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The magnetic field distribution in the rails is a crucial factor in comprehending railgun behaviour. The projectile's rapid movement has a significant impact on the magnetic field. If the dispersion of the magnetic field conclusions regarding the conductors are known suitable methods can be used to sketch the magnetic field distribution. The railgun operates on the premise that a high current flow through the rails and armature will create a strong magnetic field. As a result, before designing magnetic shielding, it is necessary to study the features of the magnetic field distribution. The shape of rail and armature cross section is very essential in rail gun design as it determines the magnetic field distribution over rail and armature. The rail gun geometries with rectangular, convex and concave rail cross-sections are compared and simulated using finite element method (FEM). This method is used to determine the magnetic field distribution over rail and armature by sweeping armature position for different rail cross sections. It is observed that for the different rail/armature shapes like rectangular, convex and concave shapes, the C shaped convex armature possesses strong magnetic fields with minimum current density concentration at the throat and trailing end of the armature. From simulation, it can be shown that the magnetic flux density is a descending function of the central angle. The electromagnetic (EM) rail gun launching mechanism was therefore proven to be compatible with the circular concave armature.

Induction motors based electric drives are dominated in many applications due to their superior characteristics over other drives including cost. An effect control method is required to reduce ripples in the torque. A direct torque control (DTC) is implemented by various scholars recently, however for further reduction of ripples in torque a modified DTC is implemented in this paper. The proposed method considerably alleviates the computational burden of control technique on chip. The selection of inverter switching vectors is identified for restricting the torque and flux errors within their respective hysteresis bands. Fastest responses of torque, speed and flux are achieved. This paper also includes the incorporation of modeling and designing of DTC with induction motor to enhance comprehension. Extensive results under various operating conditions are presented in this paper to enhance the importance of the improved DTC.

In the aquatic environment, the primary pollutants of heavy metals and pharmaceuticals always occur in coexisting forms, and the research about combined impacts remains unclear, especially transgenerational effects. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that can damage the endocrine reproduction systems and cause thyroid dysfunction in fish. Meanwhile, ketoprofen (KPF) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can cause neurobehavioral damage and physiological impairment. However, to our knowledge, the combined exposure of Cd and KPF in transgenerational studies has not been reported. In this investigation, sexually mature zebrafish were subjected to isolated exposure and combined exposure to Cd (10 μg/L) and KPF (10 and 100 μg/L) at environmentally relevant concentrations for 42 days. In this background, breeding capacity, chemical accumulation rate in gonads, and tissue morphologies are investigated in parental fish. This is followed by examining the malformation rate, inflammation rate, and gene transcription in the F1 offspring. Our results indicate that combined exposure of Cd and KPF to the parental fish could increase the chemical accumulation rate and tissue damage in the gonads of fish and significantly reduce the breeding ability. Furthermore, these negative impacts were transmitted to its produced F1 embryos, reflected by hatching rate, body deformities, and thyroid axis-related gene transcription. These findings provide further insights into the harm posed by Cd in the presence of KPF to the aquatic ecosystems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) is commonly used to manage critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury. While recent trials focused on the correct dosing and timing of CKRT, our understanding regarding the optimum dose of net ultrafiltration is limited to retrospective data. The Restrictive versus Liberal Rate of Extracorporeal Volume Removal Evaluation in Acute Kidney Injury (RELIEVE-AKI) trial has been conducted to assess the feasibility of a prospective randomized trial in determining the optimum net ultrafiltration rate. This paper outlines the relevant challenges and solutions in implementing this complex ICU-based trial. Several difficulties were encountered, starting with clinical issues related to conducting a trial on patients with rapidly changing hemodynamics, low patient recruitment rates, increased nursing workload, and the enormous volume of data generated by patients undergoing prolonged CKRT. Following several brainstorming sessions, several points were highlighted to be considered, including the need to streamline the intervention, add more flexibility in the trial protocols, ensure comprehensive a priori planning, particularly regarding nursing roles and their compensation, and enhance data management systems. These insights are critical for guiding future ICU-based dynamically titrated intervention trials, leading to more efficient trial management, improved data quality, and enhanced patient safety., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest RM, KK, and PMP filed an international patent application for the method of fluid removal described herein (Patent no. PCT/US2023/012204). RM received research grants from NIDDK and consulting fees from Baxter Inc., AM Pharma Inc., Bioporto Inc., and La Jolla Inc., which are unrelated to this study. KK received research grants NIDDK and from, Philips Research North America, and Google, a speaker honorarium from Nikkiso Critical Care Medical Supplies (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., and consulting fees to Mayo Clinic and from Baxter Inc.; PMP received consulting fees and advisory committee fees from Durect, Health-Span Dx, and Novartis; served on a Data and Safety Monitoring Board for Baxter; served as a member of an endpoint adjudication committee for GE Healthcare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Memory B cells (MBCs) formed over the individual's lifetime constitute nearly half of the circulating B cell repertoire in humans. These pre-existing MBCs dominate recall responses to their cognate antigens, but how they respond to recognition of novel antigens is not well understood. Here, we tracked the origin and followed the differentiation paths of MBCs in the early anti-spike (S) response to mRNA vaccination in SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals on single-cell and monoclonal antibody levels. Pre-existing, highly mutated MBCs showed no signs of germinal center re-entry and rapidly developed into mature antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). By contrast, and despite similar levels of S reactivity, naive B cells showed strong signs of antibody affinity maturation before differentiating into MBCs and ASCs. Thus, pre-existing human MBCs differentiate into ASCs in response to novel antigens, but the quality of the humoral and cellular anti-S response improved through the clonal selection and affinity maturation of naive precursors., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this project was to develop a standardized list of renally eliminated and potentially nephrotoxic drugs that will help inform initiatives to improve medication safety. Several available lists of medications from the published literature including original research articles and reviews, and from regulatory agencies, tertiary references, and clinical decision support systems were compiled, consolidated, and compared. Only systemically administered medications were included. Medication combinations were included if at least 1 active ingredient was considered renally dosed or potentially nephrotoxic. The medication list was reviewed for completeness and clinical appropriateness by a multidisciplinary team of individuals with expertise in critical care, nephrology, and pharmacy. An initial list of renally dosed and nephrotoxic drugs was created. After reconciliation and consensus from clinical experts, a standardized list of 681 drugs is proposed. The proposed evidence-based standardized list of renally dosed and potentially nephrotoxic drugs will be useful to harmonize epidemiologic and medication quality improvement studies. In addition, the list can be used for clinical purposes with surveillance in nephrotoxin stewardship programs. We suggest an iterative re-evaluation of the list with emerging literature and new medications on an approximately annual basis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: EFB consults for Wolters-Kluwer and Baxter Healthcare, which are unrelated to this work. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests or relevant conflicts of interest to disclose.

