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The exploration of 1D magnetism, frequently portrayed as spin chains, constitutes an actively pursued research field that illuminates fundamental principles in many-body problems and applications in magnonics and spintronics. The inherent reduction in dimensionality often leads to robust spin fluctuations, impacting magnetic ordering and resulting in novel magnetic phenomena. Here, structural, magnetic, and optical properties of highly anisotropic 2D van der Waals antiferromagnets that uniquely host spin chains are explored. First-principle calculations reveal that the weakest interaction is interchain, leading to essentially 1D magnetic behavior in each layer. With the additional degree of freedom arising from its anisotropic structure, the structure is engineered by alloying, varying the 1D spin chain lengths using electron beam irradiation, or twisting for localized patterning, and spin textures are calculated, predicting robust stability of the antiferromagnetic ordering. Comparing with other spin chain magnets, these materials are anticipated to bring fresh perspectives on harvesting low-dimensional magnetism.

Electrified solid-liquid interfaces (ESLIs) play a key role in various electrochemical processes relevant to energy1-5, biology6 and geochemistry7. The electron and mass transport at the electrified interfaces may result in structural modifications that markedly influence the reaction pathways. For example, electrocatalyst surface restructuring during reactions can substantially affect the catalysis mechanisms and reaction products1-3. Despite its importance, direct probing the atomic dynamics of solid-liquid interfaces under electric biasing is challenging owing to the nature of being buried in liquid electrolytes and the limited spatial resolution of current techniques for in situ imaging through liquids. Here, with our development of advanced polymer electrochemical liquid cells for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we are able to directly monitor the atomic dynamics of ESLIs during copper (Cu)-catalysed CO2 electroreduction reactions (CO2ERs). Our observation reveals a fluctuating liquid-like amorphous interphase. It undergoes reversible crystalline-amorphous structural transformations and flows along the electrified Cu surface, thus mediating the crystalline Cu surface restructuring and mass loss through the interphase layer. The combination of real-time observation and theoretical calculations unveils an amorphization-mediated restructuring mechanism resulting from charge-activated surface reactions with the electrolyte. Our results open many opportunities to explore the atomic dynamics and its impact in broad systems involving ESLIs by taking advantage of the in situ imaging capability.

With the improvement of the quality and performance requirements of duplex stainless steel （DSS） in the industry， secondary austenite （γ2） has become one of the key factors affecting the application of S32750 DSS. Secondary austenite is considered as the joint product of temperature and cooling rates， which performed near K-S or N-W orientation relationship with the ferrite phase and an enrichment for N elements .Secondary austenite can be divided into needle-shaped austenite （NA） and isolated austenite （IA） by morphology. In this paper， the effect of N mass fraction on the precipitation behavior of secondary austenite was studied by preparing test steels with N content of 0.02%， 0.09% and 0.17%. Thermal-Calc simulation and EBSD detection proved that with the increase of N， γ2 evolved from curved feather-shape to needled-shape with the total proportion of austenite phase increased. The precipitation mode of austenite related to the Gibbs free energy， which was namely affected by elements composition and temperature.

