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The gross composition of milk may affect the textural, compositional and microbiological properties of yoghurt. Sahiwal, Holstein Friesian milk procured from Dairy Animal Training and Research Center, B-block University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pattoki and Nili Ravi buffalo milk procured from Nili Ravi buffalo Research Institute (BRI), Pattoki. All other ingredients purchased from Sigma Aldrich Germany through local suppliers. Milk was standardized to 15% total solids with 3.5% fat. Skim Milk Powder (SMP) was used for the standardization of the yogurt. Milk was pasteurized at 82oC for 5 minutes and cool down to 43℃ and at this temperature starter culture was added. Yogurt batch incubated at 43℃ for 3 to 3.5 h. During this period pH was monitored regularly and as the pH drops to 4.6, the batch was shifted to blast chilling at 1-2℃ and then stored at 4℃. Sensory evaluation of all yogurt samples was carried out on a 9-point hedonic scale. All the tests were carried out on day 0, 7, 14 and 21. The collected data was investigated through ANOVA technique under complete randomized design (CRD) using SAS 9.1 software. The results showed that yoghurt made from Nili Ravi buffalo milk (To) showed a significant (p= 0.5) overall acceptability as compared to other treatments. Yoghurt made from Nili Ravi buffalo milk (To) were followed by T3, T4, T1 and T5 respectively. The Nili Ravi buffalo milk showed higher acceptability to the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, stochastic functional differential equations (SFDEs) pose a challenge as they often lack explicit exact solutions. Consequently, it becomes necessary to seek certain favorable conditions under which numerical solutions can converge towards the exact solutions. This article aims to delve into the convergence analysis of solutions for stochastic functional differential equations by employing the framework of G-Brownian motion. To establish the goal, we find a set of useful monotone type conditions and work within the space C r ((− ∞ , 0 ] ; R n) . The investigation conducted in this article confirms the mean square boundedness of solutions. Furthermore, this study enables us to compute both L G 2 and exponential estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research critically investigated the intervening effect of psychological safety and the role of Leader member exchange (LmX) as a moderator on inclusive leadership and employee pro-social rule-breaking. The study analyzed the data gathered via survey questionnaires from 250 workers in the insurance and banking sectors in Peshawar. The validity and reliability of the scales were verified, and hypotheses were tested. The research comes to the conclusion that inclusive leadership has a positive effect on Pro-Social Rules breaking (PsRb). The research also found that psychological safety affects the relationship between Inclusive leadership (InCl) and employees’ pro-social rules breaking (PsRb). The researcher also noticed that the relationship between InCl and Psychological Safety (PsySafety) is moderated by LmX, which indicates that high LmX implies a high relationship between InCl and PsySafety and low LmX means a low relationship between the two. The study recommended that the insurance and banking sectors should adopt inclusive leadership characteristics to encourage employees to work for organizational benefits, customers and their colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has become a widely accepted bariatric procedure for treating morbid obesity and associated comorbidities due to its relatively straightforward technique and positive outcomes in terms of weight loss and metabolic improvement. Objective To investigate the frequency and types of early complications following LSG using four ports. Methods This prospective observational study was conducted at Al Hadi International Hospital, Swabi, Pakistan, from January 2022 to December 2022. A total of 369 patients aged 25-65 years with a BMI of 35-55 kg/m 2 were included. Data on demographic characteristics, surgery duration, intraoperative blood loss, and hospital stay were collected. Early complications within 30 days post-surgery, including bleeding, infection, and leakage, were documented. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26 (Released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Results The mean age of patients was 43.6 years (SD = 11.8) and the mean BMI was 42.3 kg/m 2 (SD = 6.5). The average surgery duration was 92 minutes (SD = 22) and the mean intraoperative blood loss was 100 mL (SD = 50). Early complications occurred in 18% of patients with bleeding, infection, and leakage each accounting for 5%, 4%, and 3%, respectively. Reoperation was required in 5% of patients due to these complications. Higher BMI (45.2 vs. 41.8 kg/m 2 , p = 0.04) and longer surgery duration (105 vs. 88 minutes, p = 0.03) were significantly associated with increased complication rates. Comorbidities were present in 60% of patients with complications compared to 34% without complications (p = 0.03). Conclusion The four-port technique in LSG is associated with an 18% early complication rate with significant risk factors being higher BMI and longer surgery duration. Careful patient selection, standardized surgical techniques, and robust postoperative care are essential to minimize complications and improve outcomes in LSG., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Ethical Review Board of Bacha Khan Medical Complex issued approval BKMC/ERB/2021/124. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Ullah et al.)