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The emergence of vaccinomics and system vaccinology represents a transformative shift in immunization strategies, advocating for personalized vaccines tailored to individual genetic and immunological profiles. Integrating insights from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and immunology, personalized vaccines offer the promise of enhanced efficacy and safety, revolutionizing the field of vaccinology. However, the development of personalized vaccines presents multifaceted challenges, including technical, ethical, economic, and regulatory considerations. Addressing these challenges is essential to ensure equitable access and safety of personalized vaccination strategies. Despite these hurdles, the potential of personalized vaccines to optimize responses and mitigate disease burden underscores the significance of ongoing research and collaboration in advancing precision medicine in immunization., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Montin, Santilli, Beni, Costagliola, Martire, Mastrototaro, Ottaviano, Rizzo, Sgrulletti, Miraglia Del Giudice and Moschese.)

Competing Interests: This work was supported also by the Italian Ministry of Health with Current Research funds. The authors have no other funding or conflicts of interest to disclose.

Hypersensitivity reactions represent one of the most common causes of hesitancy for adherence to national vaccination programs. The majority of hypersensitivity reactions after vaccination are mild, and anaphylaxis is reported to be rare, although it remains challenging to estimate the frequency attributed to each single vaccine, either because of the lower number of administered doses of less common vaccines, or the administration of simultaneous vaccine in most of the vaccination programs. Although literature remains scattered, international consensus guides clinicians in identifying patients who might need the administration of vaccines in protected environments due to demonstrated hypersensitivity to vaccine components or adjuvants. Here we provide the current guidance on hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines and on vaccination of children with allergy disorders., (© 2024 European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Osteoarthritis of the basal thumb joint is a debilitating disease with a high prevalence. Among pharmacological treatments, intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid have been clinically applied. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid for the treatment of trapezio-metacarpal joint osteoarthritis (TMOA), over a one-year period., Methods: Patients with TMOA were enrolled and treated with five consecutive intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid (20 mg/2 mL, 500-750 KDa, HyalganBio) at weekly intervals. Primary outcomes were pain during different activities (changes in numerical rating scale) and function (pinch and grip strength), and secondary outcomes were safety (adverse events) and patient-reported outcomes (quick-DASH and SF-12). The outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12- months after the last injection., Results: A total of 29 patients were included. All participants completed the five injective sessions and the first follow-up. A total of 15 patients completed the study. During the follow-up period, intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid have significantly reduced spontaneous and provoked pain and improved disability. No severe systemic adverse events were reported., Conclusions: At a follow-up of up to 12 months, patients with TMOA treated with intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections reported improvements in pain relief and quality of life.

Children with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) have special vaccination needs, as they make suboptimal immune responses. Here, we evaluated safety and immunogenicity of 2 doses of 4-component group B meningococcal vaccine in antiretroviral therapy-treated children with PHIV and healthy controls (HCs). Assessments included the standard human serum bactericidal antibody (hSBA) assay and measurement of IgG titers against capsular group B Neisseria meningitidis antigens (fHbp, NHBA, NadA). The B cell compartment and vaccine-induced antigen-specific (fHbp+) B cells were investigated by flow cytometry, and gene expression was investigated by multiplexed real-time PCR. A good safety and immunogenicity profile was shown in both groups; however, PHIV demonstrated a reduced immunogenicity compared with HCs. Additionally, PHIV showed a reduced frequency of fHbp+ and an altered B cell subset distribution, with higher fHbp+ frequency in activated memory and tissue-like memory B cells. Gene expression analyses on these cells revealed distinct mechanisms between PHIV and HC seroconverters. Overall, these data suggest that PHIV presents a diverse immune signature following vaccination. The impact of such perturbation on long-term maintenance of vaccine-induced immunity should be further evaluated in vulnerable populations, such as people with PHIV.

Background: Low-dose-medicine is based on the administration of low doses of biological regulators to restore the immunologic balance altered in the disease. Cytokines are pivotal regulators of cellular and tissue functions and impaired crosstalk, due to an imbalance between specific cytokines, it is fundamental in acute inflammation and diseases correlated to low-grade chronic inflammation. Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent arthritic disease and a leading cause of disability. In the treatment of muscle- skeletal pathologies, the therapeutic integration of conventional medicine with homotoxicology, or low-dose-medicine appears to be beneficial., Objective: This study aims to get more insights into the role of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during the development of osteoarthritis and to evaluate a possible blocking strategy using anti-inflammatory molecules, we resort to an in vitro experimental model using an established human chondrosarcoma cell line that underwent to a well known pro-inflammatory stimulus as bacterial lipopolysaccharide., Methods: We tested the production of inflammatory-related cytokines and chemokines, and the efficacy of low-dose (LD) administration of anti-inflammatory compounds, namely IL-10 and anti-IL-1, to block inflammatory cellular pathways., Results: Following an inflammatory insult, chondrocytes upregulated the expression of several pro-inflammatory cyto-/chemokines and this induction could be counteracted by LD IL-10 and anti-IL-1. We reported that these effects could be ascribed to an interfering effect of LD drugs with the NF-κB signaling., Conclusion: Our results provided a good indication that LD drugs can be effective in inhibiting the inflammatory response in chondrocytes opening the way to new therapies for the treatment of diseases such as osteoarthritis., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)