The prevalent use of Azorubine (E122) and the unintentional food additive, Bisphenol A (BPA), in ready-to-drink (RTD) beverages raises significant health concerns, especially for children. The combined impact on embryonic development must be explored despite individual safety assessments. Our investigation revealed that the combined exposure of E122 and BPA at beverage concentration significantly induces mortality and morphological deformities, including reduced growth, pericardial edema, and yolk sac edema. The co-exposure triggers oxidative stress, impairing antioxidant enzyme responses and resulting in lipid and cellular damage. Notably, apoptotic cells are observed in the neural tube and notochord of the co-exposed larvae. Critical genes related to the antioxidant response elements (nrf2, ho1, and nqo1), apoptosis activation (bcl2, bax, and p53), and pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines (nfkb, tnfa, il1b, tgfb, il10, and il12) displayed substantial changes, highlighting the molecular mechanisms. Behavior studies indicated hypo-locomotion with reduced thigmotaxis and touch response in co-exposed larvae, distinguishing it from individual exposures. These findings underscore the neurodevelopmental impacts of E122 and BPA at reported beverage concentrations, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive safety assessments, particularly for child consumption., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The Government of India, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), established the National Polio Surveillance Project (NPSP) in 1997 and initiated acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance to achieve the goal of polio eradication. The WHO South-East Asia Region, comprising of 11 countries, including India, was certified as polio-free in March 2014. India was also validated to have eliminated maternal and neonatal tetanus in May 2015. Over the years, the surveillance of other vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) was integrated with AFP surveillance in the country. Outbreak-based measles-rubella (MR) surveillance was initiated in 2005 using AFP surveillance as a platform, case-based fever-rash (FR) surveillance started in 2021 as one of the strategies to achieve measles and rubella elimination in the country. The surveillance of diphtheria, pertussis, and neonatal tetanus was integrated with AFP surveillance in a phased manner during 2015-2022. The surveillance system for VPDs in India, supported by a laboratory network of 10 polio laboratories, 28 measles-rubella laboratories, and 20 diphtheria-pertussis laboratories, has enhanced the national health capacity and security. The setting up and expansion of the surveillance system in the country involved the important component of capacity building of personnel on various components of surveillance, including case identification, case investigation, sample collection and shipment, data analysis and public health response. These capacities have been used effectively during other emergencies, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic, as well as during outbreaks of other diseases and natural calamities.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Objective: This study aims to assess the survival status and predictors of mortality among under-5 children with severe acute malnutrition in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Design: A retrospective cohort study was employed on randomly selected 422 medical records of children under the age of 5 admitted to stabilisation centres in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were conducted to determine time spent before the outcome and predictors of desired outcome., Settings: The stabilisation centres in four governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Tikur Anbessa Specialised Hospital, Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Yekatit 12 Hospital and Tirunesh Beijing Hospital PARTICIPANTS: Of 435 severely malnourished children under the age of 5 admitted to four governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from January 2020 to December 2022, we were able to trace 422 complete records. The remaining 13 medical records were found to be incomplete due to missing medical history information for those children., Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: The primary outcome is the survival status of under-5 children with severe acute malnutrition after admission to the stabilisation centres. The secondary outcome is predictors of survival among these children., Results: Of 422 children, 44 (10.4%) died, with an incidence rate of 10.3 per 1000 person-days. The median hospital stay was 8 days. Full vaccination (adjusted HR (AHR) 0.2, 95% CI 0.088 to 0.583, p<0.05), feeding practices (F-75) (AHR 0.2, 95% CI 0.062 to 0.651, p<0.01), intravenous fluid administration (AHR 3.7, 95% CI 1.525 to 8.743, p<0.01), presence of HIV (AHR 2.2, 95% CI 1.001 to 4.650, p<0.05), pneumonia (AHR 2.2, 95% CI 1.001 to 4.650, p<0.01) and occurrence of shock (AHR3.5, 95% CI 1.451 to 8.321, p<0.01) were identified as significant predictors of mortality., Conclusion: The study identified a survival rate slightly higher than the acceptable range set by the social and public health economics study group. Factors like vaccination status, HIV, pneumonia, shock, intravenous fluid and the absence of feeding F-75 predicted mortality., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

