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Background: Physical restraint is applied in pediatric intensive care units to carry out certain painful procedures and to ensure the maintenance and continuity of life support devices. There is a need to analyse the factors that influence the behaviour or intention to use physical restraint. Aim: To create and test psychometrically a paediatric version of the Physical Restraint‐Theory of Planned Behaviour Questionnaire to assess paediatric critical care nurses' intention to use physical restraint. Study Design: A psychometric study. Five medical‐surgical Paeditric Intensive care Units from five hospitals in Spain. The study took place in three phases. In phase 1, the questionnaire was adapted. In phase 2, the content validity of each item was determined, and a pilot test was conducted. In phase 3, we administered the questionnaire and determined its psychometric properties. Results: The assessment of the intention to use physical restraint was extended to all critical paediatric patients, two items were eliminated from the initial questionnaire, four new items were included, and the clinical scenarios of the intention subscale were expanded from three to six. Overall content validity index for the full instrument of 0.96 out of 1. The Paediatric Physical Restraint‐Theory of Planned Behaviour Questionnaire is made up of four subscales (attitude, subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioural control (PBC), and intention) subdivided into 7 factors and 51 items. The internal consistency for the attitude subscale obtained a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.80 to 0.73, for the SN it was 0.72 to 0.89, for the PBC it was from 0.80 to 0.73 and for the intention subscale it was 0.75. Conclusions: The Paediatric Physical Restraint‐Theory of Planned Behaviour Questionnaire is an instrument composed of seven factors and 51 items that validly and reliably assesses the intention of paediatric nurses to apply PR in PICUs. Relevance for Clinical Practice: Having this instrument will help health centres move towards restraint‐free care by allowing managers to assess professionals' attitudes, beliefs, and intentions around the use of PR in PICUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Augmentation cystoplasty (AC) is a useful alternative for the treatment of neuropathic bladder, although there are few studies reporting long-term results. We assess our experience over the last 30-years., Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in patients with neuropathic bladder in whom AC was performed in our institution between 1990-2020. Demographic variables, pre- and post- AC urodynamic studies, long-term outcomes and postoperative complications were collected., Results: Eighty-six patients (43 males and 43 females) underwent AC surgery with a median age of 12.8 years (interquartile range 9.6-15.1). Bladder augmentation was performed with ileum in 49 cases (57%), sigma in 32 cases (37.2%) and ureter in 5 cases (5.8%). In 27 patients an artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) was placed at the same intervention. The mean preoperative bladder capacity was 117 mL (SD 40), which was increased to 430 mL (SD 64) one year after surgery, this difference being statistically significant (P<0.001). Median follow-up was 24.5 years (interquartile range 17.5-26). Vesico-ureteral reflux improved after AC in 78.9% with no other surgical interventions. Seven mechanical complications associated with AUS were reported. Bladder lithiasis was reported in 9 patients. No bladder perforations were described. One patient developed bladder squamous cell carcinoma 16 years after AC, requiring radical cystectomy and Hautmann neobladder., Conclusions: Long-term results of this study demonstrate that AC is an effective surgical treatment in patients with neuropathic bladder patients without proper response to medical treatment. The risk of developing complications long after bladder augmentation makes close clinical follow-up of these patients essential.