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We present the neutrosophic interval-valued set applied to the q-rung logarithmic operator (q-RLOANIVS). One might develop a q-rung neutrosophic interval-valued set by extending the Pythagorean interval-valued fuzzy set (PIVFS) and neutrosophic set (NS). We discuss the q-Rlogarithimic operator applied neutrosophic interval-valued weighted averaging (q-RLOANIVWA), q-Rlogarithimic operator applied neutrosophic intervalvalued weighted geometric (q-RLOANIVWG), extended q-Rlogarithimic operator applied neutrosophic intervalvalued weighted averaging (q-RELOANIVWA) and extended q-Rlogarithimic operator applied neutrosophic interval-valued weighted geometric (q-RELOANIVWG). Several algebraic attributes have been established, including distributivity, idempotency, and associativity of q-RLOANIVSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a ternary nanocomposite of reduced graphene oxide/Nickel oxide@Titanium dioxide (rGO/NiO@TiO2-RNT) was synthesized via a hydrothermal technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern revealed that the composite possessed a well-defined crystalline structure, which was essential for efficient charge transfer and electrochemical performance. High-resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM) analysis found that the composite between NiO@TiO2 and rGO sheets was coupled through Van der Waals interactions, providing efficient electron/ion paths and sufficient buffer space to alleviate volume expansion. The electrochemical exploration of the prepared ternary nanocomposite exhibited a remarkable specific capacitance of 856 Fg−1 at a current density of 1 Ag−1 and revealed excellent cyclic retention of 91% even after successive 5000 cycles at 5 Ag−1. Finally, the fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor demonstrated a specific capacitance of 325 Fg−1 at a current density of 1 Ag−1, with a maximum energy and power density of 64 Wh Kg−1 and 1.2 KW kg−1, maintained stability at 83% after 5000 cycles. Therefore, the results obtained in this study demonstrated that the prepared ternary nanocomposite is a potential electrode material for next-generation energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) deals with the motion of a liquid under the influence of an external electric field, and a leaky dielectric fluid has low but non-zero conductivity. Many earlier studies on EHD have considered the flow of perfect dielectric fluids. This study has established a computational framework to investigate the droplet evolution pattern of leaky dielectric fluids under an externally applied electric field. The Navier–Stokes equations and charge conservation equations are solved using the coupled level set and volume of fluid method. It was observed that the dynamics of the leaky dielectric liquid emanating from the orifice of an ejector depends on several factors such as flow rate, electric field intensity, surface tension, Coulombic forces, and electrophoretic forces. Different jetting regimes, such as choked jets, pulsating jets, steady cone jets, and multi jets, were observed based on these conditions. Variations in the drop diameters and jet breakup length at different flow rates were studied, and the results were compared with the available experimental results. It was also observed that the breakup time and detached drop volume can be suitably tuned by varying the strength of the applied electric field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interconnection networks, composed of numerous integrated circuits (ICs), form complex structures crucial to many parallel computing systems. The effectiveness of very large scale integration (VLSI) relies on various parameters that influence the design’s cost. In this article, one such crucial parameter, called wirelength, has been studied. Graph embedding is a tool used in the design of VLSI layouts. A graph’s optimal linear layout, also known as minimum linear arrangement (MinLA), is achieved by embedding its vertices onto a line topology. The network topology of (K 11 - C 11) n is significant due to its distinct structure when n = 1 . The study of the Cartesian product of graphs, whether considered as a guest graph (Bezrukov et al. in Ann Comb 4:153–169, 2000; Arockiaraj et al. in Theor Comput Sci 905:69–86, 2022), a host graph (Harper in J Soc Ind Appl Math 12:131–135, 1964; Arockiaraj et al. in Discret Appl Math 288:50–65, 2021), or in relation to solving its edge isoperimetric problem (EIP) (Bonnet and Sikora in Int J Found Comput Sci 27:771–774, 2016; Afiya and Rajesh in J Supercomput 79:12000–12012, 2023), has received considerable attention in recent years. This has also motivated the study of the cartesian product of (K 11 - C 11) . The paper focuses on computing the EIP of (K 11 - C 11) n and addresses the minimum linear arrangement and optimal wirelength of grid, triangular snake and certain tree structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have the potential to revolutionise healthcare delivery but require