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Solid dispersion materials of abietic acid (ABA) were prepared with methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) using a conventional solvent evaporation method. In these materials, ABA was incorporated in an amorphous form. During dissolution tests, ABA from ABA/MC and ABA/HPMC solid dispersion materials initially rapidly dissolved, followed by a decrease in the dissolution rate before eventually plateauing. The dissolution of ABA from ABA/CMC-Na solid dispersion materials was similar, although it increased slightly with an increased shaking time over a long period. ABA from ABA/MC solid dispersion materials exhibited a higher dissolution rate compared with ABA from both ABA/HPMC and ABA/CMC-Na solid dispersion materials. The amount of undissolved material from ABA/cellulose derivative solid dispersion materials was lower compared with ABA/cellulose nanofiber and ABA/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber solid dispersion materials. In addition, both ABA/MC and ABA/HPMC solid dispersion materials exhibited good growth-inhibitive effects against Trametes versicolor, a representative of white-rot fungus, compared with ABA/CMC-Na, ABA/cellulose nanofiber and ABA/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber solid dispersion materials. Consequently, MC proved to be the most effective water-soluble carrier for ABA in water among the cellulose derivatives tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, rosin polyethylene glycol ester was prepared by the reaction of natural rosin with PEG-400. It was modified with acrylic acid to prepare water-based ink binders. The results show that the reaction is carried out for 3 h at a molar ratio of rosin to PEG-400 of 1:4 and a catalyst and filler (Al2O3) of 30 wt%/RO. Products with high fixed content (83.4 wt%), low acid value (27.0 mg NaOH/g), high esterification rate (83.0%), good printability, and fast drying and flow rates are obtained. The key steps of the study include preparing polymers using natural rosin and PEG-400, esterification reaction, and modifying rosin polyethylene glycol ester emulsions. The focus of the study is to analyze the effect of the molar ratio of rosin to PEG-400, the type and content of the catalyst (filler), and the reaction time on the product to obtain the optimum process conditions. This study proposes a new method for the production of environmentally friendly water-based inks and provides valuable insights into future ink production and environmental technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng was unearthed in 1978 at Leiguudun in Suizhou City, Hubei Province, China. This is the largest wooden coffin in rock pit and vertical cave in the Warring States period in China. The large wooden coffin components provide reliable material data for the study of the feudal burial system in the pre-Qin period and have high value. In this paper, the wooden coffin excavated from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng was studied. By understanding the composition of wood, studying the weight gain rate, shrinkage rate, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and compression resistance, the wood reinforced by rosin and epoxy resin was compared, and the reinforcement effect and principle of the two reinforcement methods were discussed. The study found that the wood properties of rosin reinforced group were better than those of epoxy reinforced group in the aspects of compressive strength, weight gain rate and volume shrinkage rate, and the mechanical properties of wood were significantly improved. In addition, methanol or ethanol can be used to dissolve the rosin shellac in this strengthening process, which can achieve reversible strengthening treatment. The results provide valuable examples and research ideas for the selection of different conservation techniques of large wooden cultural relics unearthed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the Warring States Period.

In the paper, five quaternary ammonium salts derived from rosin were synthesized, characterized and their antifungal activities against different molds were studied. Choline quaternary ammonium salt and tetramethylammonium hydroxide were synthesized from dehydroabietic acid and the rosin ethanolamine ester quaternary ammonium salts which are new compounds were synthesized from propylene pimaric acid. Their structures were confirmed by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and high resolution mass spectrometry. The antifungal activities of the synthesized quaternary ammonium salts from rosin acid were tested by Oxford cup method, and their minimum inhibitory concentration was determined. The results show that quaternary ammonium salts derived from rosin acid have inhibitory effects on bamboo slices to some extent. Among them, propylene pimaric acid ethanolamine ester quaternary ammonium salts (A1 and A2) showed obvious antifungal activity in the Oxford cup test. The Oxford cup activity test and anti-mildew effect of quaternary ammonium salts (B1 and B2) synthesized from rosin acid are significant, and there are almost no mould growth on bamboo slices. It can be inferred that A1, A2, B1 and B2 are expected to be used as bamboo mildew inhibitors. Five quaternary ammonium salts derived from rosin were synthesized and characterized; and their antifungal activities against different molds were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: To further develop potential natural fungicides, two series of new acrylopimaric acid triazole derivatives were synthesized, and their antifungal activities were tested and evaluated. RESULTS: In vitro antifungal activity results indicated that compound 5m exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Rhizoctonia solani with an half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 1.528 mg/L. Its antifungal effect was comparable to that of the commercially available fungicide fluconazole, epoxiconazole and propiconazole (EC50 values of 1.441, 0.815 and 1.173 mg/L). Subsequently, in vivo studies were conducted on compound 5m, which revealed its significant protective and curative effects against R. solani. In addition, physiological and biochemical studies showed that compound 5m could disrupt the morphology and ultrastructure of R. solani mycelium, increase cell membrane permeability, inhibit ergosterol synthesis, and enhance the activity of defense enzymes in rice plants. Three‐dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D‐QSAR) studies revealed that the molecular structure significantly influenced the binding of compound 5m to the receptor, thereby enhancing its antifungal activity. CONCLUSION: Compound 5m exhibits excellent antifungal activity against R. solani, making it a promising candidate fungicide for the prevention and control of R. solani. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng was unearthed in 1978 at Leiguudun in Suizhou City, Hubei Province, China. This is the largest wooden coffin in rock pit and vertical cave in the Warring States period in China. The large wooden coffin components provide reliable material data for the study of the feudal burial system in the pre-Qin period and have high value. In this paper, the wooden coffin excavated from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng was studied. By understanding the composition of wood, studying the weight gain rate, shrinkage rate, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and compression resistance, the wood reinforced by rosin and epoxy resin was compared, and the reinforcement effect and principle of the two reinforcement methods were discussed. The study found that the wood properties of rosin reinforced group were better than those of epoxy reinforced group in the aspects of compressive strength, weight gain rate and volume shrinkage rate, and the mechanical properties of wood were significantly improved. In addition, methanol or ethanol can be used to dissolve the rosin shellac in this strengthening process, which can achieve reversible strengthening treatment. The results provide valuable examples and research ideas for the selection of different conservation techniques of large wooden cultural relics unearthed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the Warring States Period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, there is a deficit in the production of pine resin, because it relies on natural forests only. Therefore, it is necessary to select provenances and phenotypes of potential species such as P. oocarpa. The objective was to determine the difference between provenances and the variation in resin components and quality, as well as the effect of geographic and climatic factors. Resin from five provenances was collected from southern Mexico. The percentage of rosin, turpentine and water was obtained, as well as the acidity and saponification index. P. oocarpa resin had 80.94% rosin, 7.7% turpentine and 11.49% water. The saponification and acidity index was 125.47 and 117.49 mg KOH.g−1, respectively. All variables showed differences (p ≤ 0.0001) between provenances. The provenance contributed between 6.44 and 11.71% to the total variance, the error contributed between 88.29 and 93.56%. Geographic and climatic variables only had an effect on the percentage of turpentine; the correlation was negative with altitude and longitude, but positive with temperature and precipitation. The results allow defining seed collection sites for resin plantations and orienting the selection for a P. oocarpa improvement program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerol rosin ester (GRE) is extensively used in paint, coating, and adhesives. This study investigated the impact of reaction time, temperature, zeolite-type catalysts, dose and rosin-to-glycerol ratio on esterification of pine rosin. FTIR spectroscopy and acid number measurements confirmed the rosin ester. The highest conversion of 98 % was achieved by natural zeolite catalyst at 250 °C, reaction time 6 hours, catalyst dose of 0.5 %-mass, and rosin to glycerol ratio of 1:1. A higher proportion of strong acid sites in the natural zeolite produced higher conversion compared to ZSM-5, and the catalyst was separable from GRE by high temperature filtration.

