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The two-component system (TCS) gene family is among the most important signal transduction families in plants and is involved in the regulation of various abiotic stresses, cell growth and division. To understand the role of TCS genes in mango (Mangifera indica), a comprehensive analysis of TCS gene family was carried out in mango leading to identification of 65 MiTCS genes. Phylogenetic analysis divided MiTCSs into three groups (histidine kinases, histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins, and response regulators) and 11 subgroups. One tandem duplication and 23 pairs of segmental duplicates were found within the MiTCSs. Promoter analysis revealed that MiTCSs contain a large number of cis -elements associated with environmental stresses, hormone response, light signalling, and plant development. Gene ontology analysis showed their involvement in various biological processes and molecular functions, particularly signal transduction. Protein–protein interaction analysis showed that MiTCS proteins interacted with each other. The expression pattern in various tissues and under many stresses (drought, cold, and disease) showed that expression levels varied among various genes in different conditions. MiTCSs 3D structure predictions showed structural conservation among members of the same groups. This information can be further used to develop improved cultivars and will serve as a foundation for gaining more functional insights into the TCS gene family. We studied the genetic blueprint of mango (Mangifera indica) trees, and identified a crucial gene family for plant health and stress responses. We identified and examined 65 genes responsible for signalling pathways within mango plants. By unravelling these genetic intricacies, we pave the way for potential advancements in mango cultivation, and offer opportunities for developing better resilience against environmental challenges and the development of superior mango varieties. This article belongs to the Collection Functional Genomics for Developing Climate Resilient Crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a revolutionary technology for genome editing that allows for precise and efficient modifications of DNA sequences. The system is composed of two main components, the Cas9 enzyme and a guide RNA (gRNA). The gRNA is designed to specifically target a desired DNA sequence, while the Cas9 enzyme acts as molecular scissors to cut the DNA at that specific location. The cell then repairs the digested DNA, either through nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR), resulting in either indels or precise modifications of DNA sequences with broad implications in biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine. This chapter provides a practical approach for utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 in precise genome editing, including identifying the target gene sequence, designing gRNA and protein (Cas9), and delivering the CRISPR components to target cells., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)