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Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with increased morbidity/mortality. With artificial intelligence (AI), more dynamic models for mortality prediction in AKI patients have been developed using machine learning (ML) algorithms. The performance of various ML models was reviewed in terms of their ability to predict in-hospital mortality for AKI patients. Methods A literature search was conducted through PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases. Included studies contained variables regarding the efficacy of the AI model [the AUC, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value]. Only original studies that consisted of cross-sectional studies, prospective and retrospective studies were included, while reviews and self-reported outcomes were excluded. There was no restriction on time and geographic location. Results Eight studies with 37   032 AKI patients were included, with a mean age of 65.3 years. The in-hospital mortality was 18.0% in the derivation and 15.8% in the validation cohorts. The pooled [95% confidence interval (CI)] AUC was observed to be highest for the broad learning system (BLS) model [0.852 (0.820–0.883)] and elastic net final (ENF) model [0.852 (0.813–0.891)], and lowest for proposed clinical model (PCM) [0.765 (0.716–0.814)]. The pooled (95% CI) AUC of BLS and ENF did not differ significantly from other models except PCM [Delong's test P = .022]. PCM exhibited the highest negative predictive value, which supports this model's use as a possible rule-out tool. Conclusion Our results show that BLS and ENF models are equally effective as other ML models in predicting in-hospital mortality, with variability across all models. Additional studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS) is a rare but significant concern in adult and pediatric patients undergoing dialysis initiation with advanced uremia or if done after an interval. It is imperative to gain insights into the epidemiological patterns, pathophysiological mechanisms, and preventive strategies aimed at averting the onset of this ailment. Design: Prospective observational quality improvement initiative cohort study. Setting and Participants: A prospective single‐center study involving 50 pediatric patients under 18 years recently diagnosed with chronic kidney disease stage V with blood urea ≥200 mg/dL, admitted to our tertiary care center for dialysis initiation from January 2017 to October 2023. Quality Improvement Plan: A standardized protocol was developed and followed for hemodialysis in pediatric patients with advanced uremia. This protocol included measures such as lower urea reduction ratios (targeted at 20%–30%) with shorter dialysis sessions and linear dialysate sodium profiling. Prophylactic administration of mannitol and 25% dextrose was also done to prevent the incidence of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. Measures: Incidence of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome and severe dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, mortality, urea reduction ratios (URRs), neurological outcome at discharge, and development of complications such as infection and hypotension. Long‐term outcomes were assessed at the 1‐year follow‐up including adherence to dialysis, renal transplantation, death, and loss to follow‐up. Results: The median serum creatinine and urea levels at presentation were 7.93 and 224 mg/dL, respectively. A total of 20% of patients had neurological symptoms attributable to advanced uremia at the time of presentation. The incidence of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome was 4% (n = 2) with severe dialysis disequilibrium syndrome only 2% (n = 1). Overall mortality was 8% (n = 4) but none of the deaths were attributed to dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. The mean urea reduction ratios for the first, second, and third dialysis sessions were 23.45%, 34.56%, and 33.50%, respectively. The patients with dialysis disequilibrium syndrome were discharged with normal neurological status. Long‐term outcomes showed 88% adherence to dialysis and 38% renal transplantation. Limitations: This study is characterized by a single‐center design, nonrandomized approach, and limited sample size. Conclusions: Our structured protocol served as a framework for standardizing procedures contributing to low incidence rates of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in Indian Pediatrics, discusses a case of cobalamin C deficiency as an uncommon cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The case involves a 3-year-old boy who presented with symptoms including fever, abdominal pain, and decreased urine output. The child was diagnosed with cobalamin C deficiency through genetic testing and was treated with injectable hydroxocobalamin and other supportive care. The article emphasizes the importance of considering uncommon etiologies when diagnosing TMA and highlights the need for early and specific treatment for improved outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

