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Various animal models have been established to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV), and to develop medical countermeasures (MCMs) against them. Of these models, which range from rodents to nonhuman primates (NHPs), the macaque model most closely mimics the severe disease displayed in humans. Nevertheless, rodent models mirror many key aspects of human infection and are frequently used for the initial assessment of experimental vaccines and treatments. Due to the less restrictive housing and husbandry requirements for these models, large-scale experiments can be performed to evaluate a number of test articles and/or dosing regimens.Adaptation of MARV and RAVV by serial passaging is necessary to cause disease in immunocompetent rodent species. While mice provide limited predictive value of vaccine and therapeutic efficacy against these viruses, guinea pigs have emerged as a dependable indicator of outcomes in late-stage NHP testing. Additionally, the larger size of guinea pigs compared to mice permits more frequent and substantial blood sample collection. This chapter outlines the essential procedures to conduct intraperitoneal challenge, blood collection, and the administration of MCMs in MARV and RAVV guinea pig models using biosafety level 4 practices., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) poses a significant public health threat due to its potential for causing severe disease in humans and its wide geographic distribution. The virus, primarily transmitted by Hyalomma ticks, is prevalent across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. Understanding the virus's spread among tick populations is crucial for assessing its transmission dynamics. Vertebrates play a key role in CCHF epidemiology by supporting tick populations and acting as virus carriers during viremia. Livestock, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, amplify the virus and increase tick numbers, posing zoonotic risks. Wildlife, while asymptomatic, can serve as reservoirs. Birds generally do not show signs of the virus but can introduce infected ticks to new regions. This review compiles information on CCHFV's tick vectors and vertebrate hosts, emphasizing their roles in the virus's transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing effective control and prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic pathogen with the potential to cause human outbreaks with a high case fatality ratio. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, available evidence on NiV infections occurring in healthcare workers (HCWs) was collected and critically appraised. According to the PRISMA statement, four medical databases (PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Scopus) and the preprint repository medRixv were inquired through a specifically designed searching strategy. A total of 2593 entries were identified; of them, 16 studies were included in qualitative and quantitative analysis detailing the outcome of NiV infection on HCWs and estimates of seroprevalence among healthcare professions. All studies reported data from Asian countries: Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India (States of Kerala and Bengal), and Philippines. Seroprevalence was estimated from seven studies in 0.00% (95%CI 0.00 to 0.10) for IgM-class antibodies and 0.08% (95%CI 0.00 to 0.72) for IgG class-antibodies, but four of the sampled studies did not report any seropositive cases. A case fatality ratio of 73.52% (95%CI 34.01 to 99.74) was calculated from 10 studies. In conclusion, the present study shows that NiV may result in a possible occupational infection among HCWs involved in managing incident cases. As most NiV outbreaks occur in limited resources settings, it is reasonable that even basic preventive measures (i.e., mandatory use of PPE and appropriate isolation of incident cases with physical distancing) may be quite effective in avoiding the occurrence of new infections among HCWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]