The escalating focus on ageing-associated disease has generated substantial interest in the phenomenon of cognitive impairment linked to diabetes. Hyperglycemia exacerbates oxidative stress, contributes to β-amyloid accumulation, disrupts mitochondrial function, and impairs cognitive function. Existing therapies have certain limitations, and apigenin (AG), a natural plant flavonoid, has piqued interest due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycemic properties. So, we anticipate that AG might be a preventive medicine for hyperglycemia-associated amnesia. To test our hypothesis, naïve zebrafish were trained to acquire memory and pretreated with AG. Streptozotocin (STZ) was administered to mimic hyperglycemia-induced memory dysfunction. Spatial memory was assessed by T-maze and object recognition through visual stimuli. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, antioxidant enzyme status, and neuroinflammatory genes were measured, and histopathology was performed in the brain to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanism. AG exhibits a prophylactic effect and improves spatial learning and discriminative memory of STZ-induced amnesia in zebrafish under hyperglycemic conditions. AG also reduces blood glucose levels, brain oxidative stress, and AChE activity, enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. AG prevented neuronal damage by regulating brain antioxidant response elements (ARE), collectively contributing to neuroprotective properties. AG demonstrates a promising effect in alleviating memory dysfunction and mitigating pathological changes via activation of the Nrf2/ARE mechanism. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of AG in addressing memory dysfunction and neurodegenerative changes associated with hyperglycemia., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

We derive approximate expressions for pre- and post-steady state regimes of the velocity-substrate-inhibitor spaces of the Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetic scheme with fully and partial competitive inhibition. Our refinement over the currently available standard quasi steady state approximation (sQSSA) seems to be valid over wide range of enzyme to substrate and enzyme to inhibitor concentration ratios. Further, we show that the enzyme-inhibitor-substrate system can exhibit temporally well-separated two different steady states with respect to both enzyme-substrate and enzyme-inhibitor complexes under certain conditions. We define the ratios fS = vmax/(KMS + e0) and fI = umax/(KMI + e0) as the acceleration factors with respect to the catalytic conversion of substrate and inhibitor into their respective products. Here KMS and KMI are the Michaelis-Menten parameters associated respectively with the binding of substrate and inhibitor with the enzyme, vmax and umax are the respective maximum reaction velocities and e0, s0, and i0 are total enzyme, substrate and inhibitor levels. When (fS/fI) < 1, then enzyme-substrate complex will show multiple steady states and it reaches the full-fledged steady state only after the depletion of enzyme-inhibitor complex. When (fS/fI) > 1, then the enzyme-inhibitor complex will show multiple steady states and it reaches the full-fledged steady state only after the depletion of enzyme-substrate complex. This multi steady-state behavior especially when (fS/fI) ≠ 1 is the root cause of large amount of error in the estimation of various kinetic parameters of fully and partial competitive inhibition schemes using sQSSA. Remarkably, we show that our refined expressions for the reaction velocities over enzyme-substrate-inhibitor space can control this error more significantly than the currently available sQSSA expressions., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Rajamanickam Murugan. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a tumor mass comprising myeloid blasts with or without maturation occurring in any site other than bone marrow. It is a rare and distinct clinical presentation of myeloid neoplasm., Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study over 7 years (2015-2022) comprising a series of eight cases, which includes clinical details, morphology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers, cytogenetics, and molecular details., Results: These cases showed up as an isolated MS (3/8), as an initial clinical presentation in acute myeloid leukemia (1/8), as acute myeloid leukemia (1/8), as a disease progression in primary myelofibrosis (1/8), as chronic myeloid leukemia (1/8), and as BCR-ABL-negative myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm (1/8). One of the three isolated MS was incorrectly identified as having Ewing's sarcoma. One case each presented at the cervical lymph node, mediastinum, skin, sacral soft tissue, maxillary sinus, and perinephric fat, and two cases presented at the hard palate., Conclusion: Four of the cases in our study were clinically thought of as lymphoma/sarcoma, which was a major diagnostic challenge. All but one case succumbed to their disease. Without adequate clinical history and appropriate use of ancillary techniques such as IHC in tissue biopsies, flow cytometry, cytogenetics, and molecular studies, these cases have a high chance of being misdiagnosed as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, small round blue cell tumor, or undifferentiated carcinomas, which can complicate patient management and prognosis., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology.)

Dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN) is a noncancerous skin growth that is classified as a subtype of seborrhoeic keratoses. DPN is predominantly found in individuals with darker skin tones, namely, those with Fitzpatrick skin types III-VI. This condition primarily affects women of Asian or African American descent. The non-availability of accurate management for this illness presents a challenge to the medical fraternity. Electrodesiccation, laser therapy, and surgery offer expensive solutions. Siddha external medicine provides a solution through appropriate methods. A 70-year-old woman with Fitzpatrick skin type V appeared with many hyperpigmented papules on the malar region that had been present for five years. The dermatological examination revealed the presence of several brown papular lesions, which were particularly pronounced in the malar areas. The dimensions of the lesions typically varied from 1 to 5 mm; however, in the malar area, their size extended up to 1 cm. The Siddha formulation Pachaieruvai was administered externally for five consecutive days. While undergoing treatment, the patient experienced mild pain, burning, slight redness, and swelling in the area where Pachaieruvai was applied. These symptoms persisted for about an hour during and after the procedure but disappeared within 24 hours with the use of coconut oil. The evaluation of treatment response was determined using the recognised quartile grading methodology. During the first-week follow-up appointment after the last treatment, significant improvements were observed in the cheek lesions, particularly in four large lesions.Throughout the treatment, the patient may encounter mild discomfort, a burning sensation, slight redness, and swelling at the administration site of Pachaieruvai . These reactions are positive indicators of disease regression. No adverse symptoms and recurrence were observed during the follow-up. This research specifically examines the Siddha approach to managing DPN. Based on the findings and observations, it can be concluded that Siddha medicine is effective in treating DPN., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Karan Chand Mohan Singh et al.)

This study investigates the individual and combined toxic effects of Bisphenol A (BPA) and Cadmium (Cd) in zebrafish, recognizing the complex mixture of pollutants organisms encounter in their natural environment. Examining developmental, neurobehavioral, reproductive, and physiological aspects, the study reveals significant adverse effects, particularly in combined exposures. Zebrafish embryos exposed to BPA + Cd exhibit synergistically increased mortality, delayed hatching, and morphological abnormalities, emphasizing the heightened toxicity of the combination. Prolonged exposure until 10 days post-fertilization underscores enduring effects on embryonic development. BPA and Cd induce oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. This oxidative stress disrupts cellular functions, affecting lipid metabolism and immune response. Adult zebrafish exposed to BPA and Cd for 40 days display compromised neurobehavioral functions, altered antioxidant defenses, and increased oxidative stress, suggesting potential neurotoxicity. Additionally, disruptions in ovarian follicle maturation and skeletal abnormalities indicate reproductive and skeletal impacts. Histological analysis reveals significant liver damage, emphasizing the synergistic hepatotoxicity of BPA and Cd. Molecular assessments further demonstrate compromised cellular defense mechanisms, synaptic function, and elevated cellular stress and inflammation-related gene expression in response to combined exposures. Bioaccumulation analysis highlights differential tissue accumulation patterns. In conclusion, this study provides comprehensive insights into the multifaceted toxicological effects of BPA and Cd in zebrafish, raising concerns about potential adverse impacts on environmental ecosystems and human health., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Biobased waste utilization is an intriguing area of research and an ecologically conscious approach. Plant-based materials can be used to render cellulose, which is an eco-friendly material that can be used in numerous aspects. In the current investigation, cellulose was extracted from the leaves of the Vachellia nilotica plant via acid hydrolysis. The application of this research is specifically directed toward the utilization of undesirable plant sources. To validate the extracted cellulose, FT-IR spectroscopy was applied. The cellulose was measured to have a density of 1.234 g/cm 3 . The crystallinity index (58.93%) and crystallinity size (11.56 nm) of cellulose are evaluated using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy analysis. The highest degradation temperature (320.8°C) was observed using thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry curve analysis. The analysis of particle size was conducted utilizing images captured by scanning electron microscopy. Particle size of less than 30 μm was found and they exhibit non-uniform orientation. Additionally, atomic force microscopy analysis shows an improved average surface roughness (Ra), which increases the possibility of using extracted cellulose as reinforcement in biofilms., (© 2024 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.)