This research article titled "Pediatric Nephrology: A Study on Kidney Health in Children" explores the relationship between atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and malignant hypertension in children. The study presents a case involving a 7-year-old girl with a hypertensive crisis and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). The findings suggest that severe hypertension can lead to TMA, contrary to the more commonly observed pattern in children. The article highlights the importance of evaluating hypertension-associated TMA for complement defects and implementing aggressive hypertension control and targeted therapies for improved outcomes. The study was conducted at the Kidney Institute in Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana, India, and Akron Children's Hospital in Akron, Ohio, USA. [Extracted from the article]

Kidney transplantation is the most effective treatment for pediatric kidney failure. The ideal age and weight for very young children, especially infants and toddlers, is a topic of debate among specialists. Early kidney transplantation offers benefits such as improved growth, cognitive development, psychosocial outcomes, and overall quality of life. It also reduces the need for prolonged dialysis and associated complications. However, there are challenges such as limited donor availability and surgical complexity. A recent study found that kidney transplantation in children under the age of two is associated with enhanced patient survival and reduced exposure to dialysis compared to waiting until the age of two or older. However, the study has limitations, including a restricted follow-up duration and potential selection bias. Overall, early kidney transplantation shows promise but further research is needed to refine selection criteria and improve post-transplant care. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) is a global health concern with an associated mortality risk disproportionately pronounced in resource-limited settings. There is a pertinent need to understand the epidemiology of pediatric AKI in vulnerable populations. Here, we proposed a prospective study to investigate the epidemiology and associated risk factors of “severe dialysis dependent AKI” in children among South Asian nations which would be the first and largest of its kind.The ASPIRE study (part of PCRRT-ICONIC Foundation initiative) is a multi-center, prospective observational study conducted in South Asian countries. All children and adolescents ≤ 18 years of age who required dialysis for AKI in any of the collaborating medical centers were enrolled. Data collection was performed until one of the following endpoints was observed: (1) discharge, (2) death, and (3) discharge against medical advice.From 2019 to 2022, a total of 308 children with severe AKI were enrolled. The mean age was 6.17 years (63% males). Secondary AKI was more prevalent than primary AKI (67.2%), which predominantly occurred due to infections, dehydration, and nephrotoxins. Common causes of primary AKI were glomerulonephritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, lupus nephritis, and obstructive uropathy. Shock, need for ventilation, and coagulopathy were commonly seen in children with severe AKI who needed dialysis. The foremost kidney replacement therapy used was peritoneal dialysis (60.7%). The mortality rate was 32.1%.Common causes of AKI in children in South Asia are preventable. Mortality is high among these children suffering from “severe dialysis dependent AKI.” Targeted interventions to prevent and identify AKI early and initiate supportive care in less-resourced nations are needed.A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.Methods: Pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) is a global health concern with an associated mortality risk disproportionately pronounced in resource-limited settings. There is a pertinent need to understand the epidemiology of pediatric AKI in vulnerable populations. Here, we proposed a prospective study to investigate the epidemiology and associated risk factors of “severe dialysis dependent AKI” in children among South Asian nations which would be the first and largest of its kind.The ASPIRE study (part of PCRRT-ICONIC Foundation initiative) is a multi-center, prospective observational study conducted in South Asian countries. All children and adolescents ≤ 18 years of age who required dialysis for AKI in any of the collaborating medical centers were enrolled. Data collection was performed until one of the following endpoints was observed: (1) discharge, (2) death, and (3) discharge against medical advice.From 2019 to 2022, a total of 308 children with severe AKI were enrolled. The mean age was 6.17 years (63% males). Secondary AKI was more prevalent than primary AKI (67.2%), which predominantly occurred due to infections, dehydration, and nephrotoxins. Common causes of primary AKI were glomerulonephritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, lupus nephritis, and obstructive uropathy. Shock, need for ventilation, and coagulopathy were commonly seen in children with severe AKI who needed dialysis. The foremost kidney replacement therapy used was peritoneal dialysis (60.7%). The mortality rate was 32.1%.Common causes of AKI in children in South Asia are preventable. Mortality is high among these children suffering from “severe dialysis dependent AKI.” Targeted interventions to prevent and identify AKI early and initiate supportive care in less-resourced nations are needed.A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.Results: Pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) is a global health concern with an associated mortality risk disproportionately pronounced in resource-limited settings. There is a