classification and monitoring of patient safety risks. To address this need, we developed and evaluated a preliminary classification system for categorising generative AI patient safety errors. Our classification system is organised around two AI system stages (input and output) with specific error types by stage. We applied our classification system to two generative AI applications to assess its effectiveness in categorising safety issues: patient-facing conversational large language models (LLMs) and an ambient digital scribe (ADS) system for clinical documentation. In the LLM analysis, we identified 45 errors across 27 patient medical queries, with omission being the most common (42% of errors). Of the identified errors, 50% were categorised as low clinical significance, 25% as moderate clinical significance and 25% as high clinical significance. Similarly, in the ADS simulation, we identified 66 errors across 11 patient visits, with omission being the most common (83% of errors). Of the identified errors, 55% were categorised as low clinical significance and 45% were categorised as moderate clinical significance. These findings demonstrate the classification system's utility in categorising output errors from two different AI healthcare applications, providing a starting point for developing a robust process to better understand AI-enabled errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study involves a novel CuO/CoFe₂O₄/MWCNTs (CCT) nanocomposite, developed by integrating cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), for the degradation of tetracycline (TC) under visible light. The photocatalyst was extensively characterized using XRD, HR-SEM, EDX, HR-TEM, UV-Vis, BET, and PL analysis. The synthesized CoFe₂O₄ and CuO nanoparticles exhibited crystallite sizes of 46.8 nm and 37.5 nm, respectively, while the CCT nanocomposite had a crystallite size of 53 nm. Microscopy confirmed a particle size of 49.2 nm for the nanocomposite, with MWCNTs measuring 15.65 nm in diameter. The band gap energy of the CCT nanocomposite was 1.6 eV, which contributed to its enhanced photocatalytic activity, as evidenced by the lower emission intensity in PL analysis. BET analysis revealed a pore volume of 0.37 cc/g and a surface area of 82.3 m²/g. Photocatalytic performance was tested across various conditions, with adjustments to nanocomposite dosages (0.1–0.5 g/L), TC concentrations (5–25 mg/L), and pH levels (2–10). Under optimized conditions (0.3 g/L CCT, 5 mg/L TC, pH 10, 120 min of visible light exposure), the CCT achieved 98.1% degradation of TC. The optimized parameters were subsequently used to assess TC degradation with individual photocatalysts: CoFe₂O₄, CuO, CT, and CCT. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency observed can be largely attributed to the improved charge transfer dynamics and effective electron-hole separation facilitated by MWCNT doping. The reaction followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, with hydroxyl radicals (OH•) identified as the key species in the degradation process. Moreover, the catalyst exhibited 96% retention of its photocatalytic efficiency after five consecutive cycles, demonstrating exceptional stability and reusability. These results emphasize the CCT composite’s potential as a highly efficient and sustainable photocatalyst for the remediation of pharmaceutical pollutants in aquatic systems.

Artificial intelligence–enabled ambient digital scribes may have many potential benefits, yet results from our study indicate that there are errors that must be evaluated to mitigate safety risks.

In this study, we developed a non-enzymatic photoelectrochemical sensor using a BiOBr-CuO (BiCu) electrode, which was synthesized via solvothermal method. The sensor was designed for the simultaneous detection of glucose and tetracycline. Our study revealed that the BiCu electrode exhibited superior photocurrent generation compared to the individual BiOBr and CuO electrodes, as demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometric studies. The BiCu electrode's performance has increased due to the formation of a heterojunction between CuO and BiOBr, which modifies the UV–visible DRS spectrum and generates an internal electric field that reduces the recombination of the photogenerated carriers. This enhanced the capability of the sensor to detect both glucose and tetracycline. We successfully applied the proposed photoelectrochemical sensor to detect human blood glucose level. The sensitivity and detection limit for glucose and tetracycline are 0.1342 mAmM−1cm−2, 0.014 mM and 1.7234 mAmM−1cm−2, 2.0 μM respectively. Thus, the fabricated electrode demonstrated exceptional catalytic activity, high selectivity, good reproducibility, wide linear detection range, low limit of detection,long-term stability, ease of synthesis, good stability and notable selectivity for detecting both glucose and tetracycline This suggests that the BiCu electrode has significant potential as a reliable platform for the detection of glucose and tetracycline.