Sonya Jamal Hamalaw, Fadil Abdulla Kareem, Arass Jalal Noori Department of Pedodontics and Community Oral Health, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, IraqCorrespondence: Sonya Jamal Hamalaw, Sulaimaniyah, 46001, Iraq, Tel +9647705049108, Email sonya.hamalaw@univsul.edu.iqPurpose: Antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) mixture assessed against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), in addition to examining MgONPs varnish impact on the preservation of the tooth color and inhibition of methylene blue diffusion to the enamel.Methods: MgONPs mixture was prepared in deionized water (DW), absolute ethanol (E), and rosin with ethanol (RE), named varnish. The antibacterial and antibiofilm capacities of MgONPs mixtures were tested by agar well diffusion, colony-forming unit (CFU), and biofilm inhibition microtiter methods in triplicate and compared to sodium fluoride varnish (NaF) and chlorhexidine mouthwash (ChX). A spectrophotometer was used to record basic tooth color. The artificial demineralization was initiated for 96 h. Then, experimental materials were applied to the corresponding group, and 10-day pH cycles proceeded. Then, the color was recorded in the same ambient environment. The methylene blue diffusion was evaluated by staining the samples for 24 h. After that, the diffusion test was calculated by a digital camera attached to the stereomicroscope.Results: The agar well diffusion test expressed a significant inhibition zone with all MgONPs mixtures (p = 0.000), and maximum inhibition zone diameter associated with MgONPs-RE. The same finding was observed in the CFU test. Additionally, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% MgONPs-RE varnish showed strong biofilm inhibition capacity (p = 0.039) compared to NaF and ChX groups that inhibit biofilm formation moderately (p = 0.003). The study shows that the 5% MgONPs-RE varnish maintains basic tooth color with minimal methylene blue diffusion compared to NaF varnish (p = 0.00).Conclusion: Evaluating MgONPs as a mixture revealed antibacterial and antibiofilm capacity against S. mutans with a higher effect of MgONPs-RE varnish. Also, examining the topical effect of MgONPs-RE varnish on the preservation of the tooth color after pH cycle challenges and methylene blue diffusion to enamel confirmed the high performance of MgONPs-RE varnish at 5%. Keywords: fluoride, chlorhexidine, methylene blue, rosin, biofilms, dental enamel

Background: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) has been reported as an adverse effect from the use of several glucose sensors and insulin pumps from different manufacturers. Isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) has been identified as a major culprit sensitizer, but also other acrylates and (modified) colophonium have been reported as causes of ACD. Objectives: To report the two first cases diagnosed with ACD caused by the Dexcom G7 (DG7) glucose sensor. Patients and Methods: Two children with suspected ACD from DG7 were patch tested with our medical device series with an addition of selected test preparations including two variants of modified colophonium – methyl hydrogenated rosinate (MHR) and glyceryl hydrogenated rosinate (GHR). Both patients were also tested with acetone extracts made from different parts of the DG7 sensor. The extracts were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results: Both patients tested positive to IBOA, hydroabietyl alcohol and GHR. In addition, patient 1 had a positive reaction to MHR and patient 2 had a positive reaction to colophonium. The GC–MS analyses showed the presence of IBOA and colophonium‐related substances in the DG7 extracts. Conclusions: Both patients were diagnosed with contact allergy to well‐known medical device‐related sensitizers. The presence of IBOA and (modified) colophonium in a newly introduced (on the Swedish market in 2023) glucose sensor is remarkable and indicates an inadequate toxicological assessment of the materials used in the sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iso-amyl ester rosin was synthesized and investigated for its potential utilization in medium density fiberboard (MDF) production. The isoamyl alcohol, the main starting material for the synthesis of isoamyl ester rosin, was obtained through the fractional distillation of fusel oil, a byproduct of bioethanol production. The optimum condition for the iso-amyl ester rosin synthesis was determined as: rosin (165 mmol), isoamyl alcohol (413 mmol), P-TSA/rosin 1.5% (w/w), and commercial additive/rosin 0.15% (w/w). The esterification reaction was followed by FT-IR and mass analysis. For MDF production, a water-repellent material, commercial paraffin (1.5% w/w relative to the dry fiber weight), iso-amyl ester rosin (1.5% and 2.0%; w/w), and unmodified rosin (1.5% and 2.0% w/w) were separately used. In addition, fresh wood fibers, 10% w/w urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive (relative to the total dry fiber weight), and a 25% aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (as the hardening agent for the UF adhesive, at 0.5% w/w based on the solid adhesive content) were used. MDFs underwent various physical and mechanical tests. Isoamyl ester rosin showed promising results based on the analysis. The results showed that the isoamyl ester rosin can be considered as an alternative to paraffin in sustainable and environmentally friendly MDF production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a phenomenological kinetic modeling of the disproportionation of rosin with a well-known antioxidant and bleaching agent, antioxidant 300, also known as 4,4′-thio-bis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) under thermal conditions adequate for rosin esterification with polyols such as glycerol or pentaerythritol, is studied. The temperature was varied in the 260–280 °C range, while the catalyst was either absent or added till a 2% w/w amount relative to rosin. The composition of the reaction liquid was followed by GC-MS to identify the rosin acids present in each sample and GC-FID to quantify them. Gas chromatography analyses indicated that abietic acids were involved in dehydrogenation, isomerization and disproportionation reactions, while pimaric acid underwent a number of isomerization reactions, dehydroabietic acid being the main product of the disproportionation process, while abietic acid almost disappeared in the more reactive conditions. Several kinetic models featuring direct hydrogenation, disproportionation, isomerization, and dehydrogenation reactions were proposed and fitted, step by step, to all relevant data. Physicochemical and statistical discrimination allowed for the selection of the most adequate model, which includes abietic, neoabietic and palustric acid dehydrogenation to dehydroabietic acid, abietic acid disproportionation to di- and dehydroabietic acid, and pimaric acid isomerization. In any case, a model with isomerization of all abietic-type acids towards abietic acid before its further transformation via dehydrogenation and disproportionation reactions seems statistically valid as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in pigs, leading to up to 100% case fatality. The virus May persist on solid surfaces for long periods; thus, fomites, such as contaminated clothing, footwear, farming tools, equipment, and transport vehicles, May contribute to the indirect transmission of the virus. Here, a plastic surface functionalized with tall oil rosin was tested against ASFV. The rosin-functionalized plastic reduced ASFV infectious virus titers by 1.3 log10 after 60 min of contact time and killed all detectable viruses after 120 min, leading to a ~ 6 log10 reduction. In contrast, the infectious virus titer of ASFV in contact with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic reduced

Iso-amyl ester rosin was synthesized and investigated for its potential utilization in medium density fiberboard (MDF) production. The isoamyl alcohol, the main starting material for the synthesis of isoamyl ester rosin, was obtained through the fractional distillation of fusel oil, a byproduct of bioethanol production. The optimum condition for the iso-amyl ester rosin synthesis was determined as: rosin (165 mmol), isoamyl alcohol (413 mmol), P-TSA/rosin 1.5% (w/w), and commercial additive/rosin 0.15% (w/w). The esterification reaction was followed by FT-IR and mass analysis. For MDF production, a water-repellent material, commercial paraffin (1.5% w/w relative to the dry fiber weight), iso-amyl ester rosin (1.5% and 2.0%; w/w), and unmodified rosin (1.5% and 2.0% w/w) were separately used. In addition, fresh wood fibers, 10% w/w urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive (relative to the total dry fiber weight), and a 25% aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (as the hardening agent for the UF adhesive, at 0.5% w/w based on the solid adhesive content) were used. MDFs underwent various physical and mechanical tests. Isoamyl ester rosin showed promising results based on the analysis. The results showed that the isoamyl ester rosin can be considered as an alternative to paraffin in sustainable and environmentally friendly MDF production.