pertinent need to understand the epidemiology of pediatric AKI in vulnerable populations. Here, we proposed a prospective study to investigate the epidemiology and associated risk factors of “severe dialysis dependent AKI” in children among South Asian nations which would be the first and largest of its kind.The ASPIRE study (part of PCRRT-ICONIC Foundation initiative) is a multi-center, prospective observational study conducted in South Asian countries. All children and adolescents ≤ 18 years of age who required dialysis for AKI in any of the collaborating medical centers were enrolled. Data collection was performed until one of the following endpoints was observed: (1) discharge, (2) death, and (3) discharge against medical advice.From 2019 to 2022, a total of 308 children with severe AKI were enrolled. The mean age was 6.17 years (63% males). Secondary AKI was more prevalent than primary AKI (67.2%), which predominantly occurred due to infections, dehydration, and nephrotoxins. Common causes of primary AKI were glomerulonephritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, lupus nephritis, and obstructive uropathy. Shock, need for ventilation, and coagulopathy were commonly seen in children with severe AKI who needed dialysis. The foremost kidney replacement therapy used was peritoneal dialysis (60.7%). The mortality rate was 32.1%.Common causes of AKI in children in South Asia are preventable. Mortality is high among these children suffering from “severe dialysis dependent AKI.” Targeted interventions to prevent and identify AKI early and initiate supportive care in less-resourced nations are needed.A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.Conclusions: Pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) is a global health concern with an associated mortality risk disproportionately pronounced in resource-limited settings. There is a pertinent need to understand the epidemiology of pediatric AKI in vulnerable populations. Here, we proposed a prospective study to investigate the epidemiology and associated risk factors of “severe dialysis dependent AKI” in children among South Asian nations which would be the first and largest of its kind.The ASPIRE study (part of PCRRT-ICONIC Foundation initiative) is a multi-center, prospective observational study conducted in South Asian countries. All children and adolescents ≤ 18 years of age who required dialysis for AKI in any of the collaborating medical centers were enrolled. Data collection was performed until one of the following endpoints was observed: (1) discharge, (2) death, and (3) discharge against medical advice.From 2019 to 2022, a total of 308 children with severe AKI were enrolled. The mean age was 6.17 years (63% males). Secondary AKI was more prevalent than primary AKI (67.2%), which predominantly occurred due to infections, dehydration, and nephrotoxins. Common causes of primary AKI were glomerulonephritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, lupus nephritis, and obstructive uropathy. Shock, need for ventilation, and coagulopathy were commonly seen in children with severe AKI who needed dialysis. The foremost kidney replacement therapy used was peritoneal dialysis (60.7%). The mortality rate was 32.1%.Common causes of AKI in children in South Asia are preventable. Mortality is high among these children suffering from “severe dialysis dependent AKI.” Targeted interventions to prevent and identify AKI early and initiate supportive care in less-resourced nations are needed.A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.Graphical abstract: Pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) is a global health concern with an associated mortality risk disproportionately pronounced in resource-limited settings. There is a pertinent need to understand the epidemiology of pediatric AKI in vulnerable populations. Here, we proposed a prospective study to investigate the epidemiology and associated risk factors of “severe dialysis dependent AKI” in children among South Asian nations which would be the first and largest of its kind.The ASPIRE study (part of PCRRT-ICONIC Foundation initiative) is a multi-center, prospective observational study conducted in South Asian countries. All children and adolescents ≤ 18 years of age who required dialysis for AKI in any of the collaborating medical centers were enrolled. Data collection was performed until one of the following endpoints was observed: (1) discharge, (2) death, and (3) discharge against medical advice.From 2019 to 2022, a total of 308 children with severe AKI were enrolled. The mean age was 6.17 years (63% males). Secondary AKI was more prevalent than primary AKI (67.2%), which predominantly occurred due to infections, dehydration, and nephrotoxins. Common causes of primary AKI were glomerulonephritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, lupus nephritis, and obstructive uropathy. Shock, need for ventilation, and coagulopathy were commonly seen in children with severe AKI who needed dialysis. The foremost kidney replacement therapy used was peritoneal dialysis (60.7%). The mortality rate was 32.1%.Common causes of AKI in children in South Asia are preventable. Mortality is high among these children suffering from “severe dialysis dependent AKI.” Targeted interventions to prevent and identify AKI early and initiate supportive care in less-resourced nations are needed.A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]