A person's breathing pattern can be a reflection of their emotional and physical well-being because it shows the frequency, intensity, and rhythm of their breathing.This research article presents a comprehensive approach to breathe pattern classification utilizing gyroscope and accelerometer readings obtained from individuals using two distinct sensors. The study encompasses the acquisition of six diverse breathing patterns, with a focus on data pre-processing through Min-Max normalization.To select essential features from the normalized data, an innovative optimization algorithm, Adaptive Chimp Optimization (AdCO), is introduced. AdCO integrates an adaptive weighting strategy into the conventional Chimp optimization algorithm, enhancing convergence rates and enabling global optimal feature selection. Furthermore, the article introduces the application of the selected features in breath pattern classification using a hybrid deep learning mechanism, DABiG. DABiG leverages the Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU), a neural network architecture capable of processing sequential data bi-directionally.Spatial and temporal attention mechanisms are incorporated into DABiG to enhance its ability to focus on relevant spatial regions and time steps within the breath pattern data.Spatial attention assigns weights to spatial regions, while temporal attention assigns weights to time steps, improving feature extraction and classification accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic protein post-translational methylation is essential for cellular function, highlighted by the essential role of methylation in transcriptional regulation and its aberrant dysregulation in diseases, including cancer. This underscores the importance of cataloging the cellular methylproteome. However, comprehensive analysis of the methylproteome remains elusive due to limitations in current enrichment and analysis pipelines. Here, we employ an l-methionine analogue, ProSeMet, that is chemoenzymatically converted to the SAM analogue ProSeAM in cells and in vivo to tag proteins with a biorthogonal alkyne that can be directly detected via liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), or functionalized for subsequent selective enrichment and LC-MS/MS identification. Without enrichment, we identify known and novel lysine mono-, di-, and tripargylation, histidine propargylation, and arginine propargylation with site-specific resolution on proteins including heat shock protein HSPA8, the translational elongation factor eEF1A1, and the metabolic enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase 1, or PGAM1, for which methylation has been implicated in human disease. With enrichment, we identify 486 proteins known to be methylated and 221 proteins with novel propargylation sites encompassing diverse cellular functions. Systemic ProSeMet delivery in mice propargylates proteins across organ systems with blood-brain barrier penetrance and identifies site-specific propargylation in vivo with LC-MS/MS. Leveraging these pipelines to define the cellular methylproteome may have broad applications for understanding the methylproteome in the context of disease.

Purpose: To (1) examine how physical activity and sedentary behavior are related to mental distress and (2) identify and compare how various levels of sedentary behaviors may differentially predict mental distress after accounting for physical activity, among caregivers vs non-caregivers., Design: Cross-sectional secondary data., Setting: National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey Cycle 6 fielded online from March-November 2022., Participants: U.S. adults aged 18 and older., Measures: The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 was administered along with caregiving status, moderate weekly physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sociodemographic characteristics., Analysis: After applying population weights, we conducted multiple adjusted logistic regression models and estimated predictive margins to understand whether a specific dose of sedentary behavior (hours/day) is associated with risk of mental distress, at different levels of physical activity., Results: Caregivers (15.41% of sample) reporting 10-hour of daily sedentary behavior were significantly more likely to experience mental distress, than those reporting lower amounts of sedentary behavior (OR = 3.372, 95%CI = 1.968, 5.776, P < 0.001). Regardless of physical activity amount, 10 hours of sedentary behavior may be a risk factor for mental distress among non-caregivers. Just 6 hours of sedentary behavior may be related to mental distress among caregivers., Conclusion: Physical activity interventions tailored to caregivers' needs, responsibilities, and circumstances are required. Innovative methodologies are needed to understand caregivers' daily behaviors and the intensity of their caregiving activities., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Understanding protein interactions in the presence of biological metabolites is critical for unraveling biological processes and advancing therapeutic interventions. This study focuses on α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, particularly acrolein-derived protein modifications, unveiling a one-pot, four-step, selective chemistry that results in the formation of a heterocyclic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl, termed 3-formyl-3,4-dehydropiperidino (FDP), exclusively on lysine residues. Remarkably, this chemistry transforms lysine, a nucleophile, into an electrophilic warhead. We demonstrate its versatility in late-stage peptide diversification, precision protein engineering, and homogeneous protein labeling with diverse payloads. Additionally, FDP-lysine smoothly transforms into another heterocycle, 3-methylpyridinium (3-MP) lysine via deoxygenation and aromatization in reagentless conditions. This transformation facilitates late-stage peptide functionalization and homogeneous engineering of proteins, with MP-lysine acting as a mass booster. Leveraging this chemistry, we discovered hyperreactive sites responsible for acrolein-induced modification through chemoproteomic profiling of FDP- and MP-modified proteins. Our findings revealed changes in protein-protein interactions mediated by FDP-modified proteins and uncovered ∼1548 novel cross-linking partners of an FDP-modified protein.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate Asian American caregivers' experiences and concerns related to clinical trials and the types of information they trust, use, and prefer before enrolling their older relative in a clinical trial. We conducted an online, cross-sectional survey with Asian American family caregivers between July 2022 and April 2023. Of all respondents ( n = 98), 62.2% reported knowing only a little about clinical trials. Respondents expressed wanting information about (a) the purpose, design, and components of the trial; (b) trial research ethics and safety; and (c) their responsibilities as the caregiver. Greater engagement between clinicians and family caregivers of culturally diverse older adults could help minimize sociocultural barriers to participation in clinical trials. Providing key information to family caregivers in a comprehensive and accessible way without adding burden could help caregivers understand their responsibilities through the clinical trial process., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Summary / Unstructured Abstract: Emphasis on enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols and opioid use reduction have led to a growing interest in alternative pain management strategies. This study describes and evaluates the ultrasound-guided suprazygomatic maxillary (SZM) nerve blocks for patients undergoing functional and cosmetic nasal surgery as an adjunct to postoperative pain management. A retrospective, multicenter analysis was conducted on patients who underwent functional nasal surgery and rhinoplasty and evaluated the impact of SZM blocks on intraoperative anesthetic and opioid use, postoperative pain scores recorded in the PACU, and PACU length. A total of 64 patients met inclusion criteria. Twenty-five patients received a SZM block prior to undergoing the procedure while the remaining patients underwent standard local anesthetic use. SZM blocks significantly reduced the amount of intraoperative pain medication used (p = 0.02), including hydromorphone (p=0.007), when compared to a traditional approach to local anesthetic use. SZM blocks also significantly reduced post-anesthesia PACU stay at one institution (p=0.016). SZM nerve blocks are a simple and effective way to deliver local anesthetic and are associated with decreased intraoperative opioid use and PACU stay., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest Statement: There are no conflicts of interest or relationships to disclose., (Copyright © 2025 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)

The objective of this Scientific Opinion is to assess the hazards and welfare consequences associated with the slaughter of horses for human consumption. The entire slaughter procedure, from arrival at the slaughterhouse until death, is divided into three phases: Phase 1 - pre-stunning, Phase 2 - stunning and Phase 3 - bleeding. Phase 1 includes the following processes (in chronological order): (a) arrival, (b) unloading of the animals from the vehicle, (c) lairage, (d) handling and moving to the stunning area and (e) restraint before application of the stunning method. Phase 2 encompasses the stunning methods, while Phase 3 involves the bleeding process (i.e. exsanguination following stunning). Stunning methods for horses include penetrative captive bolt and firearms. Welfare consequences that horses may experience (such as handling stress, restriction of movement and injuries) and potential hazards were identified for all the phases along with preventive and corrective measures. For arrival and unloading during phase 1, this Opinion refers to a previous EFSA assessment on the transport of Equidae. Animal-based measures (ABMs) to assess all identified welfare consequences are proposed. A flowchart of ABMs to assess the state of consciousness is provided to allow monitoring during the stunning and bleeding phase at three key stages ((1) between the end of stunning and shackling, (2) during neck cutting or sticking, (3) during bleeding). Additionally, specific practices deemed unacceptable on welfare grounds are listed., (© 2025 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)