We have theoretically and experimentally demonstrated the feasibility of achieving ultra-low dark current in CpBnn type detectors based on a double-barrier InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattice. By employing a structure that separates the absorption region and depletion region, the diffusion, recombination, tunneling, and surface dark currents of the photodetector (PD) have been suppressed. Experimental validation has shown that a detector with a diameter of 500 µm at a bias voltage of −0.5 V exhibits a dark current density of 2.5 × 10−6 A/cm2 at the operating temperature of 300 K. The development of PD with low dark current has paved the way for applications with high demands for low noise in the fields of gravitational wave detection and astronomical observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the social exchange theory, this paper constructs a moderated mediation model to explore the influence of after-hours work challenges after-hours on employee creativity. By collecting 268 questionnaires from Chinese employees and employing hierarchical regression and bootstrapping to test the hypotheses, the results show that after-hours work challenges can enhance employee creativity by improving their perceived insider status. Servant leadership, as a moderator, strengthens both the direct effect of after-hours work challenges on perceived insider status and the indirect effect on employee creativity. This research enriches the creativity and work design literature by addressing the previously unexplored relationship between after-hours work challenges and employee creativity. The study reveals that after-hours work assigned to employees needs to be challenging so that employees can experience personal development through completing it. Additionally, leaders' support and care during the after-hours work process are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the deformation behavior of UNS S32750 (S32750) duplex stainless steel during low cycle fatigue was studied by controlling the number of cycles. The microstructure of the specimens under different cycles was characterized by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The microhardness of the two phases was measured by a digital microhardness instrument. The results showed that the microhardness of ferrite increases significantly after the first 4000 cycles, while the austenite shows a higher strain hardening rate after fatigue fracture, and the microhardness of ferrite and austenite increases by 23 HV and 87 HV, respectively. The two-phase kernel average misorientation (KAM) diagram showed that the continuous accumulation of plastic deformation easily leads to the initiation of cracks inside the austenite and at the phase boundaries. The evolution of dislocation morphology in the two phases was obviously different. With the increase in cycle number, the dislocation in ferrite gradually transforms from dislocation bundles and a dislocation array to a sub-grain structure, while the dislocation in austenite gradually develops from dipole array to an ordered Taylor lattice network structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employee creativity is essential for contemporary companies to survive and gain competitive advantages. Although previous studies have made efforts to identify organizational factors that improve or hinder employee creativity, a better understanding is still needed regarding the differences between radical and incremental creativity, especially the different mechanisms of how organizational factors impact two types of creativity. To address this issue, we aim to provide a systematic review through which to identify different antecedents that affect radical and incremental creativity, respectively, based on componential theory of creativity. At first, we clarified the definitions and measurements of radical and incremental creativity. Then, we categorized the antecedents of radical and incremental creativity to develop an integrative framework. Last but not least, we identified the different organizational factors regarding how to improve radical and incremental creativity. We also address several future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovery and design of materials with the coexistence and coupling of different functional properties is extremely attractive for both fundamental physics and technical applications. In this work, we proposed a strategy to realize the coexistence of ferroelectricity, magnetism and topological order in a two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructure composed of a ferroelectric material α-In2Se3 and a topological hydrogenated germanene. More importantly, we found the strong coupling of the topological electronic structure and ferroelectric order. Transition from a normal semiconductor to a quantum anomalous Hall insulator can be switched by reversing the polarization direction of α-In2Se3. The topological phase transition mechanism is revealed by the interfacial charge transfer and energy band alignment. The difference in the energy band alignment stems from the difference of interfacial potential energy for two opposite ferroelectric phases. So, ferroelectric heterostructure engineering is an effective way to realize band