These results highlight the contribution of individual innate immune cells in regulating the immune response triggered by the gut commensal F. prausnitzii. The integration of defined populations of immune cells in the gut microphysiological system demonstrated the usefulness of GuMI physiomimetic platform to study microbe-epithelial-immune interactions in healthy and disease conditions.

Abstract Various disorders are accompanied by histamine‐independent itching, which is often resistant to the currently available therapies. Here, it is reported that the pharmacological activation of Slack (Kcnt1, KNa1.1), a potassium channel highly expressed in itch‐sensitive sensory neurons, has therapeutic potential for the treatment of itching. Based on the Slack‐activating antipsychotic drug, loxapine, a series of new derivatives with improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles is designed that enables to validate Slack as a pharmacological target in vivo. One of these new Slack activators, compound 6, exhibits negligible dopamine D2 and D3 receptor binding, unlike loxapine. Notably, compound 6 displays potent on‐target antipruritic activity in multiple mouse models of acute histamine‐independent and chronic itch without motor side effects. These properties make compound 6 a lead molecule for the development of new antipruritic therapies targeting Slack.

ABSTRACTGram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes protecting the cell from osmotic challenges. Hydrolases of this structure are needed to cleave bonds to allow the newly synthesized peptidoglycan strands to be inserted by synthases. These enzymes need to be tightly regulated and their activities coordinated to prevent cell lysis. To better understand this process in Escherichia coli, we probed the genetic interactions of mrcA (encodes PBP1A) and mrcB (encodes PBP1B) with genes encoding peptidoglycan amidases and endopeptidases in envelope stress conditions. Our extensive genetic interaction network analysis revealed relatively few combinations of hydrolase gene deletions with reduced fitness in the absence of PBP1A or PBP1B, showing that none of the amidases or endopeptidases is strictly required for the functioning of one of the class A PBPs. This illustrates the robustness of the peptidoglycan growth mechanism. However, we discovered that the fitness of ∆mrcB cells is significantly reduced under high salt stress and in vitro activity assays suggest that this phenotype is caused by a reduced peptidoglycan synthesis activity of PBP1A at high salt concentration.IMPORTANCEEscherichia coli and many other bacteria have a surprisingly high number of peptidoglycan hydrolases. These enzymes function in concert with synthases to facilitate the expansion of the peptidoglycan sacculus under a range of growth and stress conditions. The synthases PBP1A and PBP1B both contribute to peptidoglycan expansion during cell division and growth. Our genetic interaction analysis revealed that these two penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) do not need specific amidases, endopeptidases, or lytic transglycosylases for function. We show that PBP1A and PBP1B do not work equally well when cells encounter high salt stress and demonstrate that PBP1A alone cannot provide sufficient PG synthesis activity under this condition. These results show how the two class A PBPs and peptidoglycan hydrolases govern cell envelope integrity in E. coli in response to environmental challenges and particularly highlight the importance of PBP1B in maintaining cell fitness under high salt conditions.

Background and purpose: Multi-leaf collimators (MLCs) with tilted leaf sides have a complex transmission behaviour that is not easily matched by radiotherapy treatment planning systems (TPSs). We sought to develop an MLC model that can accurately match test fields and clinically relevant plans at different centres. Materials and methods: Two new MLC models were developed and evaluated within a research version of a commercial TPS. Prototype I used adjusted-constant transmissions and Prototype II used variable transmissions at the tongue-and-groove and leaf-tip regions. Three different centres evaluated these prototypes for a tilted MLC and compared them with their initial MLC model using test fields and patient-specific quality-assurance measurements of clinically relevant plans. For the latter, gamma passing rates (GPR) at 2 %/2mm were recorded. Results: For the prototypes the same set of MLC parameters could be used at all centres, with only a slight adjustment of the offset parameter. For centres A and C, average GPR were >95 % and within 0.5 % GPR difference between the standard, and prototype models. In center B, prototypes I and II improved the agreement in clinically relevant plans, with an increase in GPR of 2.3 % ± 0.8 % and 3.0 ± 0.8 %, respectively. Conclusions: The prototype MLC models were either similar or superior to the initial MLC model, and simpler to configure because fewer trade-offs were required. Prototype I performed comparably to the more sophisticated Prototype II and its configuration can be easily standardized, which can be useful to reduce variability and improve safety in clinical practice.