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Rosin-based polyurethane microspheres (5-Fu / RPUMs) are prepared by suspension polymerization using 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) as the model drug rosin-based polyurethane (RPU) synthesized by prepolymerization, and extension and neutralization method as the carrier single factor experiment is used to optimize drug-loaded conditions. Infrared spectrometer X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer are used to characterize drug-loaded microspheres. The in-vitro release performance and drug release kinetics model of drug-loaded microspheres are studied. The results show that 5-Fu / RPUMs are successfully prepared with an average particle size of 35. 0 μm and a smooth, rounded surface with holes. The optimal loading conditions are ρ5-Fu = 120 mg / mL and n-butanol / toluene as pore-forming agent. Under these conditions, the encapsulation rate of RPU to 5-Fu reaches 63. 35% and the drug loading is 7. 60%. 5-Fu / RPUMs is pH sensitive showing different sustainable release at different pH. In PBS buffer solution with pH= 6. 8, the cumulative release rate after 264 h is 65. 80%, showing a long-acting sustainable release effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) caused by antimicrobial-resistant ESKAPE pathogens are a significant concern for the healthcare industry, with an estimated cost of up to $45 billion per year in the US alone. Clostridioides difficile is an additional opportunistic pathogen that also poses a serious threat to immunocompromised patients in hospitals. Infections caused by these pathogens lead to increased hospital stays and repeated readmission, resulting in a significant economic burden. Disinfectants and sporicidals are essential to reduce the risk of these pathogens in hospitals, but commercially available products can have a number of disadvantages including inefficacy, long contact times, short shelf lives, and operator health hazards. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of Rosin (a natural substance secreted by coniferous trees as a defence mechanism against wounds in tree bark) and its commercial derivative Rosetax-21 as disinfectants and sporicidal against the six ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Enterobacter species) and spore preparations from C. difficile. Methods and Results Both Rosin and Rosetax-21 were tested under simulated clean and dirty conditions [with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)] against the ESKAPE pathogens, and C. difficile spore preparations. In clean conditions, Rosin (5% weight/volume: w/v) demonstrated significant efficacy against five of the ESKAPE pathogens, with A. baumannii and Enterococcus faecium being the most susceptible, and K. pneumoniae the most resistant, showing only a 1-log reduction after a 5 min treatment. However, in dirty conditions, all pathogens including K. pneumoniae exhibited at least a 3-log reduction to Rosin within 5 min. Rosetax-21 (5% w/v) was found to be less effective than Rosin in clean conditions, a trend that was exacerbated in the presence of BSA. Additionally, both Rosin and Rosetax-21 at 2.5% (w/v) achieved complete eradication of C. difficile spores when combined with 0.5% glutaraldehyde, though their standalone sporicidal activity was limited. Conclusions The findings from this study highlight the potential of Rosin and Rosetax-21 as both bactericidal and sporicidal disinfectants, with their efficacy varying based on the conditions and the pathogens tested. This presents an avenue for the development of novel healthcare disinfection strategies, especially against HAIs caused by antimicrobial-resistant ESKAPE pathogens and C. difficile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dehydroabietyl polyethylene glycol glycidyl ether-grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) polymer surfactant (DA (EO)5GE-g-HEC) was prepared using ring-opening polymerization with biobased rosin and hydroxyethyl cellulose as feedstocks. Dehydroabietyl polyethylene glycol glycidyl ether (DA(EO)5GE) was formed by condensation of dehydroabietyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (Rosin derivative: DA(EO)5H) and epichlorohydrin. The grafting degree of DA(EO)5GE-g-HEC was manipulated by adjusting the mass ratio of HEC and DA(EO)5GE and confirmed by EA. According to the formula, when m(HEC)/m(DA(EO)2GE) was 1:1~1:5, the grafting rate of DA(EO)5GE in DA(EO)5GE-g-HEC varied from 34.43% to 38.33%. The surface activity and foam properties of DA(EO)5GE-g-HEC aqueous solution were studied. The results showed that with the increase in grafting rate, the critical micellar concentration (CMC) in aqueous solution changed from 1.28 to 0.96 g/L. The results of the thermogravimetric analysis showed that the temperature range of the main stage of mass loss of DA(EO)5GE-g-HEC was 310°C~410°C, and the thermal decomposition processes of the samples with five mass ratios were similar. An oil in water emulsion was prepared by choosing cyclohexane as the oil phase and DA(EO)5GE-g-HEC as the emulsifier. The effect of DA(EO)5GE-g-HEC mass fraction on emulsion particle size and stability was analyzed. The results suggested that when the oil-water ratio was 8:2 with 0.4% emulsifier, the emulsion droplets were the smallest in terms of particle size and were the most stable. The rheological test results showed that the apparent viscosity decreased with the increase in shear rate and showed a typical elastic gel phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pine resin is a product obtained from plants belonging to the Pinaceae family and traditionally used in the treatment of wounds. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of pine resin in corneal wounds. Material-Methods: In this study, three groups of 7 male Wistar Albino rats (n=7), each 2 months old, were established. To create the corneal wound model, the rats were anesthetized and the borders of the wound to be created on the corneal surface were determined using a 3 mm punch biopsy, then the first two layers of the cornea were removed with a corneal knife. Then, the first group was considered as the control group and no treatment was performed. The second group was determined as the pine resin group and applied once a day. The third group was considered as the drug group and was administered once a day. Fluorescein staining was performed every day for three days and the results were recorded. Results: Pine resin group showed the fastest recovery. On the third day, the rats were euthanized, and their eyes were enucleated. The collected eyes were sent for histopathologic examination and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The lesions in the examined specimens were evaluated under microscope for hyperemia, vascularization, cellular infiltration and corneal edema. Conclusion: As a result of the study, ulceration was observed in the pine resin group. The study concluded that pine resin reduces clinical symptoms and promotes healing in corneal wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, there is a deficit in the production of pine resin, because it relies on natural forests only. Therefore, it is necessary to select provenances and phenotypes of potential species such as P. oocarpa. The objective was to determine the difference between provenances and the variation in resin components and quality, as well as the effect of geographic and climatic factors. Resin from five provenances was collected from southern Mexico. The percentage of rosin, turpentine and water was obtained, as well as the acidity and saponification index. P. oocarpa resin had 80.94% rosin, 7.7% turpentine and 11.49% water. The saponification and acidity index was 125.47 and 117.49 mg KOH.g−1, respectively. All variables showed differences (p ≤ 0.0001) between provenances. The provenance contributed between 6.44 and 11.71% to the total variance, the error contributed between 88.29 and 93.56%. Geographic and climatic variables only had an effect on the percentage of turpentine; the correlation was negative with altitude and longitude, but positive with temperature and precipitation. The results allow defining seed collection sites for resin plantations and orienting the selection for a P. oocarpa improvement program.