Horses of different ages may have to be killed on-farm for purposes other than slaughter (where slaughter is defined as killing for human consumption) either individually (i.e. on-farm killing of unproductive, injured or terminally ill animals) or on a large-scale (i.e. depopulation for disease control purposes and other situations, such as environmental contamination, disaster management, etc.). The purpose of this opinion is to assess the hazards and welfare consequences associated with the on-farm killing of horses. The killing procedure is divided into Phase 1 (pre-killing), which includes the processes (i) handling and moving the animals to the killing place and (ii) restraint of the animals before application of the killing method; and Phase 2 (stunning and/or killing), which includes stunning and killing of the animals (for methods that require one step for stunning and another for subsequent killing) or killing only (for methods that simultaneously stun and kill the animals). Three stunning and/or killing methods for Phase 2 for horses were identified: (i) penetrative captive bolt followed by killing, (ii) firearms with free projectiles and (iii) lethal injection. Welfare consequences that horses may experience during each process (e.g. handling stress, restriction of movement and injuries during restraint) were identified and potential hazards are listed for all phases, along with preventive and corrective measures. Animal-based measures (ABMs) to assess all identified welfare consequences were proposed. During the application of the stunning and/or killing methods, horses will experience pain and fear if they are ineffectively stunned/killed or if they recover consciousness. A flowchart including ABMs for the assessment of consciousness and death to monitor stunning and killing effectiveness is provided. Additionally, specific practices deemed unacceptable on welfare grounds are listed., (© 2025 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)

Introduction: Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a neuropathic syndrome experienced by the majority of amputees. Various treatment options are available for amputees suffering from PLP including pharmacological, psychological and neuromodulation techniques. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that has proven its efficacy in alleviating PLP. Hence, we aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of rTMS in improving pain in patients with PLP., Methods: Literature search was carried out on 5 electronic databases from the inception of the paper till 13th August, 2024. Randomized Controlled Trials evaluating the efficacy of rTMS in patients with PLP against a control group were included in our study. The Visual Analogue Scoring (VAS) system was used to evaluate the severity of pain. Quality assessment was performed with the Cochrane bias assessment tool and data was pooled on Review manager using the Mantel-Haenszel Random-effects model., Results: 5 RCTs included in this paper were included and consisted of 140 participants experiencing PLP. There was a significant reduction in pain score in the rTMS group at the end of treatment when compared to the control group (P = 0.00001). A drop out sensitivity analysis significantly improved the results by reducing the heterogeneity to null (P = 0.00001). After 30 days of treatment, there was a significant difference of pain score from baseline in rTMS groups., Conclusion: Our meta-analysis demonstrates the role of rTMS in significantly reducing VAS score in patients with PLP. In the future, larger clinical trials are required that evaluate the long-term efficacy profile of rTMS to establish it as a mainstay of therapy in patients with PLP., Competing Interests: Declarations. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Ethical statement (human ethics and consent to participate approval): Not applicable as this not a human subject study. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent to publish: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (© 2025. Fondazione Società Italiana di Neurologia.)

Background: Neurodevelopmental disability is a common long-term concern following surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD). Little information is available from low-resource environments where the majority of children with CHD are born. Several challenges in the CHD care continuum exist in such environments., Methods: We followed 1346 infants who were operated for CHD using cardiopulmonary bypass from five paediatric cardiac programmes across India. The neurodevelopmental assessment was done using the Developmental Assessment Scale for Indian Infants (DASII) at 6 months after surgery., Results: A total of 1145 (94.8%) infants were alive at 6 months and 127 (11.1%) were lost to follow-up. The mean age of participants at baseline was 5.2 (3.6) months. The mean motor developmental quotient (DMoQ) and mental developmental quotient (DMeQ) of the remaining 1018 infants were 81.8 (69.5, 93.0) and 87.7 (77.1, 95.7), respectively. A total of 262 (25.7%) infants had motor developmental delay and 157 (15.4%) had mental developmental delay. Syndromic association, younger age at surgery, duration of mechanical ventilation and head circumference were significantly associated with DMoQ. The DMeQ was associated with syndromes, duration of hospital and intensive care unit stay and socioeconomic status. The preoperative condition did not impact mental and motor development. Motor clusters with maximum delay included body control and locomotion. Mental clusters with maximum delay included reaching and manipulation, social interaction-imitative behaviour and vocabulary comprehension., Conclusions: Survivors of infant heart surgery experience significant motor and mental neurodevelopmental delay. This delay is associated with similar factors reported by earlier studies. As more high-risk infants undergo cardiac surgery in low-resource settings, a growing population will require significant societal resources for neurodevelopmental assessment as well as neurodevelopmental rehabilitation. These resources include trained personnel for comprehensive developmental assessment of survivors of CHD surgery, as well as infrastructural requirements for dedicated assessment rooms in centres providing surgical care for CHD patients., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared, (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)

