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The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program can potentially help expand access to neighborhoods with low poverty and economic opportunities for low-income households. Prior studies described that LIHTC units are in neighborhoods with relatively high poverty, but with improvements in recent years. Beyond cross-sectional analyses, scholars have not extensively looked at the movements of tenants. It remains unclear whether the program creates opportunities for low-income households to move into better neighborhoods than they previously lived in or reinforces segregation by encouraging moves to similarly or more disadvantaged neighborhoods. Using an extensive consumer database, I am tracking the movements of households who move into new LIHTC properties in California. The experimental findings show that residents experience, on average, increases in poverty exposure by up to six percentage points over other moved low-income renters. Tenants see lower levels of neighborhood amenities than at their previous addresses. The construction of LIHTC housing can increase the chance of households moving into minority-concentrated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous managerial and corporate finance perspectives suggest mutual tax advantages when depreciation is transferred from an asset's user to a lessor, creating a perceived loss of tax revenue for the government. This study delves deeper into the lease versus buy decision and its ramifications on government tax revenue. It goes beyond tax rate discrepancies, exploring how factors like lessor‐lessee borrowing rate differences, asset lifespan, depreciation, and lease payment schedules impact tax revenues, both analytically and numerically. The paper establishes a strong theoretical foundation, emphasizing positive‐sum games involving lessees, lessors, and governments in individual deals. Government benefits from leasing vary across asset classes, market structures, depreciation timelines, credit quality, tax credits, and business cycles. The proposal is that the aggregate impact at the federal level could be positive, negative, or neutral across all leasing deals. These insights surpass conventional knowledge, offering valuable perspectives for finance and accounting educators, students, practitioners, and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program is the largest housing production subsidy in the U.S. Two types of credit, known as the 9% credit and the 4% credit, are subject to different allocation criteria. The 4% program has been flying under the radar of policymakers, housing advocates, and researchers since its inception. Whereas newly constructed 9% units are increasingly sited in lower poverty neighborhoods, 4% investment is made in high-poverty and low-opportunity neighborhoods. This paper reveals that states have not actively influenced the locational outcomes of 4% projects credit until recently. Policy levers have a more substantial impact on the outcomes of the 9% program. However, the results indicate that increased competition and strong policy levers have enabled some states to influence the siting outcomes of 4% projects. As states have significant power over tax credit allocations and additional financing required to enable the 4% credit, they could consider explicitly using this credit to further fair housing goals and help low-income households reach opportunities. However, careful consideration is needed to balance these goals with neighborhood revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 15 presents a critical moment for the preservation of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) properties. While there have been studies looking into the year-15 challenges in weak housing markets, there has been little research on strategies and contexts that have led to successful preservation outcomes. While different localities may require different strategies depending on local contexts, there are common challenges shared by LIHTC properties due to the program structure. This paper aims to examine how New York City has been responding to some of these common challenges through its LIHTC (Year-15) Preservation Program which has been quite successful in preserving expiring LIHTC properties. Through a combination of data analysis on LIHTC and New York City's Year-15 Program, interviews with government officials, and an examination of approximately 530 land documents of 107 expiring LIHTC properties in New York City, this study takes an in-depth look into the development process, strategies, and outcomes of the program. By doing so, future challenges and lessons are highlighted that are helpful for New York City and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the critical role of tax credits, specifically Sections 45Q and 45V, in the financing and economic feasibility of low-carbon-intensity hydrogen projects, with a focus on natural-gas-based hydrogen production plants integrated with carbon capture and storage (CCS). This study covers the current clean energy landscape, underscoring the importance of low-carbon hydrogen as a key component in the transition to a sustainable energy future, and then explicates the mechanics of the 45Q and 45V tax credits, illustrating their direct impact on enhancing the economic attractiveness of such projects through a detailed net present value (NPV) model analysis. Our analysis reveals that the application of 45Q and 45V tax credits significantly reduces the levelized cost of hydrogen production, with scenarios indicating a reduction in cost ranging from USD 0.41/kg to USD 0.81/kg of hydrogen. Specifically, the 45Q tax credit demonstrates a slightly more advantageous impact on reducing costs compared to the 45V tax credit, underpinning the critical role of these fiscal measures in enhancing project returns and feasibility. Furthermore, this paper addresses the inherent limitations of utilizing tax credits, primarily the challenge posed by the mismatch between the scale of tax credits and the tax liability of the project developers. The concept and role of tax equity investments are discussed in response to this challenge. These findings contribute to the broader dialogue on the financing of sustainable energy projects, providing valuable insights for policymakers, investors, and developers in the hydrogen energy sector. By quantifying the economic benefits of tax credits and elucidating the role of tax equity investments, our research supports informed decision-making and strategic planning in the pursuit of a sustainable energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We make seven direct intra-brand comparisons between legacy carmakers' electric vehicle (EV) and gaspowered vehicle who achieved top ten most-efficient electric vehicles in America. We find six out of the seven EVs will be able to breakeven the higher price relative to their gas counterparts within reasonable gas price range, electricity charge range, and federal government tax credit for buying EVs. We further find that federal government tax credit is the most effective policy tool that will induce new car buyers to choose EVs over comparable same-brand gas vehicle though other green initiatives such as solar panels on owner's roof tops and below-market-interest-rate (BMIR) loans are effective as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, researchers and policymakers alike