A kind of rosin epoxy soybean oil acrylate (RBAESO) containing high bio-renewable carbon content was synthesized by using rosin and acrylic acid (AA) to react with epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), and the effects of rosin addition amount on the properties of RBAESO resin and its cured film were investigated. The reaction activity between carboxylic acid and the epoxy group was found improved by introducing natural rosin to replace part of AA and increasing the C C double bond density of the molecular structure. The best prepolymer resin RBAESO-15 % performance was obtained with a reaction molar ratio of ESO: AA: Rosin = 1.05:0.85: 0.15. RBAESO-15 % has a viscosity of 16500 mPa·s. The cured film of RBAESO-15 % displayed high pencil hardness up to H, and 2 mm of flexibility. The introduction of rosin also increased the high bio-renewable carbon content of the resin from 80.3 % to 89.6 % compared to epoxy soybean oil acrylate (AESO). UV cured tested show the C C double-bond conversion of RBAESO-15 % is about 86.4 %, which is higher than that of AESO, and the tensile strength and elongation at break increased from 3.2 MPa and 7.4 % to 14.4 MPa and 12.1 %, respectively. This indicates that RBAESO displays better coating film performance than those of AESO. In addition, RBAESO-15 % with 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide (TPO) can be applied to the laser cladding deposition (LCD) 3D printers. • Rosin epoxy soybean oil acrylate (RBAESO-15 %) displayed a high bio-renewable carbon (89.6 %). • RBAESO-15 % exhibits higher tensile strength (14.4 MPa) compared to AESO (3.2 MPa). • RBAESO-15 % can be use in 3D printers with 10 s/slice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the depletion of non-renewable resources and the increasingly serious environmental problems, the production of high value-added polymer materials using renewable resources as raw materials had aroused great interest. Deep eutectic solvent (DES)-[ChCl][TfOH] 2 (prepared by choline chloride (ChCl) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH)), with suitable acid strength (H 0 =0.98) and active hydrogen, had been successfully used for enhanced conversion of rosin to polymerized rosin efficiently, under the conditions of rosin =15 g, m DES : m rosin =30 %, T=110℃ and t=9 h, polymerized rosin with high softening point (150.40℃) and low acid value (124.21 mg KOH/g) could be produced efficiently. [ChCl][TfOH] 2 required no special treatment then could be reused for 5 times without significant loss of catalytic performance, on this basis, the green synthesis technology of polymerized rosin under DES system was given, not only promoted the further application of polymerized rosin, but also realized the high value-added utilization of renewable resource rosin. In addition, the formation mechanism of DES was systematically explained through DFT calculation, the reaction mechanism of rosin polymerization over [ChCl][TfOH] 2 was explored, which could provide theoretical basis for further research. [Display omitted] • Deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of ChCl and TfOH was prepared. • The DES can highly enhance the conversion of rosin to polymerized rosin. • The formation mechanism of DES was investigated by DFT. • The reaction mechanism of rosin polymerization over DES was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of packaging materials from renewable resources presents a viable solution for tackling the environmental issues stemming from the extensive production of non-biodegradable plastic packaging films derived from petroleum. Herein, a series of fully forestry sourced rosin modified microcrystalline cellulose (MCC-HDA) films, in which the rigid rosin moieties and cellulose chains were chemically linked by the flexible hexanediol, were successfully prepared via green, facile and efficient hydroxyl-yne click chemistry method. With the increase of rosin content, the modified films exhibited improved UV shielding with high transparency and improved hydrophobic properties. The introduction of the designed flexible hexanediol and rigid rosin segment lead to a denser microstructure of MCC-HDA films. Therefore, both the strength and toughness of the MCC-HDA film were effectively improved: the tensile strength, Young's modulus and toughness have been observed to reach up to 80±2.4 MPa, 5.5±0.3 GPa and 5.8±0.65 MJ/m3, respectively, which are 1.6, 2.6 and 1.4 times higher than those of pure MCC films. In addition, the denser structure also leads to a significant decrease in the oxygen and water vapor barrier layers of the MCC-HDA film, achieving the lowest transmission rates of 295 cm2/m2/24 h for oxygen and 793 g/m2/day for water vapor. Compared to commercial Polyethylene (PE) film, these films demonstrated not only high biodegradability (fully degrading in approximately 50 days), but also showed better fruit preservation performance (greatly reduced the oxidation of fruits). Given these significant characteristics, rosin-grafted cellulose films are anticipated to displace conventional non-biodegradable polymers and have prospective uses in the food packaging industry. [Display omitted] • Eco-friendly plastic was made from rosin-modified microcrystalline cellulose. • Rosin and cellulose were linked by flexible hexanediol via mild click reaction. • MCC-HDA films showed good UV blocking properties and high transparency. • MCC-HDA films displayed a highest tensile strength of 80±2.4 MPa. • MCC-HDA films showed improved barrier properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne illness caused by Gram bacteria is the most important food safety issue worldwide. Food packaging film is a very important means to extend the shelf life of food. It reduces microbial contamination and provides food safety assurance during the sales process. However, the food packaging material is derived from plastic. Most plastics are not only non-degradable but also harmful to human health. Biodegradable natural polymers are an ideal substitute, but their poor mechanical properties, hydrophilicity and weak antibacterial properties limit their applications. Rosin is an oily pine ester in the pine family, which is a natural renewable resource with a wide range of sources. It is widely used in various fields, such as surfactants, adhesives, drug loading, antibacterial, etc. However, there are only a few reports on the application of rosin in food packaging. It is worth noting that the unique hydrogenated phenanthrene ring structure of rosin can enhance the thermal stability, hydrophobicity and antibacterial properties of food packaging. More importantly, rosin has a wide range of sources, good biocompatibility, and can be degraded in nature. These advantages are conducive to the application of rosin in food packaging. However, previous reviews focused on resins, silicone rubbers and surfactants. In this review we will focus on the application of rosin in food packaging. • Rosin is a biomass resource from a wide range of sources, and it has good biocompatibility and degradability. • It can be easily modified to combine with natural polymers to improve their mechanical properties and thermal stability. • It has excellent antimicrobial properties as well as good UV shielding effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emulsion-based delivery systems are extensively employed for encapsulating functional active ingredients, protecting them from degradation, and enhancing bioavailability and release efficiency. Here, a CO 2 -responsive surfactant synthesized from rosin displays rapid responsiveness to CO 2 at room temperature, transitioning reversibly switches between active and inactive states multiple times. The dual tertiary amines on the rosin rigid structure contributes to its CO 2 sensitivity. When in its active cationic form, in conjunction with silica nanoparticles, it exhibits desired Pickering emulsification performance across various oil phases. In the Pickering emulsion loaded with quercetin, the encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency reached 80.50% and 0.69%, respectively, with stability lasting