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Copyright of Canadian Veterinary Journal / Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A 13-year-old spayed female Cairn terrier was referred for surgical resection of a large oesophageal mass. The dog was initially presented to the primary care veterinarian for several days of gagging. The mass was initially diagnosed on thoracic radiographs and confirmed via computed tomography and oesophagoscopy. Endoscopic biopsies were performed that were consistent with oesophagitis. The dog was then referred to The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center for surgical resection of the mass. On surgical approach, a small nodule was palpable in the oesophagus; however, a large mass was not found. Oesophagoscopy was repeated intraoperatively, which revealed a small nodule in the same region of the previously described mass. The small nodule was removed, and histopathology was consistent with lymphohistiocytic inflammation and previous haemorrhage, consistent with an oesophageal haematoma. The dogmade a full recovery post-operatively, with continued resolution of clinical signs reported 5months after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Veterinary Journal / Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A 9‐year‐old, female, spayed American Pitbull terrier presented for a month‐long history of lethargy, inappetence, altered breathing and unusual tongue movement. Severe anaemia was noted on bloodwork. Oral exam revealed an exophytic, pale, tan mass at the tongue base. A computed tomography scan was performed, followed by surgical removal of the mass. Histopathology confirmed the mass as an extramedullary plasmacytoma. Within 24 hours of removal, the clinical signs and anaemia were improving, and the dog was released from hospital. On follow‐up 2 weeks postoperatively, the dog's bloodwork was all within normal parameters, the anaemia was completely resolved, and the dog was doing well at home. After 692 days of successful removal of the tumour, the owner reports the dog is doing well at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma, previously referred to as carcinoid, is a malignant tumour arising from neuroendocrine cells and is a rare form of hepatic neoplasia in cats. This case report describes primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma in a cat, with weight loss and vomiting as its primary clinical signs. Definitive diagnosis was made following surgical excision and histopathology of the affected liver lobes in addition to immunohistochemistry staining. Following surgery, the cat received different chemotherapy agents due to observation of progressive disease at restaging visits. The cat is currently receiving metronomic chemotherapy of cyclophosphamide and has no evidence of metastatic disease present 1009 days after initial presentation. Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma can occur in cats and should be a differential diagnosis for a hepatic mass in this species. Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinomas are rare in cats, and there is no standard of care for treatment in companion animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Veterinary Cancer Guidelines and Protocols (VCGP) group has developed guidelines for developing, reporting, and validating histologic tumor grading systems. These guidelines aim to standardize tumor evaluation in order to improve the care of animals with cancer. The grading systems should be reproducible, relevant to prognosis, and realistic in terms of applicability in a routine diagnostic setting. The VCGP group encourages collaboration from various disciplines and emphasizes the importance of standardized clinical outcomes and statistical assessment. The guidelines also suggest comparing histologic grade with other assays and encourage the publication of grading systems in peer-reviewed journals with sufficient details for replication and validation. Validation studies should be conducted before implementing the grading system on clinical cases. [Extracted from the article]

Objectives: To evaluate whether patient factors affect development of non-pulmonary soft-tissue metastases following treatment of canine appendicular osteosarcoma and to report and compare outcomes to those in dogs with pulmonary or osseous metastases., Animals and Procedure: The records of 3 veterinary teaching hospitals were reviewed to identify dogs that received definitive treatment for a primary appendicular osteosarcoma lesion and chemotherapy between January 2010 and June 2022. Dogs with non-pulmonary metastases following initial treatment were included. Descriptive statistics were calculated to summarize signalment information, and metastasis and survival times were compared between groups using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank tests., Results: Thirty-six and 109 dogs developed non-pulmonary soft-tissue metastases and pulmonary or osseous metastases, respectively, following initial treatment. No patient factors were significantly associated with development of non-pulmonary soft-tissue metastases. The median times to non-pulmonary soft-tissue metastasis or initial pulmonary or osseous metastasis were 220 and 169 d, respectively ( P = 0.18); whereas overall median survival times were 250 and 270 d, respectively ( P = 0.36)., Conclusion: Dogs with non-pulmonary soft-tissue metastases had similar disease-free intervals and survival rates to dogs with typical pulmonary or osseous metastases., (Copyright and/or publishing rights held by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association.)

Objective: To report local progression and survival in dogs following surgery and postoperative definitive radiotherapy (dRT) for management of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and to evaluate risk factors for local progression and survival., Methods: Records were retrospectively reviewed at 9 referral hospitals for dogs managed with postoperative dRT between January 1, 2010, and January 1, 2020, following surgery for STS. Data related to presentation, surgery, dRT, systemic therapy, and outcome were abstracted. Selected variables were assessed for association with local progression and overall survival., Results: 272 dogs were included. Histologic grade was reported in 249 dogs: 102 were grade 1 (40.9%), 120 were grade 2 (48.2%), and 27 were grade 3 (10.8%). Local progression was suspected or confirmed in 56 dogs. Local progression rates were similar for grade 1 (24 of 89 [26.7%]), grade 2 (23 of 111 [20.7%]), and grade 3 tumors (6 of 22 [27.3%]). Previous recurrence (P = .010) and subsequent distant metastasis (P = .014) were associated with more frequent local progression; intensity-modulated radiotherapy was associated with decreased local progression (P = .025) compared to other forms of delivery. Age (P = .049), grade (P = .009), previous recurrence (P = .009), and institution type for surgery (P = .043) were associated with overall survival., Conclusions: Outcomes for most dogs were good; however, the frequency of local progression indicates an ongoing need to critically appraise local management strategies, particularly for low-grade STS. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy was associated with lower rates of local progression and may be preferred to less precise forms of delivery., Clinical Relevance: These data may guide clinicians when making decisions regarding dRT for management of STS.