recognized the risk of poverty among large families, but family size is often neglected in the contemporary literature. This article revives an examination of the connections between family size and poverty risk for children with a focus on Germany. We take a child‐centered perspective by analyzing a sample of 13–14 year‐old children from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). First, we provide a detailed overview of the welfare and tax policies aimed at large families in Germany. Next, we estimate the poverty risk and prevalence for children in large families (looking at families with 3+ and 4+ children). Finally, we discuss how the policy and socio‐economic context interacts with the risk of poverty. We identify that the means‐tested social assistance scheme penalizes large families, while the child benefit would only acknowledge higher need of middle‐income families with three or more children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Critique of Law: Independent Legal Studies / Krytyka Prawa: Niezalezne Studia nad Prawem is the property of Akademia Leona Kozminskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper delves into the critical role of tax credits, specifically Sections 45Q and 45V, in the financing and economic feasibility of low-carbon-intensity hydrogen projects, with a focus on natural-gas-based hydrogen production plants integrated with carbon capture and storage (CCS). This study covers the current clean energy landscape, underscoring the importance of low-carbon hydrogen as a key component in the transition to a sustainable energy future, and then explicates the mechanics of the 45Q and 45V tax credits, illustrating their direct impact on enhancing the economic attractiveness of such projects through a detailed net present value (NPV) model analysis. Our analysis reveals that the application of 45Q and 45V tax credits significantly reduces the levelized cost of hydrogen production, with scenarios indicating a reduction in cost ranging from USD 0.41/kg to USD 0.81/kg of hydrogen. Specifically, the 45Q tax credit demonstrates a slightly more advantageous impact on reducing costs compared to the 45V tax credit, underpinning the critical role of these fiscal measures in enhancing project returns and feasibility. Furthermore, this paper addresses the inherent limitations of utilizing tax credits, primarily the challenge posed by the mismatch between the scale of tax credits and the tax liability of the project developers. The concept and role of tax equity investments are discussed in response to this challenge. These findings contribute to the broader dialogue on the financing of sustainable energy projects, providing valuable insights for policymakers, investors, and developers in the hydrogen energy sector. By quantifying the economic benefits of tax credits and elucidating the role of tax equity investments, our research supports informed decision-making and strategic planning in the pursuit of a sustainable energy future.

• We study formate species, a product of CO 2 electrochemical reduction, as an alternative carbon carrier for sequestration and EOR • Formate solution injection yielded greater levels of oil recovery and net carbon storage • Carbon-bearing species resided in the dense aqueous phase without having to rely on petrophysical trapping mechanisms • In establishing carbon tax credit policies and regulations, policymakers should include alternative carbon carriers. As carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), carbon-dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 EOR) has inherent shortcomings, such as inefficient oil recovery and carbon storage, and low storage security with mobile CO 2. This paper presents a techno-economic-environmental analysis of using formate species, a product of CO 2 electrochemical reduction, as an alternative carbon carrier for sequestration and EOR in a carbonate oil reservoir in the Gulf of Mexico Basin. CO 2 injection, water-alternating-CO 2 injection, and aqueous formate solution injection were compared using a compositional reservoir simulation model and an economic calculator. Formate solution injection yielded greater levels of oil recovery and net carbon storage, where the carbon-bearing species resided in the dense aqueous phase without having to rely on petrophysical trapping mechanisms (structural and capillary). The enhanced oil production, net carbon storage, and storage security can be promoted by providing formate-based CCUS with more incentives (e.g., greater tax credit) in comparison to CO 2 -based CCUS for EOR and the manufacture of chemicals and products. In establishing carbon storage incentive policies and regulations, policymakers should include alternative carbon carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2021 Expanded Child Tax Credit (ECTC) lifted millions of children out of poverty and drastically improved well-being. These impacts were particularly salient for families with lower income among those who received the full ECTC benefit. This study gathered lived experiences on the ECTC cessation and explored differential impacts across income levels to inform discussions around policy restoration. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents who had a child (2-12 years) who received the full ECTC. Interviews occurred in May 2022 after the ECTC ended. Changes in financial security and health were assessed. Families were classified as having lower vs. higher income (LI; n=19 vs. HI; n=19) corresponding to household income below vs. above 200% of the Federal Poverty Line. Inductive analysis and constant-comparison methods generated themes on similarities/differences between groups. Results indicated families with LI experienced severe financial constraints and greater negative emotions, after the ECTC ended. Many reduced spending, budgeted, accepted financial support from family/friends, and delayed credit card payments. More families with HI reported the ECTC provided a financial buffer placingthem in a more secure position to meet current needs. Both groups reported negative impacts from inflation coinciding with the ECTC ending and minimal changes in their income tax return. Families overwhelmingly reported a desire for the ECTC to continue, despite experiencing different degrees of impact due to these financial changes. Families with LI faced greater hardships after the ECTC ended. Differences across income highlight the need for ECTC restoration, particularly for families in severely under-resourced circumstances., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

• We examine the relationship between tax credit and financial credit risk. • We find a significant negative relationship between tax credit and financial credit risk. • Stronger corporate heroic behavior is found to mediate this effect. Financial credit allows enterprises to successfully acquire innovative resources. However, studies have ignored the risk of financial credit, especially the impact of tax credit on financial credit risk. Therefore, based on the prospect theory, this study uses a sample of A-share-listed investment-oriented enterprises from 2010 to 2020 and finds that tax credit reduces financial credit risk and corporate heroic behavior reinforces this inhibitory effect. These findings provide new perspectives and practical insights for enterprises for timely control of financial credit risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]