at least 30 days. The system provides robust protection for quercetin against external factors, such as UV and heat, revealing sustained release effects. This study investigated the potential of using rosin-based CO 2 -responsive surfactants alongside nanoparticles to design stable Pickering emulsion systems for active substance encapsulation and sustained release. [Display omitted] • CO 2 -responsive surfactant from renewable rosin responds rapidly at 25 °C. • Surfactant switches reversibly between active and inactive states multiple times. • Pickering emulsion with quercetin stabilized by NMPAN-CO 2 @SNPs. • Emulsion shows high loading efficiency and sustained release effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the significant progress in the development of self-healing polymers with photothermal-responsive, it is still a challenge to balance the photothermal conversion efficiency and the dispersion of the photothermal agent in the material. To address this issue, we introduced rosin, Cu2+, and adipic dihydrazide, which can form high-density hydrogen bonds, into the polymer network, and developed a self-healing, photothermal-responsive rosin-based elastomers through the strategy of "building up strength from weakness". The synergistic reinforcement of high-density hydrogen and metal−ligand bonds significantly improved the mechanical properties of the elastomers (tensile strength of 27.4 ± 0.4 MPa and toughness up to 100.3 ± 4.0 MJ m−3). Importantly, the introduction of Cu2+ provided the elastomer with a coordination bond to generate a photothermal effect to promote self-healing. The elastomer reached 121.6 °C at 20 s under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation, and the outstanding photothermal conversion ability enabled the elastomer to realize fast and highly efficient photo-responsive healing (scratches could be completely healed in 40 s of NIR light irradiation). Furthermore, it was used as a photothermal self-healing anticorrosion coating, showing excellent corrosion resistance. Meanwhile, the designed photo-actuator exhibits fast and excellent photo-activation performance under NIR light irradiation. This work provides a new strategy for the application of photothermal-responsive sustainable biobased elastomers in smart anticorrosion coatings and flexible electronics. [Display omitted] • A self-healing, photothermal-responsive rosin-based elastomers were prepared. • The elastomer exhibited excellent mechanical properties. • The elastomer has outstanding photothermal healing properties. • The elastomer has good photo-actuation and anticorrosion properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • RPM/DT is the first synthesized rosin adsorbent doped with diatomite. • DT acted as a pore-creating factor to increase the specific surface area of RPM/DT. • PNS's q e on RPM/DT is 3.3 times that of RPM and 6.5 times that of current adsorbents. • The PNS purity increased from 48.47% to 86.16%. Our current adsorbents have a limited capacity for adsorbing Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS). To address this issue, we synthesized a novel bioadsorbent called rosin polymer/diatomite microspheres (RPM/DT). This was done by doping diatomite (DT), an inorganic substance, with rosin-based organic compounds. PNS's adsorption capacity on RPM/DT is 427.96 mg·g−1, which is 6.5 times that of current adsorbents. RPM, without DT, displayed only 125.10 mg·g−1. This considerable difference in adsorption capacity can be attributed to the physical incorporation of DT into and onto the surface of RPM/DT. In addition, the incorporation plays a crucial role in creating pores, resulting in a remarkable increase in the specific surface area of RPM/DT (734.55 m2·g−1), surpassing that of RPM (405.17 m2·g−1). Additionally, using RPM/DT resulted in a significant increase in PNS purity, rising from 48.47 % to 86.16 %. We investigated the isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic properties of PNS on RPM/DT and found that the adsorption is spontaneous, endothermic, and predominantly chemisorptive. Quantum chemical calculations further revealed the adsorption mechanism of PNS on RPM/DT. The functional monomer molecules RPM/DT interacted with Rb1, involving van der Waals forces, H-bonds, and intermolecular electrostatic interactions. In summary, RPM/DT is an efficient and reusable biosorbent with the potential to be used in the separation and enrichment of PNS from crude solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp fiber foam (PFF) exhibits potential as substitute for traditional plastic foam in packaging fields due to renewability and degradability. However, the hydrophilic nature limits its application. Inspired by the hydrophobic and antibacterial properties of natural polymer rosin, hydrophobic PFF (r-PFF) was prepared in an environmentally friendly and simple way. The prepared r-PFF has low density (30.79 kg/m3) and high hydrophobicity with the water connect angle reaching 125 °. Moreover, the rosin coating enhanced the mechanical properties of r-PFF at different humidity. Compared with PFF, the stress at 50 % strain of r-PFF increased by 71.3 % at 90 % RH. In addition, a static compression constitutive model of r-PFF was established to predict the mechanical properties of r-PFF at varying RH. Water and moisture barrier was enhanced and stability in water for the foam was improved. Furthermore, r-PFF displayed good antibacterial properties due to the introduction of rosin. This study provided an environmentally friendly and simple route for construction of light bio-based materials with good hydrophobicity and antibacterial activity. [Display omitted] • Hydrophobic bio-based foam was obtained via a facile and simple method. • Water and moisture barrier properties were improved. • r-PFF exhibited improved mechanical strength under varying RH. • A model was established to predict the mechanical properties at varying RH. • Bacterial growth was effectively inhibited on r-PFF surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosin, a natural resin obtained from conifer trees, has a long history of use in traditional folk medicine for treating abscesses, wounds, carbuncles, and burns, etc. It has been employed in ancient Egypt, China, Nordic countries, and Turkey as a therapeutic remedy. This comprehensive review examines the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of rosin, and it provides a critical update on current knowledge of rosin and identifies potential therapeutic opportunities. The chemical composition of rosin is known to vary depending on factors such as botanical sources, geographical locations, and processing methods. Rosin acids, which account for over 90% of its primary chemical constituents, have been identified as the predominant compounds in rosin. Researchers have isolated approximately 50 compounds from rosin, with terpenoid rosin acids being the most prevalent. Furthermore, the review highlights the potential pharmacological activities of rosin and its constituents. Crude extracts and isolated rosin acids have demonstrated promising properties, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, insecticidal, wound healing, and anti-obesity effects. However, the review emphasizes that further research is needed, as existing studies are predominantly preliminary. Many of the reported bioactivities require further verification, and the underlying mechanisms of action remain largely unexplored. In conclusion, rosin has been extensively used in traditional medicine across different cultures, and its chemical composition has been confirmed to a significant extent. The pharmacological activities observed in crude extracts and isolated rosin acids support its traditional uses. Nevertheless, additional research is necessary to deepen our understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying its effects. [Display omitted] • Rosin, a folk remedy, has long been used to treat inflammation skin diseases. • Rosin contains over 90% rosin acids (abietic- and pimaric-type rosin acids) and other diterpenoids. • Rosin acids have anti-microbial, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, insecticidal