inversion and topological phase transition by the interface effect. Our work is not only of great scientific significance for studying the coupling mechanism of various degrees of freedom through the interface effect, but also provides an effective strategy for realizing nonvolatile topological switches and storage devices in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duplex stainless steels are widely used in many fields due to their excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. However, it is a challenge to achieve duplex microstructure and excellent properties through additive manufacturing. In this work, a 0.09% N 25Cr-type duplex stainless steel was prepared by additive manufacturing (AM) and heat treatment, and its corrosion resistance was investigated. The results show that, compared with S32750 duplex stainless steel prepared by a conventional process, the combination value of film resistance and charge transfer resistance of AM duplex stainless steel was increased by 3.2–5.5 times and the pitting potential was increased by more than 100 mV. The disappearance of residual thermal stress and the reasonable distribution of Cr and N elements in the two phases are the reasons for the improvement of the corrosion resistance of AM duplex stainless steel after heat treatment. In addition, the extremely high purity of AM duplex stainless steel with no visible inclusions resulted in a higher corrosion resistance exhibited at lower pitting-resistance-equivalent number values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of mycotoxins and their masked forms in chicken feed poses a significant threat to both productivity and health. This review examines the multifaceted impacts of mycotoxins on various aspects of chicken well-being, encompassing feed efficiency, growth, immunity, antioxidants, blood biochemistry, and internal organs. Mycotoxins, toxic substances produced by fungi, can exert detrimental effects even at low levels of contamination. The hidden or masked forms of mycotoxins further complicate the situation, as they are not easily detected by conventional methods but can be converted into their toxic forms during digestion. Consequently, chickens are exposed to mycotoxin-related risks despite apparently low mycotoxin levels. The consequences of mycotoxin exposure in chickens include reduced feed efficiency, compromised growth rates, impaired immune function, altered antioxidant levels, disturbances in blood biochemical parameters, and adverse effects on internal organs. To mitigate these impacts, effective management strategies are essential, such as routine monitoring of feed ingredients and finished feeds, adherence to proper storage practices, and the implementation of feed detoxification methods and mycotoxin binders. Raising awareness of these hidden hazards is crucial for safeguarding chicken productivity and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Early Cretaceous Weideshan granites are associated with large-scale Au and polymetallic Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn mineralization. To investigate the petrogenesis of the Weideshan granite and constrain its tectonic setting during the Early Cretaceous, we conducted a zircon U-Pb-Hf isotope and whole-rock geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic study of the granite. In situ zircon U-Pb dating of three granite samples yielded Early Cretaceous ages of 112.83 ± 0.80, 112.64 ± 0.91, and 111.82 ± 0.78 Ma. The samples had high-K calc-alkaline compositions and were enriched in the light rare earth and large-ion lithophile elements (e.g., K, Rb, Ba, Th, and U) and depleted in high-field-strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ti, and P). The samples had small negative Eu anomalies and initial 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(t) values of 0.70853–0.71029 and –18 to –14, respectively. The zircon εHf(t) values varied between −16 and −12, with corresponding two-stage model ages (tDM2) of 2180–2000 Ma. These characteristics indicated that the Weideshan pluton was formed in a back-arc extensional environment caused by subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate toward the Asian continent during the early Cretaceous. The magma was generated by crust–mantle interaction during lithospheric thinning. The diagenetic age of the Weideshan granites was the same as the formation age of gold and polymetallic ores in the Jiaodong area. The extensive fluid circulation induced by the magma emplacement may be the main source of ore-forming materials for the gold and polymetallic Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) on the performance, gut health, and microbiota of laying hens. A total of 192 thirty-wk-old Hyline brown laying hens were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups. The CON group received a basal diet, while the low (MCE250), medium (MCE350), and high (MCE450) dose groups were supplemented with 250, 350, and 450 mg/kg MCE, respectively. The egg weight and Haugh unit demonstrated a linear and quadratic increase with the MCE dose during the initial 4-wk period of the experiment (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the dietary supplementation of MCE led to a significant enhancement in eggshell thickness and Haugh