The breakdown of plant material fuels soil functioning and biodiversity. Currently, process understanding of global decomposition patterns and the drivers of such patterns are hampered by the lack of coherent large-scale datasets. We buried 36,000 individual litterbags (tea bags) worldwide and found an overall negative correlation between initial mass-loss rates and stabilization factors of plant-derived carbon, using the Tea Bag Index (TBI). The stabilization factor quantifies the degree to which easy-to-degrade components accumulate during early-stage decomposition (e.g. by environmental limitations). However, agriculture and an interaction between moisture and temperature led to a decoupling between initial mass-loss rates and stabilization, notably in colder locations. Using TBI improved mass-loss estimates of natural litter compared to models that ignored stabilization. Ignoring the transformation of dead plant material to more recalcitrant substances during early-stage decomposition, and the environmental control of this transformation, could overestimate carbon losses during early decomposition in carbon cycle models., (© 2024 The Authors. Ecology Letters published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The textile industry, with its extensive use of dyes and chemicals, stands out as a significant source of water pollution. Exposure to certain textile dyes, such as azo dyes and their breakdown products like aromatic amines, has been associated with health concerns like skin sensitization, allergic reactions, and even cancer in humans. Annually, the worldwide production of synthetic dyes approximates 7 × 10 7 tons, of which the textile industry accounts for over 10,000 tons. Inefficient dyeing procedures result in the discharge of 15-50% of azo dyes, which do not adequately bind to fibers, into wastewater. This review delves into the genotoxic impact of azo dyes, prevalent in the textile industry, on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Examining different families of textile dye which contain azo group in their structure such as Sudan I and Sudan III Sudan IV, Basic Red 51, Basic Violet 14, Disperse Yellow 7, Congo Red, Acid Red 26, and Acid Blue 113 reveals their carcinogenic potential, which may affect both industrial workers and aquatic life. Genotoxic and carcinogenic characteristics, chromosomal abnormalities, induced physiological and neurobehavioral changes, and disruptions to spermatogenesis are evident, underscoring the harmful effects of these dyes. The review calls for comprehensive investigations into the toxic profile of azo dyes, providing essential insights to safeguard the aquatic ecosystem and human well-being. The importance of effective effluent treatment systems is underscored to mitigate adverse impacts on agricultural lands, water resources, and the environment, particularly in regions heavily reliant on wastewater irrigation for food production., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background Calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP)-based whitlockite is a promising biomaterial for hemostasis and regenerative applications. Regenerative approaches aim to advance tissue repair and recovery in different clinical scenarios. Whitlockite is a biocompatible and biodegradable mineral that has garnered impressive consideration for its interesting properties, making it an appealing candidate for therapeutic applications. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the hemostatic behavior of synthesized whitlockite nanoparticles. Materials and methods Coprecipitation and hydrothermal methods were used to synthesize whitlockite nanoparticles. Calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, and diammonium hydrogen phosphate were used as precursors to prepare this material. Results Crystalline phases of whitlockite (Ca 3 Mg) 3 (PO 4 ) and calcium magnesium phosphate Ca 7 Mg 2 P 6 O 2  were observed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, along with relevant properties of the phosphate functional group detected through Raman spectra. This study explores the hemostatic adequacy of CMP-based whitlockite using different methodologies. The capacity of the materials to actuate platelet conglomeration and encourage clot arrangement is assessed using  in vitro experiments. Moreover, this study investigates the regenerative potential of CMP-based whitlockite in tissue-building applications. Conclusion The structural and morphological parameters provide crucial insights into the proper formation of the material, and the hemoclot assessment aids in understanding its coagulation behavior. Future investigations and clinical trials will be instrumental in fully harnessing the potential of CMP-based whitlockite for advancing hemostasis and regenerative medicine., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Jain V et al.)