activity, and others. • Abietic acid is a highly valuable potential lead compound due to its wide range of biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rebuttal to "Reply to road markings and microplastics- a critical literature review" by Järlskog et al. is necessary because authors of the "Reply..." simultaneously agree with the major issues raised in the review and try to discredit it through presenting a different perspective; thus, clarifications of some key issues are due. In response to "binders derived from, e.g., modified rosin oils are still polymers" ("Reply...", p. 3), to confirm our claim that such materials are not necessarily polymeric, we are providing a Gel Permeation Chromatography spectrum of an esterified rosin designed for the use as a binder in thermoplastic road markings. Hence, while the value of the "Reply..." is in highlighting differences in definitions, it is unfortunate that no new knowledge about microplastics originating from road markings was provided and none of the multiple research needs and uncertainties were clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A double-layer hydrophobic coating based on zein nanoparticles (ZNPs) and rosin was successfully developed as a simple and non-toxic process for textile functionalization. The bottom layer of the coating was a highly rough surface formed by the accumulation of zein nanoparticles prepared with an antisolvent method. The top layer was made of rosin to reduce the surface energy. The fabric treated with ZNPs and rosin (ZNPs/R/cotton) exhibited good hydrophobic behavior with a water contact angle (WCA) of 131.5 ± 2.3° and the hydrophobicity was long-lasting. The micromorphology and chemical composition of hydrophobic cotton fabric surface were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The results demonstrated that zein and rosin deposited on the surface of the fabric to form a rough micro/nano-scale structure. The functional ZNPs/R/cotton retained excellent mechanical properties, air permeability and water vapor permeability. The practical application tests indicated that the fabric displayed good stain resistance ability. Even after 10 soaking cycles and 50 rubbing cycles, the fabric still retained good hydrophobic property with WCAs of 124.7 ± 2.9° and 90.3 ± 3.5°. This work offered a potential method for the clean production of functionalized textiles. [Display omitted] • A simple hydrophobic functionalization process for textiles with zein-based nanostructure and rosin was proposed. • Zein-based nanostructure and rosin imparted long-term hydrophobicity and good stain resistance ability to the fabrics. • The comfortable capability of the functional fabrics was not affected by the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional polymer materials cannot repair hidden cracks that appear during use by themselves, which affects service life and reliability. The reversibility of dynamic covalent bonds provides an effective approach for the sustainable development of materials. In this study, we introduced rosin, a renewable resource, and dimethylglyoxime with an oxime bond into polyurethane elastomers to prepare tough, self-healing rosin-based crosslinked elastomers. Benefiting from their high crosslinking density, the prepared elastomers exhibit excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength up to 13.6 ± 0.5 MPa and toughness up to 21.3 ± 0.6 MJ m–3) and solvent resistance. Based on the dynamic reversibility of oxime–carbamate bonds, the elastomers exhibit excellent self-healing properties (97.2 ± 1.1 % self-healing efficiency for 3 h at 80 °C). Furthermore, the elastomers exhibit good adhesion and corrosion resistance. Notably, the addition of rosin improves the elastomers' hydrophobicity and heat resistance in addition to their mechanical properties. These findings suggest that the prepared self-healing rosin-based elastomers have promising applications in self-healing anticorrosive coatings and adhesives. [Display omitted] • A tough, self-healing rosin-based elastomers based on dynamic oxime–carbamate bonds were developed. • The mechanical and self-healing properties of the elastomers can be balanced. • The elastomers exhibit excellent solvent resistance, adhesion and anticorrosion properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of conventional thermo-responsive self-healing elastomer is hindered by two bottlenecks: i) longer repair time for damaged elastomers and ii) restricted sites for self-healing. In this study, fast near-infrared (NIR) light photo-responsive self-healing nanocomposites were fabricated by blending polydopamine (PDA) particles into cross-linked polyurea containing sextuple H-bonds (SHBs) and hinder urea bonds (HUBs). Strong interfacial interactions between PDA and polyurea fragments containing extensive H-bonds significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. Moreover, the rapid photoresponsive self-healing properties were provided by the excellent dynamic abilities of HUBs and the outstanding photothermal effect of PDA. Further, the deposition of Pt onto the elastomer surface created a conductive layer through chelation with PDA, thereby endowing the nanocomposites with the potential for strain sensor applications. [Display omitted] • Design of dynamic crosslinked polyurea/PDA nanocomposites through a one pot method. • Integration of weak sextuple H-bonds and robustly HUBs into the backbone. • The nanocomposites possess ultrafast photo-responsive self-healing (NIR, 60 s, 84.2 %). • The dynamic crosslinked nanocomposites show potential in smart strain sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kraft paper (KP) has the advantages of being biodegradable, recyclable, and environmentally friendly. It has a wide range of applications in paper packaging, food packaging, and other fields. However, the non-waterproof characteristic of KP limits its application in harsh environments or special paper packaging, etc. To solve the problem of poor water resistance of KP, a simple and efficient method is proposed to prepare superhydrophobic coatings on kraft paper (SKP) by spraying method using hydrophobic Nano-calcium carbonate (Nano-CaCO 3) particles and rosin (RA) as raw materials. Here, the micro-nano structures are mainly constructed by hydrophobic Nano-CaCO 3 particles, and RA is utilized as a binder to improve the adhesion between the nanoparticles and the paper. The results indicated that the water contact angle (WCA) of SKP reached 154.5° and the water sliding angle (WSA) was 3.2°. And after 34 h of immersion in water, the WCA of SKP surface can remain above 150°. It can also withstand 30 times of sandpaper abrasion and 30 times of tape peeling. Overall, SKP shows excellent stability, water resistance, stain resistance and self-cleaning. It is expected to protect important documents in harsh environments. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in pigs, leading to up to 100% case fatality. The virus May persist on solid surfaces for long periods; thus, fomites, such as contaminated clothing, footwear, farming tools, equipment, and transport vehicles, May contribute to the indirect transmission of the virus. Here, a plastic surface functionalized with tall oil rosin was tested against ASFV. The rosin-functionalized plastic reduced ASFV infectious virus titers by 1.3 log 10 after 60 min of contact time and killed all detectable viruses after 120 min, leading to a ~ 6 log 10 reduction. In contrast, the infectious virus titer of ASFV in contact with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic reduced <1 log 10 after 120 min. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed significant morphological changes in the virus after 2 h of contact with the rosin-functionalized plastic surface, but no changes were observed with the LDPE plastic. The use of antiviral plastic in the farming sector could reduce the spread of ASFV through fomites and could thus be part of an integrated program to control ASFV., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Hemmink, Shroff, Chege, Haapakoski, Dixon and Marjomäki.)