A 10-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog was brought to the Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center because of a suspected mass located to the right kidney. The mass was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound following a recurrent lower urinary tract infection. Abdominal computed tomography revealed 2 isoattenuating, peripherally hypoattenuating, and centrally non-contrast-enhancing nodules in the right kidney; the larger one measured 1.9 cm. Initial attempts at fine-needle aspiration were unsuccessful. The dog was returned and the mass was aspirated using ultrasound guidance under heavy sedation. Cytology confirmed the presence of septic inflammation, consistent with a renal corticomedullary abscess. The dog was administered oral enrofloxacin (15 mg/kg, q24h) after diagnosis. Ultrasound guidance was used 2 wk later, under general anesthesia, to achieve percutaneous drainage of ~0.25 mL of fluid and instillation of 5.7 mg (0.25 mL) of enrofloxacin into the abscess capsule. Two weeks after percutaneous drainage, ultrasound examination showed complete resolution of the renal corticomedullary abscess. Urine culture confirmed resolution of the urinary tract infection. To the authors' knowledge, kidney-sparing medical management has never been successfully reported in a dog with a renal corticomedullary abscess. Key clinical message: Renal corticomedullary abscesses occur infrequently in dogs. Medical management is feasible and can result in complete resolution of clinical signs and imaging abnormalities., (Copyright and/or publishing rights held by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association.)

Objective: To determine the rate of nodal metastasis in dogs with thyroid cancer and evaluate whether immunohistochemistry (IHC) identifies additional metastases beyond evaluation with H&E., Animals: 70 prospectively enrolled client-owned dogs with thyroid cancer managed with thyroidectomy., Methods: Dogs underwent thyroidectomy with concurrent elective bilateral medial retropharyngeal (MRP) ± deep cervical lymphadenectomy. Thyroid tumors and associated lymph nodes were reviewed by a single board-certified pathologist. Immunohistochemistry was used for all primary tumors (thyroid transcription factor-1 and calcitonin) to support a diagnosis of follicular or medullary carcinoma. Lymph nodes without evidence of metastasis after H&E review were labeled with the antibody associated with the wider uptake in the primary tumor., Results: 77 thyroid cancers were resected from the 70 dogs enrolled, including 61 (79.2%) follicular, 8 (10.7%) medullary, and 7 (9.3%) mixed follicular/medullary carcinomas, with 1 (1.3%) carcinosarcoma. Twelve dogs had evidence of nodal metastasis following H&E review. Occult micrometastasis was identified in 1 dog following nodal IHC, resulting in documented metastasis in 13 of 70 (18.6%) dogs. Metastasis was more common with medullary (5/8) and follicular/medullary carcinoma (3/7) than follicular carcinoma (5/61). All MRP metastases were ipsilateral (7/77 [9.1%]), without contralateral MRP metastases (0/62). Fourteen of 41 (34.1%) deep cervical lymph nodes were metastatic., Clinical Relevance: Nodal metastasis was uncommon for follicular carcinoma but was seen in > 50% of dogs with thyroid cancer involving a medullary component. Routine nodal IHC appears to be low yield for thyroid carcinoma. Extirpation of ipsilateral MRP and identifiable deep cervical lymph nodes is recommended with thyroidectomy until detailed preoperative risk stratification becomes available.

Objective: To report the survival times in dogs diagnosed with adrenal tumors with vascular or soft tissue invasion that did not undergo adrenalectomy., Animals: Retrospective case series of 32 client-owned dogs., Methods: The medical records of a referral veterinary hospital were reviewed to identify dogs that were diagnosed with an invasive adrenal mass and did not undergo adrenalectomy between January 2013 and December 2022. Data collected included signalment, examination findings, and diagnostic results from the initial presentation. Descriptive statistics were calculated to summarize dog signalment information, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for calculation of median survival time., Results: Most dogs (n = 28) had vascular invasion, primarily into the caudal vena cava. Surgery was offered but not pursued due to perceived risk of sudden death (n = 5), risk of hemorrhage (4), or concurrent diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (1). Only 1 dog pursued stereotactic body radiation therapy, and 1 was prescribed toceranib phosphate (Palladia). Of these 32 dogs, 30 (93.8%) died or were euthanized and 2 (6.2%) dogs survived. The median follow-up time was 49 days (range, 0 to 1,910 days). The median survival time was 50 days (95% CI, 4 to 194 days). The most common cause of death or euthanasia was hemoabdomen (n = 8)., Clinical Relevance: Nonsurgical management of invasive adrenal tumors was associated with short survival times in this case series.

Objective: To determine the incidence of complications in the intraoperative and postoperative period for dogs undergoing nephrectomy for renal disease., Animals: 69 dogs., Methods: Medical records of dogs undergoing nephrectomies for renal disease were reviewed for signalment, date of surgery, results of blood analyses, and intra- and postoperative complications. Long-term follow-up was obtained via client telephone interview or referring veterinarian medical records. A Fisher exact test was used to assess the relationship between postoperative acute kidney injury and NSAID administration with long-term development of chronic kidney disease., Results: Complications occurred in 44.9% and 42.6% of dogs in the intraoperative and postoperative periods, respectively. Most of these were lower-grade complications, though a total of 7 dogs died during the postoperative period. An acute kidney injury was diagnosed in 12 dogs postoperatively, with 2 dogs euthanized due to the severity of the injury. Long-term follow-up was available for 53 dogs, with 24 (45.3%) dogs developing chronic kidney disease. Postoperative acute kidney injury (P = .385) and NSAID administration (P = .519) were not statistically associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in this population., Clinical Relevance: Unilateral nephrectomy is associated with high intraoperative and postoperative complication rates in dogs. Chronic kidney disease was diagnosed in almost 50% of the population with available long-term follow-up.