Urinary tract infections are a common condition affecting people globally, with multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli (E. coli) being a major causative agent. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiling was performed using the VITEK 2 automated system for 1254 E. coli isolates, revealing that 831(66.2%) isolates were determined as MDR E. coli. A significant resistance pattern was observed for nalidixic acid (86.04%), ampicillin (74.16%), ticarcillin (70.73%), cefalotin (65.23%), cefixime (62.68%), ciprofloxacin (55.18%), ceftriaxone (53.75%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (22.81%), ertapenem (7.18%), and fosfomycin (2.23%). Whole Genome Sequencing of Carbapenem-resistant E. coli (CREC)-CREC 3 (ST405), CREC 4 (ST448), and CREC 5 (ST167) was performed to determine genomic characteristics. CREC 3, CREC 4, and CREC 5 belong to the phylogroup D, B1, and A, respectively. The NDM-5 gene was common in all three isolates, with CTX-M-15 being present in CREC 3 and CREC 4. Virulence factors of CREC 3 (fliC, shuA), CREC 4 (spaS), CREC 5 (iucA, papH, papG, iucB, yigF), and plasmids (IncFIA, IncFIB) were identified to be significant. The use of pangenome analysis enhances our understanding of resistance traits of isolates ST167, ST405, and ST448, offering valuable insights into comparative genomics of uropathogenic MDR E. coli., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) occurs when a woman becomes pregnant after having diabetes mellitus. The presence of diabetes during the entire pregnancy can have an adverse impact on fetal and neonatal outcomes. The objective of this study is to examine the association between PGDM and neonatal outcomes at birth., Methods and Analysis: This prospective hospital-based cohort study is ongoing at three tertiary-level hospitals in Kerala, India. The study targets to recruit 1260 pregnant women. All pregnant women above the age of eighteen who had confirmed pregnancy in an early pregnancy scan and in the first trimester of pregnancy visiting the three study sites for antenatal care will be included in the study. Those who will have a miscarriage, an abortion or twin pregnancies will be excluded from the study. All pregnant women will be evaluated for diabetic state via RBS, HbA1c and FBS based on the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria during their initial visit to the study sites. PGDM will be diagnosed by the following criteria-FBS ≥126 mg% OR HbA1c ≥6.5 mg% OR Random blood glucose ≥200 mg% on the initial visit or documented prior to the index pregnancy. Neonatal outcomes among the newborn babies will be assessed on the day of birth. We will report adjusted ORs with 95% CI for significant associations derived from multivariable logistic regression analysis., Ethics and Dissemination: The present study received ethical approval from the three study sites. Informed consent will be obtained from the study participants before data collection., Trial Registration Number: CTRI/2024/06/068978., Conclusion: Early identification and management of PGDM among mothers will probably help to prevent adverse neonatal outcomes at birth., Competing Interests: Competing interests: No, there are no competing interests., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)

The growing interest in renewable energy sources has led to a significant focus on artificial photosynthesis as a means of converting solar energy into lucrative and energy-dense carbonaceous fuels. First-row transition metals have thus been brought to light in the search for efficient and high-performance homogenous molecule catalysts that can accelerate energy transformation and reduce overpotentials during the catalytic process. Their dinuclear complexes have opportunities to enhance the efficiency and stability of these molecular catalysts, primarily for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and water oxidation reaction (WOR). Recently, our group improved the catalytic activity, efficiencies, and stability of dinuclear molecular catalysts, particularly toward HER. Although one dinuclear complex has been tested for WOR, it demonstrated activity as water oxidation precatalysts. First-row transition metals are a great option for sustainable catalysis because they are readily available, reasonably priced, and have multifaceted coordination chemistry. Examples of these metals are cobalt, copper, and manganese. The structure-catalytic performance relationships of this first-row transition metal-based dinuclear catalysts are noteworthily interpreted in this account, providing avenues for optimizing their performance and advancing the development of sustainable and effective energy conversion technologies., (© 2024 The Chemical Society of Japan and Wiley-VCH GmbH.)