[Display omitted] The pursuit of next-generation sustainable polymers with chemical recyclability and resource renewability has become a priority in materials science. Rosin, a widely available renewable natural biomass, holds promise in this regard. In this study, dehydroabietic acid was incorporated into a cyclooctene monomer structure as pendant groups. This tailored monomer with low ring strain possesses the ability to efficiently undergo ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), resulting in the synthesis of rosin-based unsaturated polymers with a fully hydrocarbon backbone. The molecular weight of these polymers, ranging from 50 kDa to 160 kDa, can be easily modulated by varying the monomer-to-catalyst feeding ratio. Remarkably, these amorphous polymers exhibit exceptional thermostability, with a decomposition temperature exceeding 400 °C. This type of polymer exhibits excellent acid and alkali resistance within a pH range of 3 to 11. Upon exposure to Grubbs catalyst under mild conditions, these polymers undergo depolymerization back to the native monomer in a highly efficient manner, achieving a remarkable recovery ratio of approximately 95 %. It is evident that this innovative approach is not only relevant for the development of rosin-based polymers but also holds promise for informing the design of other renewable polymers with superior thermostability and enhanced chemical recyclability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable resources are receiving increasing attention in the field of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) coatings, to improve the hydrophobic properties and biobased content of WPU coatings, this study introduced castor oil (C.O.) and hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PHT) into polyurethane resins containing a rosin moiety. The addition of C.O. improves the densification of the coatings to make it acid and alkali resistant, and significantly enhances the wear and corrosion resistance. Subsequently, the introduction of organosilicon can improve the thermal stability and hydrophobicity of the coatings. The polyurethane structure was analyzed through infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Water resistance was evaluated by measuring the static water contact angle and water absorption, while thermal stability was assessed by thermal weight analysis. Additionally, wear resistance was determined by examining the water contact angle after subjecting the coatings to wear. The results indicate that the incorporation of C.O. and PHT into the WPU structure enhances its water resistance, wear resistance, acid and alkali resistance and thermal stability. Electrochemical testing further demonstrates that polyurethane coatings modified with C.O. and PHT exhibit superior resistance to chemical corrosion. This work provides a research basis for the application of high-performance biobased WPU in the field of anticorrosion coatings. [Display omitted] • An organosilicon/castor oil combined modified rosin-based waterborne polyurethane was prepared. • Improved hydrophobicity of polyurethanes was confirmed upon the introduction of castor oil and organosilicon. • The modified polyurethane coatings have better corrosion resistance. • Improved wear, acid and alkali resistance is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) has received wide attention as a material prepared from renewable resources. Nevertheless, due to its poor mechanical properties, NIPU is difficult to replace conventional polyurethane to achieve large-scale production and practical applications. Hence, using rosin derivatives as raw materials, biogenic cyclic carbonic acid esters were synthesized by carbon dioxide (CO 2) coupling reaction, and then cured with polyethylenimine (PEI) to form a new renewable NIPU thermosetting network without catalysts. The introduction of a rosin rigid structure and the formation of a hyperbranched structure make the obtained NIPU have excellent tensile strength (up to 40.50 MPa). Meanwhile, the hydrogenated phenanthrene ring structure of rosin restricts the movement of the NIPU chain, which leads to good thermal stability. Taking advantage of the transesterification of carbamates, the resultant NIPU exhibited self-healing, recyclability (recovery efficiency reached 89.50%), and shape memory. In addition, abundant polar groups endow NIPU with good adhesion strength. The innovative bio-based NIPU materials that are suggested in this work exhibit a variety of benefits, such as low curing temperature, outstanding mechanical properties, environment friendliness, and thermal stability, and have various applications in furniture and printing, adhesives, packaging materials, and other industries. [Display omitted] • Cyclic carbonate was prepared from rosin and CO2. • Hyperbranched and hydrogenated phenanthrene ring groups are introduced into NIPU. • The NIPU possessed excellent mechanical properties, healable and recyclable. • The resulting NIPU exhibited good adhesive properties to wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphiphilic Ni–W–B nanocatalysts supported on hollow N-doped carbon@silica double-framework nanoshperes were prepared and characterized. The aqueous phase hydrogenation of rosin and α-pinene was used to test the catalytic activity of the Ni–W–B nanocatalyst. The developed Ni–W–B alloy catalyst exhibited a very high catalytic hydrogenation activity not only for small α-pinene molecules but also for large, stubborn rosin molecules. Notably, the experimental conditions are by far the mildest for rosin hydrogenation. The ability of both W and B in providing weaker acid centers made it easier for the substrate molecules to bind to the catalyst and enhanced the electron-rich state of Ni, thus promoting the catalytic hydrogenation. The hollow structure of the carrier and its hydrophobic inner shell were deemed beneficial for substrate enrichment. The Ni–W–B alloy was stably attached to the N-doped inner carbon skeleton, preventing the aggregation, leaching, and oxidation of the nanocatalyst. The nanocatalyst exhibited good reusability. [Display omitted] • Ni–W–B nanoparticles were stably loaded onto a hollow carbon@silica nanomaterial. • The synergy between Ni, W and B improved the catalytic hydrogenation activity. • The hollow structure of the nanomaterial was beneficial for mass transfer. • Ni–W–B nanocatalyst made the stubborn rosin molecules easy to be hydrogenated. • Ni–W–B nanocatalyst exhibited excellent recyclability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics are recognized as an emerging critical issue for the environment. Here an innovative chemical approach for the treatment of microplastics is proposed, based on an oxidative process that does not require any direct energy source (irradiation or heat). Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) was selected as target commodity polymer, due to its widespread use, chemical inertness and inefficient recycling. This route is based on a hybrid material coupling titanium oxide with a bio-waste, rosin, mainly constituted by abietic acid, through a simple sol-gel synthesis procedure. The ligand-to-metal charge transfer complexes formed between rosin and Ti4+ allow the generation of reactive oxygen species without UV irradiation for its activation. In agreement with theorical calculations, superoxide radical ions are stabilized at ambient conditions on the surface of the hybrid TiO 2. Consequently, an impressive degradation of LLDPE is observed after 1 month exposure in a batch configuration under indirect daylight, as evidenced by the products revealed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and by chemical and structural modifications of the polymer surface. In a context of waste exploitation, this innovative and sustainable approach represents a promising cost-effective strategy for the oxidative degradation of microplastics, without producing any toxic by-products. [Display omitted] • A new hybrid material (T- Abi) was synthesized by a waste-to-wealth approach. • Rosin bio-waste acts as ligand to Ti4+ forming charge-transfer complex. • O 2 •– radicals are generated on T- Abi without the need for any energetic source. • A new oxidative degradation process using indirect daylight is exploited. • After 1 month, alkanes, alcohols, esters are the LLDPE degradation by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of compounds with excellent controllable weak forces is of great significance to solve current industrial problems. Herein, three natural rosin-based sulfonamide compounds (i.e., dehydroabietyl-based benzene sulfonamide (DBS-1); dehydroabietyl-based benzyl sulfonamide (DBS-2), and dehydrofiranic acid-based p-toluene sulfonamide (DBS-3)) were designed and synthesized by regulating the conjugation of sulfamide, carbonamide, and benzene. Organogels with rod-like, spherical, and layered morphologies were formed by π–π stacking and one-dimensional hydrogen bonding in the absence of an external driving force. Rheological studies emphasized the mechanical strength of these organogels, and gel three-dimensional networks at the nano- and micron-scales can effectively capture six volatile organic solvents. Notably, the presence of conjugation can effectively regulate the dynamic and static equilibrium of organogels to construct stable supermolecular assemblies. DBS-1, which contained abundant conjugated structures and weak intermolecular forces, exhibited amazing anti-settling ability in synthetic oil-based drilling fluids, with a static sedimentation factor of 0.512. Thus, industrial problems such as barite settlement can be solved by using DBS-1 as an additive agent. This report provides inspiration for the effective design of natural anti-settling agents. [Display omitted] • Hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking and conjugation effects were devised. • First study of rosin-based sulfonamide compounds as gelling agents. • Number and pattern of aggregation of dimer crystals determined gel morphology. • Provided insight into the design of natural anti-sinking agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A polyethyleneimine grafted rosin-based stationary phase was synthesized. • Multi-mode could be performed on the prepared column. • Evodiamine and rutaecarpine in Evodiae fructus extract were determined. • Strategic design of Sil-MPAG-PEI composites for mixed-mode HPLC separation was verified. • Theoretical inspiration for developing rosin-based mixed-mode HPLC stationary phases was presented. Due to their advantages of low green toxicity, diverse sources, renewable nature, and excellent biocompatibility, natural products have been extensively utilized in the exploration and development of novel stationary phase materials for liquid chromatography. In this study, we fabricated a rosin-based stationary phase material for mixed-mode chromatography by utilizing maleopimaric acid glycidyl methacrylate ester (MPAG) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as ligands. Initially, silica was functionalized with MPAG through thiol-ene click reaction, followed by the grafting of PEI via an imidization reaction to produce Sil-MPAG-PEI material. This material exhibited both anion exchange and hydrophilic interaction properties due to the presence of PEI, allowing for the switching of its retention mode from reversed-phase mode to a mixed-mode incorporating reversed-phase, hydrophilic interaction and ion-exchange chromatography (RPLC/HILIC/IEC) under different mobile phase conditions. Consequently, Sil-MPAG-PEI demonstrated the ability to provide various interactions, including hydrophobic, π-π, hydrogen bond, hydrophilic, ion exchange, and electrostatic interactions. These interactions enabled selective separation among compounds with different polarities, such as nucleosides/bases, benzoic acids, flavonoids, alkylbenzenes, phenols, anilines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Furthermore, Sil-MPAG-PEI demonstrated excellent chromatographic stability, as evidenced by the low relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention time for interday precision and interday precision were 0.042 %-0.275 % (n = 10) and 0.159 %-0.932 % (n = 7). The column was also successfully employed for the quantitative determination of evodiamine and rutaecarpine in an extract solution of Evodiae fructus, achieving concentrations of 9.102 and 3.256 mg/g, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of Sil-MPAG-PEI in the analysis of complexsamples. Briefly, this study investigated and confirmed the potential application of rosin derivatives in mixed-mode liquid chromatography separations has been investigated and verified. The exceptional separation ability of Sil-MPAG-PEI indicates that it is a promising separation material for chromatographic separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A stationary phase is synthesized by bonding dehydroabietic acid to silica gel. • The methyl dehydroabietate is chosen as the surrogate model for the bonded phase. • The phase ratio of the stationary phase is calculated by the surrogate model. • Phase ratio is crucial for accurate thermodynamic analysis and interpretation. Rosin-based chromatographic columns are widely used for separation purposes, but, to date, their phase ratios (Φ) have been imprecisely measured. This affects the understanding of their separation mechanism and the calculation of related thermodynamic parameters. In this study, a stationary phase was synthesized by bonding dehydroabietic acid (DA) to silica gel (Si-DO) and applied for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The distribution coefficient (K dm) of methyl dehydroabietate (MD), which has the same structure as the bonded phase of Si-DO, was used as a surrogate for the determination of the equilibrium coefficient (K) of Si-DO, and the K dm values of MD in different mobile phases were measured and compared with the K values of Si-DO. It was found that the phase ratio of Si-DO varied with mobile phase composition and temperature, as shown by the Φ values: 0.039–0.122 for the methanol/water system and 0.051–0.116 for the acetonitrile/water system; in addition, the a indices were 0.552–0.757 and 0.564–0.674, respectively. The K dm of MD was closer to the K of Si-DO than those of other surrogate models, including the octanol–water and octane–mobile phase partition coefficients. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters (Δ G °, Δ H °, and Δ S °) of n -alkylbenzenes on Si-DO were negative, indicating a spontaneous and enthalpy-driven separation process. Overall, the phase ratio of rosin-based columns is crucial for accurate thermodynamic analysis and interpretation of the separation mechanism. Finally, the MD surrogate model allows the estimation of phase ratio of Si-DO and other similar columns, providing a novel method for measuring the phase ratio of rosin-based columns and providing a validated concept and methodology for determining the phase ratios of HPLC columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The rosin-based epoxy vitrimers (REB) are successfully fabricated. • REB show a high mechanical strength (60.9 MPa) and thermostability (T s > 170 °C). • REB possess facile self-healing, welding and reprocessing capabilities. • PGE have potentially application in recycled hot melt adhesion. Recyclable epoxy vitrimers from biomass are significant for sustainable industrial development. However, the reprocessing of epoxy vitrimers comes at the cost of their mechanical properties and thermal stability and it is a challenge to obtain epoxy vitrimers with facile recycling ability, high mechanical properties and thermal stability, simultaneously. Present work offers a way to prepare the high-performance epoxy vitrimers with dual dynamic β -hydroxy ester bonds and boroxines from rosin derived glycidyl ester epoxy resin and 3-aminobenzeneboronic acid. The presence of tertiary amines and dynamic β -hydroxy ester bonds, as well as dynamic boroxines in the network accounts for the effective malleable behavior without the assistance of a catalyst. The resultant rosin-based epoxy vitrimers possess the T g around ∼83.2 °C with the T s above 170 °C, the E′ of 36.1 MPa and the tensile strength around ∼60.9 MPa comparable to commercial BPA epoxies, which attribute to the rigid rosin structure and high crosslink degree. The integrated self-healing of scratches after heating at 120 °C for 30 min is achieved, and the self-healing efficiency in terms of Young's modulus is 97.8 %. The welding efficiency of tensile strength reaches 94.4 % after welding treatment at 120 °C for 30 min. The reprocessed samples with the first generation obtained from hot press (8 MPa) at 140 °C for 3.5 h exhibit the tensile strength of 54.9 MPa. A close-loop recycling of rosin-based epoxy vitrimers was demonstrated, the retention ratio the recycled sample in terms of tensile strength of 82.6 %. Therefore, the REB networks with unique properties are desired alternatives to commercial epoxy resin and show the potential applications in transportation, aerospace and construction materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]