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by a persistent susceptibility to seizures. Pharmaco-resistant epilepsies, impacting around 30 % of patients, highlight the urgent need for improved treatments. Neuroinflammation, prevalent in epileptogenic brain regions, is a key player in epilepsy, prompting the search for new mechanistic therapies. Hence, in this study, we explored the anti-inflammatory potential of pyrazole benzenesulfonamide derivative (T1) against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced epilepsy-like conditions in in-vivo zebrafish model. The results from the survival assay showed 79.97 ± 6.65 % at 150 µM of T1 compared to PTZ-group. The results from reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis and histology analysis showed that T1 significantly reduces cellular damage due to oxidative stress in PTZ-exposed zebrafish. The gene expression analysis and neutral red assay results demonstrated a notable reduction in the inflammatory response in zebrafish pre-treated with T1. Subsequently, the open field test unveiled the anti-convulsant activity of T1, particularly at a concentration of 150 μM. Moreover, both RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry findings indicated a concentration-dependent potential of T1, which inhibited COX-2 in zebrafish exposed to PTZ. In summary, T1 protected zebrafish against PTZ-induced neuronal damage, and behavioural changes by mitigating the inflammatory response through the inhibition of COX-2., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aim This study aims to synthesise selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using extracts from Citrus sinensis peel (CSP), Millettia pinnata Leaf (MPL), and Acacia auriculiformis bark (AAB) as eco-friendly reducing agents. It seeks to compare the effectiveness of these plant extracts in the production of SeNPs and evaluate the antioxidant activities of the synthesised nanoparticles, establishing a link between the phytochemical constituents of the extracts and the antioxidant capacity of SeNPs for their potential applications in drug development and environmental sustainability. Introduction Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions in various fields, including medicine, environmental science, and materials engineering. SeNPs are of particular interest due to their unique properties and potential applications. The methods for synthesizing nanoparticles often involve hazardous chemicals, posing risks to the environment and human health. In response, green synthesis methods utilizing plant extracts have emerged as a sustainable alternative. This study focuses on utilizing CSP, MPL, and AAB extracts, rich in natural reducing agents such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, for the eco-friendly synthesis of SeNPs. These plant sources are chosen based on their known phytochemical profiles and potential antioxidant activities, and we aim to explore the correlation between the extracts' phytochemical composition and the antioxidant capabilities of the synthesised SeNPs. Methods SeNPs were synthesised using aqueous extracts of CSP, MPL, and AAB through a reduction process, in which selenium ions (Se 4+ ) are reduced to elemental selenium. The presence of SeNPs was first visually monitored by colour change and then confirmed through UV-Vis spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses. The antioxidant activity of the synthesised SeNPs was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the efficacy of SeNPs synthesised from different plant extracts was compared. Results The UV-Vis spectral analysis indicated a successful synthesis of SeNPs, as evidenced by the characteristic absorption peaks. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of organic molecules derived from the plant components on the outer layer of SeNPs, suggesting successful capping and stabilization of nanoparticles by phytochemicals in the extracts. Among the three types of SeNPs, those synthesised using Citrus sinensis peel extract (CSPE) exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, indicating superior antioxidant properties compared to SeNPs synthesised from Millettia pinnata leaf extract (MPLE) and Acacia auriculiformis bark extract (AABE). This suggests that the antioxidant capacity of SeNPs is significantly influenced by the phytochemical composition of the plant extract used for synthesis. Conclusion The study highlights the potential of CSPE as an effective natural source for synthesising antioxidant-rich SeNPs and underscores the importance of green synthesis approaches in producing environmentally friendly and biologically active nanomaterials., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Behera et al.)

Aim The aim of this study is to examine the possible therapeutic effect of pterostilbene (PTS), a chemical present in grapes and blueberries, in the treatment of liver cancer by analysing its interactions with important proteins linked to the wingless/integrated (Wnt) signaling system. Objective Using computational techniques like molecular docking and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies, this research focuses on examining the pharmacokinetics and molecular interactions of PTS with proteins such as vimentin (Vim), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3-β), epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and Wnt, all of which are connected to the Wnt signaling pathway in liver cancer. Methods The study includes the synthesis of proteins and ligands, ADME investigations for PTS, and AutoDock Vina molecular docking simulations to evaluate binding affinities and interactions. PTS is obtained from PubChem, while protein structures are obtained from the Protein Data Bank. Results Strong binding affinities between PTS and essential proteins in the Wnt signaling cascade are shown by molecular docking, which also highlights noteworthy hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic contacts. According to an ADME study, PTS has advantageous pharmacokinetic properties, such as moderate solubility, membrane permeability, and a minimal chance of drug interactions. Conclusion The extensive study highlights PTS's potential as a viable treatment option for liver cancer. The study promotes its investigation in cutting-edge liver cancer therapy approaches and urges more investigation into the molecular mechanisms, underpinning its anticancer properties. This paper sheds important light on the role of natural chemicals in cancer therapy and emphasizes the need for computational methods in drug discovery., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Prasad et al.)