unit at wk 8 and the data showed a statistically significant linear and quadratic increase (P < 0.05). Serum cytokine assay showed that dietary supplementation of MCE led to linear and quadratic increases in IL-4 and IL-10 level (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of 350 and 450 mg/kg MCE was observed to result in linear and quadratic increase in serum lysozyme levels (P < 0.05). The addition of MCE to the diet resulted in a linear and quadratic increase in the levels of sIgA in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). In terms of gene expression, the addition of MCE to the diet resulted in linear and quadratic increases in the expression of IL-10, IgA, Serpinb14, Serpinb14B, and OIH (P < 0.05). The expression of jejunal genes pIgR and IL-4 was observed to increase in a linear and quadratic manner, respectively, following the dietary addition of 350 mg/kg MCE and IL-1β decreased in a linear manner (P < 0.05). Moreover, these favorable effects were maximized at medium dosage (350 mg/kg) of MCE addition, and intestinal microbial composition in the control and MCE350 groups was assessed. 350 mg/kg MCE increased the relative abundance of Bryobacter and Parasutterella and decreased the relative abundance of Erysipelatoclostridium in the cecum (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis revealed that Bryobacter, Parasutterella, Skermanella, and Erysipelatoclostridium were associated with nonspecific immune functions (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 350 mg/kg MCE supplementation elevated the immune response, and upregulated the expression of genes related to protein production in eggs, thereby improving egg quality. These effects may be associated with changes in the microbiota, specifically Bryobacter, Parasutterella, and Erysipelatoclostridium., Competing Interests: DISCLOSURES Chake Keerqin is employed by Phytobiotics (Jiangsu) Biotech Co. Ltd. No commercial or financial relationships with potential conflicts of interest have been reported by the other authors., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary purple sweet potato polysaccharide (PSPP) supplementation on production performance, egg quality characteristics, jejunal morphology, and gut microbiota modulation of Hy-line Brown laying hens. A total of 288 23-wk-old Hy-line Brown laying hens were randomly divided into 1 of the 4 dietary treatment groups, with 6 replicates and 12 laying hens per replicate. The 4 groups were fed basal diet supplemented with varying concentrations of PSPP (0, 1, 2, or 4 g/kg) for 6 wks. At the end of the feeding trials, eggs were collected for egg quality analysis, jejunal samples were collected for morphology assessment, and cecal content was analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing to determine intestinal microbiota. Experimental treatments did not differ regarding laying performance and egg quality. However, polynomial contrast analysis showed that there was a linear decrease (P = 0.042) in yolk color. The jejunal morphology did not differ among the treatment groups. The alpha and beta diversity were not different between the treatment groups. The cecal microbiota was dominated by Bacteroidota and Firmicutes at the phylum level and Bacteroides at the genus level. The relative abundance of Firmicutes was increased (P = 0.012) and Bacteroidota was decreased (P = 0.009) in the cecal content of PSPP2. Firmicutes to Bacteroidota ratio increased (P = 0.005) in the PSPP2 group. Polynomial contrast analysis showed that PSPP had a quadratic effect on Firmicutes to Bacteroidota ratio (P = 0.004) and on the relative abundance of Firmicutes (P = 0.006) and Bacteroidota (P = 0.006). At the genus level, increasing PSPP level showed a pattern of linear increase (P = 0.046) in [Ruminococcus]&#95;torques&#95;group and linear decrease (P = 0.015) in the Rikenellaceae&#95;RC9&#95;gut&#95;group. It can be concluded that PSPP altered the gut microbiota, but did not influence jejunal morphology or laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. Further research is recommended to fully understand the potential and determine the optimal level of PSPP in laying hens., Competing Interests: DISCLOSURES The authors declare no conflict of interest, (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Romboutsia (R.) ilealis on the immune function of broilers and the underlying mechanisms. A total of 48 one-d-old Arbor Acres broilers were allocated to 4 groups as follows: broilers treated daily with 1 mL live R. ilealis in GAM broth media (0, 1×104, 1×106 and 1×108 CFU/mL) from d 1 to 7. Samples were collected on d 8 and 14. The results showed that R. ilealis had no negative effect on the body weight of broilers (P > 0.05). R. ilealis significantly increased the levels of lysozyme, IFN-γ, IFN-γ/IL-4, and IgG in the serum (P < 0.05). R. ilealis significantly increased the levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, sIgA, lysozyme, and iNOS in the ileal mucosa (P < 0.05). R. ilealis significantly increased the mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR4, NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IgA, pIgR, iNOS, and MHC-Ⅱ in the ileum (P < 0.05). R. ilealis significantly increased the relative abundance of Enterococcus and