Background and purpose: Treatment plans in radiotherapy are subject to measurement-based pre-treatment verifications. In this study, plan complexity metrics (PCMs) were calculated per beam and used as input features to develop a predictive model. The aim of this study was to determine the robustness against differences in machine type and institutional-specific quality assurance (QA). Material and methods: A number of 567 beams were collected, where 477 passed and 90 failed the pre-treatment QA. Treatment plans of different anatomical regions were included. One type of linear accelerator was represented. For all beams, 16 PCMs were calculated. A random forest classifier was trained to distinct between acceptable and non-acceptable beams. The model was validated on other datasets to investigate its robustness. Firstly, plans for another machine type from the same institution were evaluated. Secondly, an inter-institutional validation was conducted on three datasets from different centres with their associated QA. Results: Intra-institutionally, the PCMs beam modulation, mean MLC gap, Q1 gap, and Modulation Complexity Score were the most informative to detect failing beams. Eighty-tree percent of the failed beams (15/18) were detected correctly. The model could not detect over-modulated beams of another machine type. Inter-institutionally, the model performance reached higher accuracy for centres with comparable equipment both for treatment and QA as the local institute. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that the robustness decreases when major differences appear in the QA platform or in planning strategies, but that it is feasible to extrapolate institutional-specific trained models between centres with similar clinical practice. Predictive models should be developed for each machine type.

In developing nations, outdated technologies and sulfur-rich heavy fossil fuel usage are major contributors to air pollution, affecting urban air quality and public health. In addition, the limited resources hinder the adoption of advanced monitoring systems crucial for informed public health policies. This study addresses this challenge by introducing an affordable internet of things (IoT) monitoring system capable of tracking atmospheric pollutants and meteorological parameters. The IoT platform combines a Bresser 5-in-1 weather station with a previously developed air quality monitoring device equipped with Alphasense gas sensors. Utilizing MQTT, Node-RED, InfluxDB, and Grafana, a Raspberry Pi collects, processes, and visualizes the data it receives from the measuring device by LoRa. To validate system performance, a 15-day field campaign was conducted in Santa Clara, Cuba, using a Libelium Smart Environment Pro as a reference. The system, with a development cost several times lower than Libelium and measuring a greater number of variables, provided reliable data to address air quality issues and support health-related decision making, overcoming resource and budget constraints. The results showed that the IoT architecture has the capacity to process measurements in tropical conditions. The meteorological data provide deeper insights into events of poorer air quality.

During the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in the rationalisation of how structural changes stabilise (or destabilise) diradical systems. Demonstrated herein is that indolocarbazole (ICz) diradicals, substituted with dicyanomethylene (DCM) groups, are useful motifs for dynamic covalent chemistry by self-assembling from isolated monomers to cyclophane structures. The comparison of ICz-based systems substituted with DCM groups in para - or meta -positions (p-ICz-CN and m-ICz-CN) and their short-chain carbazole analogues (p-Cz-CN and m-Cz-CN) may identify new potential design strategies for stimuli-responsive materials. The principal objectives of this investigation are the elucidation of (i) the connection between diradical character and the cyclophane stability, (ii) the spatial disposition of the cyclophane structures, (iii) the monomer/cyclophane interconversion both in solution and solid state in response to external stimuli and (iv) the impact that the different π-conjugation and electronic communication between the DCM terminals exerts on the electronic adsorption of the diradicals and their redox behavior. The spontaneous nature of the cyclophane structure is supported by the negative relative Gibbs free energies calculated at 298 K and experimentally by UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopy of the initial yellow solid powder. The conversion to monomeric species having diradical character was demonstrated by variable-temperature (VT) EPR, UV-Vis, Raman and IR measurements, resulting in appreciable chromic changes. In addition, electrochemical oxidation and reduction convert the cyclophane dimer (m-ICz-CN)2 to the monomer monocations and dianions, respectively. This research demonstrates how the chemical reactivity and physical properties of π-conjugated diradicals can be effectively tuned by subtle changes in their chemical structures.