Objectives  We sought to describe characteristics of mechanically ventilated pregnant patients, evaluate utilization of low-tidal-volume ventilation (LTVV) and high-tidal-volume ventilation (HTVV) by trimester, and describe maternal and fetal outcomes by ventilation strategy. Study Design  This is a retrospective cohort study of pregnant women with mechanical ventilation for greater than 24 hours between July 2012 and August 2020 at a tertiary care academic medical center. We defined LTVV as average daily tidal volume 8 mL/kg of less of predicted body weight, and HTVV as greater than 8 mL/kg. We examined demographic characteristics, maternal and fetal characteristics, and outcomes by ventilation strategy. Results  We identified 52 ventilated pregnant women, 43 had LTVV, and 9 had HTVV. Acute respiratory distress syndrome occurred in 73% ( N  = 38) of patients, and infection was a common indication for ventilation ( N  = 33, 63%). Patients had LTVV more often than HTVV in all trimesters. Obstetric complications occurred frequently, 21% ( N  = 11) experienced preeclampsia or eclampsia, and among 43 patients with available delivery data, 60% delivered preterm ( N  = 26) and 16% had fetal demise ( N  = 7). Conclusion  LTVV was utilized more often than HTVV among pregnant women in all trimesters. There was a high prevalence of maternal and fetal morbidity and fetal mortality among our cohort. Key Points Our center utilized low tidal more often than high-tidal-volume ventilation during all trimesters of pregnancy.Prone positioning can be performed at advanced gestations.Infection is a common cause of antepartum ventilation., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None declared., (The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).)

Adsorption-based extracorporeal therapies have been subject to technical developments and clinical application for close to five decades. More recently, new technological developments in membrane and sorbent manipulation have made it possible to deliver more biocompatible extracorporeal adsorption therapies to patients with a variety of conditions. There are several key rationales based on physicochemical principles and clinical considerations that justify the application and investigation of such therapies as evidenced by multiple ex-vivo, experimental, and clinical observations. Accordingly, unspecific adsorptive extracorporeal therapies have now been applied to the treatment of a wide array of conditions from poisoning to drug overdoses, to inflammatory states and sepsis, and acute or chronic liver and kidney failure. In response to the rapidly expanding knowledge base and increased clinical evidence, we convened an Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) consensus conference dedicated to such treatment. The data show that hemoadsorption has clinically acceptable short-term biocompatibility and safety, technical feasibility, and experimental demonstration of specified target molecule removal. Pilot studies demonstrate potentially beneficial effects on physiology and larger studies of endotoxin-based hemoadsorption have identified possible target phenotypes for larger randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Moreover, in a variety of endogenous and exogenous intoxications, removal of target molecules has been confirmed in vivo. However, some studies have raised concerns about harm or failed to deliver benefits. Thus, despite many achievements, modern hemoadsorption remains a novel and experimental intervention with limited data, and a large research agenda., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the ERA.)

Introduction: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect. Anemia is the prevailing manifestation of micronutrient deficiency. It has been demonstrated that anemia in children increases morbidity and has a negative impact on psychomotor development. Despite its negative consequences, which have been documented for a long time in clinical practice, the issue does not gain sufficient attention in developing countries, specifically in children with CHD. Thus, this study is aimes to assess the prevalence of anemia and the factors associated in children with CHD., Methods: Institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted on CHD children at selected governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from February to March 2021. During this period, 373 children with acyanotic and cyanotic heart disease between 0 months and 15 years of age were included in this study. All children were assessed using structured questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Recent hemoglobin results that are avaliable in the medical charts of children were used to diagnose anemia. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25., Results: From randomly included 373 children with CHD, 298 (79.9%) had acyanotic congenital heart disease (ACHD) and 75 (20.1%) had cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD). Twenty-five (33.3%) CCHD and 192 (64.4%) ACHD cases of children were malnourished. The most common type of CCHD and ACHD defects were ventricular septal defects and tetralogy of fallout, respectively. Overall, the prevalence of anemia in ACHD and CCHD was 24.5% and 72%, respectively. In children with ACHD, the frequency of anemia was reported to be significantly higher in the malnourished group than in the well-nourished., Conclusions: A high prevalence of anemia is observed in children with CHD. This study highly suggests further evaluation to determine the frequency and complications of blood indices and other hematological impairments in ACHD, CCHD, and children with both problems. Moreover, the findings of this study on illness profiles in children with CHD prompt further research into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying immune system dysfunction., Competing Interests: The authors declare that no conflicts of interest exist., (Copyright © 2024 Henok Kumsa et al.)

Lupus vulgaris (LV) is a type of paucibacillary cutaneous tuberculosis that can occur due to inoculation, lymphatic, or hematogenous route. It occurs in a previously sensitized individual with high immunity to tuberculosis. LV can have different morphology of presentation, which can lead to difficulty in diagnosis. The Tuberculin test is strongly positive. Histopathology will show epithelioid granulomas in the superficial dermis and acid-fast bacilli rarely demonstrable within the granulomas. Dermoscopy will show focused linear vessels on a yellow to orange background. Culture is the gold standard for diagnosis, but its positivity rate is low. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli can be detected using polymerase chain reaction from the lesions. Histopathology, tuberculin test, dermoscopy, molecular test, and culture would help diagnose LV. This review discusses the introduction, pathogenesis, clinical features, differential diagnosis, investigations, complications, and treatment of lupus vulgaris in detail. This review can help the dermatologist understand the condition better with appropriate diagnosis and therapy., (© 2023 the International Society of Dermatology.)