Paracoccus in the jejunum and ileum, ileal Candidatus Arthromitus, and cecal Romboutsia and Intestinimonas (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that Enterococcus, Paracoccus, Romboutsia, and Intestinimonas were significantly positively correlated with humoral immune function (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Romboutsia ilealis boosted the immune system, activated the intestinal TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway, and improved the gut microbiota in broilers., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with lysolecithins (LPC) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, immunity, and liver health in broiler chickens., Methods: A cohort of 240 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers of comparable weight was divided into four treatment groups, each comprising six replicates of 10 birds. The groups were defined as follows: positive control with recommended metabolizable energy (PC+ME), negative control with 90 kcal/kg reduced ME (NC+ME), PC supplemented with 300 mg/kg LPC (PC+LPC), and NC supplemented with 300 mg/kg LPC (NC+LPC)., Results: LPC supplementation led to a statistically significant reduction in the feed conversion ratio (p = 0.05) and a decrease in the proportion of abdominal fat and the liver (p<0.05). Digestibility of dry matter was also enhanced (p<0.05). Malondialdehyde concentrations in the liver were significantly reduced by LPC (p<0.01), with a noteworthy interaction between energy levels and LPC affecting this reduction (p<0.05). Serum levels of interleukin-6 were reduced on day 21, and both endotoxin and interleukin-6 levels were lower on day 42. Notably, a significant interaction was observed between the energy levels and LPC on relative liver weight and endotoxin concentrations in the serum (p<0.05)., Conclusion: The study concluded that LPC positively affects growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune response, and antioxidative capacity in broiler chickens, affirming its value as a beneficial feed additive in poultry nutrition.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a serious acute, highly contagious disease caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). This study aims to establish a qRT-PCR assay with an internal amplification control for the rapid and accurate detection of PPRV. The primers and probes for PPRV N were based on the national standard of the diagnostic techniques for PPR of China, and a pair of primers and Taq Man probes for the internal reference gene of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ) was designed. Optimisation of the reaction conditions, specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility tests, and clinical sample detection were conducted. The results showed that the optimal primers and probe concentrations of PPRV were 0.4 μmol/l and 0.4 μmol/l, respectively, and were 0.4 μmol/l and 0.2 μmol/l for the reference gene GAPDH , respectively. The established method has no cross-reaction with other viruses. The minimum detection limit was 6.8 copies/μl for PPRV and 190 copies/μl for GAPDH . The coefficients of variation (CV%) of PPRV and GAPDH were both lower than 2%. The results suggest that the PPRV qRT-PCR method containing internal reference genes has strong specificity, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility. The addition of internal reference genes for the sample quality control improves the accuracy of the detection., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Shi et al.)

The study investigated the effects of dietary probiotic of dual-strain Bacillus subtilis on production performance, intestinal barrier parameters, and microbiota in broiler chickens. In a randomized trial, male broiler chickens were allocated into 3 groups, a control group (basal diet), BS300 group (basal diet with 300 mg/kg of B. subtilis), and BS500 group (basal diet with 500 mg/kg of B. subtilis). The inclusion of 500 mg/kg of B. subtilis significantly reduced the feed conversion ratio by 4.55% during the starting phase. Both 300 and 500 mg/kg of B. subtilis supplementation increased jejunal villus height (by 17.89% and 24.8%, respectively) significantly and decreased jejunal crypt depth (by 27.2% and 31.9%, respectively) on day 21. The addition of 500 mg/kg of B. subtilis significantly elevated the gene expression of occludin on day 35. Moreover, of B. subtilis supplementation enhanced cytokine levels and immunoglobulins in both serum and jejunal mucosa. Microbial analysis indicated that B. subtilis increased the abundance of potential probiotics (Sutterella) and butyrate-producing bacteria (Lachnoclostridium, Tyzzerella, Anaerostipes, Clostridium&#95;sensu&#95;stricto&#95;13, Prevotellaceae&#95;NK3B31&#95;group, and Lachnospiraceae&#95;UCG-010). The abundances of Anaerostipes and Sutterella, are significantly correlated with growth performance and immune function. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with B. subtilis improved the growth performance, potentially through the regulation of immunity, intestinal barrier function, and microbiota in broilers. Notably, 500 mg/kg of B. subtilis exhibited more benefits for broilers compared to the 300 mg/kg., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.)