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The primary objective of the prospective, randomized, multicenter, phase 3 biomarker Microarray Analysis in breast cancer to Taylor Adjuvant Drugs Or Regimens trial (MATADOR: ISRCTN61893718) is to generate a gene expression profile that can predict benefit from either docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (TAC) or dose-dense scheduled doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (ddAC). Patients with a pT1-3, pN0-3 tumor were randomized 1:1 between ddAC and TAC. The primary endpoint was a gene profile-treatment interaction for recurrence-free survival (RFS). We observed 117 RFS events in 664 patients with a median follow-up of 7 years. Hallmark gene set analyses showed significant association between enrichment in immune-related gene expression and favorable outcome after TAC in hormone receptor-negative, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer (BC) (triple-negative breast cancer [TNBC]). We validated this association in TNBC patients treated with TAC on H&E slides; stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) ≥20% was associated with longer RFS (hazard ratio 0.18, p  = 0.01), while in patients treated with ddAC no difference in RFS was seen (hazard ratio 0.92, p  = 0.86, p interaction  = 0.02)., Competing Interests: S.C.L. and H.M.O. received an institutional unrestricted research grant from Sanofi and Amgen to conduct the MATADOR study (ISRCTN61893718); H.M.O. received institutional research support funding from Roche; M.K. received institutional research support funding from Roche, BMS, and AZ; S.C.L. received institutional research support funding from Agendia, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Eurocept, Genentech, Immunomedics (now Gilead), Roche, Sanofi, and TESARO (now GSK). S.C.L. is an advisory board member for AstraZeneca for which the institute receives compensation, and for Cergentis (pro bono). S.C.L. receives funding for educational activities from Daiichi Sankyo, paid to the institute. H.M.O. is an advisory board member for Roche, Pfizer, and Novartis. M.K. is an advisory board member for AZ, BMS, Roche, MSD, and Daiichi for which the institute receives compensation., (© 2024 The Authors.)