Shrimp, a globally consumed perishable food, faces rapid deterioration during storage and marketing, causing nutritional and economic losses. With a rising environmental consciousness regarding conventional plastic packaging, consumers seek sustainable options. Utilizing natural waste resources for packaging films strengthens the food industry. In this context, we aim to create chitosan-based active films by incorporating Terminalia catappa L. leaves extract (TCE) to enhance barrier properties and extend shrimp shelf life under refrigeration. Incorporation of TCE improves mechanical, microstructural, UV, and moisture barrier properties of the chitosan film due to cross-linking interactions, resulting in robust, foldable packaging film. Active TCE film exhibits high antioxidant property due to polyphenols. These films also exhibited low wettability and showed hydrophobicity than neat CH films which is essential for meat packaging. These biodegradable films offer an eco-friendly end-of-life option when buried in soil. TCE-loaded films effectively control spoilage organisms, prevent biochemical spoilage, and maintain shrimp freshness compared to neat CH films during refrigerated condition. The active TCE film retains sensory attributes better than neat chitosan, aligning with consumer preference. The developed edible and active film from waste sources might offer sustainable, alternative packaging material with a lower carbon footprint than petroleum-based sources., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim This study involves synthesizing metal nanoparticles (NPs) via the green synthesis method using Millettia pinnata leaf, Acacia auriculiformis bark, and Citrus sinensis peel and comparatively evaluating their antibacterial activity in vitro through the analysis of cobalt oxide NPs (CoNPs), copper NPs (CuNPs), and selenium NPs (SeNPs). This research contributes to eco-friendly approaches for producing functional nanomaterials with potential applications in medicine and environmental remediation. Materials and methods The metal NPs were synthesized using M. pinnata leaf, A. auriculiformis bark, and C. sinensis peel. These leaf extracts act as self-reducing and stabilizing agents. The antibacterial activity was assessed by the well diffusion method. Cultures of pathogenic bacteria species such as Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Bacillus subtilis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were prepared. NPs were applied to the culture, and zones of inhibition (ZOIs) were measured. The data were statistically analyzed to compare the antibacterial efficacy of the different NPs. Results The successfully synthesized CoNPs, CuNPs, and SeNPs showed distinctive phytochemical properties. CoNPs exhibited the highest ZOI against most bacterial strains, with CuNPs and SeNPs following. CoNPs consistently showed superior performance compared to CuNPs and SeNPs. Conclusion Our study analyzed the bioactivity of metal NPs produced using green synthesis with plant extracts. CoNPs have shown superior antibacterial effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria when compared to CuNPs and SeNPs. This may be due to their larger surface area, smaller size, unique electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties, as well as their improved contact with the bacterial cell wall and membrane., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Ryntathiang et al.)

Background Terminalia bellirica leaf extract   was used as an herbal to get an aqueous extract of Tb-ZnO-TiO 2 (zinc and titanium dioxide) nanoparticles composite, and this was subsequently subjected to an analysis of its antioxidant properties and possible antimicrobial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Employing the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and hydrogen peroxide assay techniques for antioxidant properties. In addition to their biocompatibility, rapid biodegradability, and low toxicity, herbal-based nanoparticles (Tb-ZnO-TiO 2 NPs composite) synthesized by T. bellirica have drawn a lot of interest as promising options for administering drugs and effective antimicrobial applications. Materials and methods The form and dimensions of the dispersion of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and UV-visible for particle characterization. Nanoparticles were analyzed for antimicrobial activity using the well diffusion method. Ascorbic acid and vitamin E were used as two separate controls for antioxidant assay with different concentrations, and also toxicity assay was done by using zebrafish embryos. Results Tb-ZnO-TiO 2  NPs composite were obtained as a powder, the X-beam diffraction (XRD) result revealed a small quantity of impurities and revealed that the structure was spherical in nature. A unique absorption peak for Tb-ZnO-TiO 2 NPs composite may be seen in UV-Vis spectroscopy which is in the region of 260 to 320 nm. The Tb-ZnO-TiO 2  NPs composite antibacterial efficacy was evaluated and showed noted antibacterial activity and free radical scavenging activity with less toxicity. Conclusion The results demonstrated the Tb-ZnO-TiO 2  NPs composite has strong antioxidant qualities and enormous antibacterial activity obtained from T. bellirica extract. Therefore, the Tb-ZnO-TiO 2  NPs composite synthesized nanoparticles can be used in biomedical applications as an effective antioxidant and antibacterial reagent., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Shivalingam et al.)