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This paper analyses the relationship between working from home (WFH) and mental well-being at different stages during the first two critical years of the COVID-19 pandemic, when governments repeatedly imposed lockdowns and enacted WFH mandates to contain the spread of the virus. Using data from a representative survey conducted at four different time periods in 2020 (first lockdown, subsequent gradual reopening), 2021 (further lockdown) and 2022 (restrictions widely lifted) in the 27 EU member states, it examines the changing role of several mediators over time: work-family conflict, family-work conflict, stability, resilience, isolation, the importance of different support networks, workload, physical risk of contracting COVID-19 at work and housing conditions. For the first lockdown, it also differentiates by previous WFH experience, in terms of WFH novices and experienced WFH workers. It likewise differentiates by gender, in order to take the potential gendered nature of COVID-19 measures into account. The results point to several important mediators: for those who work from home, less family-work conflict and isolation, but greater stability, resilience, network support from family and friends, and superior housing conditions were associated with better mental well-being. The relevance of mediators was specific to certain stages of the pandemic. Stability was the most important mediator during the first lockdown. Work-family conflict and family-work conflict were only relevant during the first lockdown, while resilience and isolation mattered especially towards the end of the pandemic. Unlike established WFH workers, WFH novices had an advantage during the first lockdown, benefiting from lower family-work conflict and more helpful networks of family and friends. Our results differ by gender: for females who undertook WFH, important mediators were work-family conflict and family-work conflict. Both were related to adjustments they had to make in work and non-work hours in response to the enforced closure of schools and childcare facilities. For males who undertook WFH, support from networks of family and friends was an important mediator during the first lockdown., Competing Interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Sandra M. Leitner. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a worldwide socio-sanitary crisis, continuing to impact societies worldwide. With many school systems shifted to online education, the current study presents a unique opportunity to investigate relevant phenomena related to serious health issues during the schooling and later in life, cyberbullying and bullying. This study began just before the COVID-19 lockdown was declared and resumed 5 months later allowing to explore 2 main objectives: first, to explore whether cyberbullying increased during the lockdown, and second, to analyze transitions from to time of bullying and cyberbullying., Methods: The participants included 792 students from sixth and seventh years of Primary Education (Mean age  = 10.81, SD = 0.85) in Ecuador. This is a quantitative longitudinal study. Cyberbullying and bullying scales were used for data collection before the lockdown in January and February 2020 (T1), and after 5 months of lockdown, at the end of the same academic year in July 2020 (T2). Descriptive, comparative and predictive analyses, a latent transition analysis was used to identify latent status of cyberbullying and bullying behavior at T1 and T2., Results: The results revealed a significant increase of cyberbullying after 5 months of the lockdown. Interestingly, only a small percentage of students who were uninvolved in cyberbullying and bullying in T1 remained uninvolved in T2., Conclusions: The discussion explores the dynamics of cyberbullying involvement and examines changes in the roles and groups of bullying and cyberbullying after 5 months of lockdown. The political- and school-related implications of these findings are thoroughly discussed., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of School Health published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American School Health Association.)

In the wake of epidemics, quarantine measures are typically recommended by health authorities or governments to help control the spread of the disease. Compared with mandatory quarantine, voluntary quarantine offers individuals the liberty to decide whether to isolate themselves in case of infection exposure, driven by their personal assessment of the trade-off between economic loss and health risks as well as their own sense of social responsibility and concern for public health. To better understand self-motivated health behavior choices under these factors, here we incorporate voluntary quarantine into an endemic disease model - the susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) model - and perform comprehensive agent-based simulations to characterize the resulting behavior-disease interactions in structured populations. We quantify the conditions under which voluntary quarantine will be an effective intervention measure to mitigate disease burden. Furthermore, we demonstrate how individual decision-making factors, including the level of temptation to refrain from quarantine and the degree of social compassion, impact compliance levels of voluntary quarantines and the consequent collective disease mitigation efforts. We find that successful disease control requires either a sufficiently low level of temptation or a sufficiently high degree of social compassion, such that even complete containment of the epidemic is attainable. In addition to well-mixed populations, we have also analyzed other more realistic social networks of contacts, including spatial lattices, small-world networks, and real social networks. Our work offers new insights into the fundamental social dilemma aspect of disease control through non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as voluntary quarantine and isolation, where the collective outcome of individual decision-making is crucial., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have been shown to include anxiety. However, the association between demographic and physiological factors in COVID-19-associated anxiety symptoms is poorly understood. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study was conducted to examine anxiety symptoms and associated factors among patients with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant during the quarantine period in Shanghai., Methods: The study was conducted between April 16, 2022, and May 21, 2022, at Fangcang Shelter Hospital in Shanghai, China. Data were collected using an anonymous online questionnaire. Demographic characteristics, respiratory symptoms, vaccine dose, comorbidities (such as hypertension and diabetes), type of work, and mental health symptoms were evaluated. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between anxiety symptoms and risk factors. Stratified analyses were performed to investigate potential interactions., Results: A total of 2132 patients with confirmed Omicron variant SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. The results demonstrated that female gender (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.11-1.94), nonmanual labor (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.25-2.09), respiratory symptoms (OR = 3.19, 95% CI = 2.30-4.43), and having other comorbidities (OR = 1.65, 95% = 1.09-2.50) were positively associated with anxiety symptoms. A significant interaction was found between gender and (a) nonmanual labor (OR = 1.54, 95% = 1.29-1.85), (b) respiratory symptoms (OR = 2.06, 95% = 1.72- 2.48), and (c) comorbidities (OR = 1.57, 95% = 1.16-2.12), such that the relationship with anxiety symptoms was stronger in women compared to men. There were also significant interactions between age group and (a) nonmanual labor (stronger in those ages >46) and (b) respiratory symptoms (stronger in those ages 36-45) regarding the association with anxiety symptoms., Conclusions: Alleviation of respiratory symptoms, addressing comorbidities, and implementation of both psychological and psychopharmacological treatments may help reduce anxiety symptoms following infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in mainland China., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objectives: Mpox continues to spread in China, and stakeholders' experiences may help inform prevention and control strategies., Study Design: Qualitative study., Methods: A qualitative study across 14 Chinese cities recruited stakeholders from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs), community-based organizations (CBOs), and hospitals involved in curbing mpox. Semi-structured interviews were conducted by telephone and analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method., Results: 15 CBOs workers, 14 CDCs staff, and 13 healthcare workers were recruited. Three theme categories were identified: "Efforts to curb mpox epidemic", including CDCs' epidemic management and health education, hospitals' diagnosis, treatment, and care, CBOs' counseling, publicity, and referrals. "Challenges to curb mpox epidemic", including negative impacts of hospital-based quarantine, lack of specific antiviral drugs, gay identity disclosure concerns, psychological problems, contact tracing difficulties, and inadequate communication and collaboration. "Recommendations for curbing mpox epidemic", including prioritizing supervised home-based quarantine, incorporating HIV-related indicators into hospital quarantine criteria, reducing the cost of hospital quarantine, accelerating the development of vaccines and drugs, enhancing patient privacy protection, psychological training for stakeholders, establishing a task force that comprises personnel who are experienced in contact tracing and strengthening communication and collaboration., Conclusions: Effective control of mpox spread requires strengthening collaboration with CBOs and community healthcare centers (CHCs) and working out a flexible and contextualized mechanism. It also needs to reinforce patient privacy protection and integrate stigma reduction into strategies. Additionally, it is important to include HIV-related indicators in the quarantine evaluation and provide psychological training for stakeholders to help them manage their mental health and improve counseling skills., (Copyright © 2024 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: We aimed to explore conversations about mental health difficulties by Reddit users who posted within college subreddits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants: Data were collected from the subreddits of 22 California campuses, representing 113,579 anonymous members. Using the following search terms, we retrieved 577 posts (ie, 268 original posts and 309 replies): COVID, Coronavirus, Quarantine, Pandemic, Anxiety, Anxious, Depressed, Depression, Overwhelmed, Stress, and Stressed. Methods: We used inductive, thematic data analysis to explore themes within posts and replies dated from 3/16/2020 to 3/16/2021. Results: We identified the following themes: 1) the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted engagement with learning; 2) remote learning has exacerbated students' mental health difficulties; and 3) students provide and receive social support online. Conclusions: These findings have implications that are particularly relevant as campuses are faced with continuous decisions related to repopulation.

Background: Bangladesh suffered a severe COVID-19 wave from June to August 2021, which forced the government to impose emergency nationwide lockdown measures for three months with discontinuities. The sudden lockdown strongly affected the dietary preferences, financial circumstances, and social interactions of citizens., Methods: In this comprehensive study, we collected sociodemographic information as well as data on food purchase and consumption behaviors from 1,350 adults in Bangladesh during the weeks of enforced confinement. The association between the sociodemographic factors (viz., gender, age, education status, income, occupation, and household size) and food purchase and consumption behaviors were determined by conducting bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models reporting as odds ratios., Results: The descriptive result reveals that 49.63% of the participants experienced wage reductions, with many people enduring reductions of up to 75%; 12.22% lost their jobs. Besides, a decline in the frequency of shopping was observed by 35.04%; and 24.52% avoided outdoor shopping during the pandemic period. Additionally, 28.74% of participants purchased less overall, while 19.48% purchased significantly fewer items per trip compared to the pre-pandemic period. The multivariate analysis shows a prominent increase in online grocery shopping (OR: 4.03, 95% CI: 2.38-6.83, p < 0.001) and meal delivery services (OR = 5.19, 95% CI = 3.21-7.17, p < 0.001) among higher educated individuals compared to the individuals having no institutional education. The personnel having formal jobs purchased 2.34 times more from online grocery sites (95% CI = 0.34-4.08, p = 0.003) compared to the unemployed one. In contrast, a notable increase in panic buying and stockpiling was observed, driven by scarcity and escalating prices of essential food items. The frequency of meals with families, active engagement in meal preparation, and the exploration of novel recipes also increased notably., Conclusions: The consumption of takeaway food and inter-meal snacks increased significantly with the education level of individuals. These findings highlighted that a prolonged pandemic could magnify economic vulnerability in Bangladesh., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Lockdowns were implemented to reduce the transmission of the COVID-19 virus. However, it is unclear how severely curtailed physical interaction shapes individual behaviors that are considered vital for socioeconomic development. In this exploratory study, we investigate the behavior of college students who experienced a strict campus-wide lockdown and those who did not. Employing a combination of experimental and survey methodologies, we elicit students' behavioral variables, which are then integrated with administrative records from the university. We find that those exposed to the lockdown were more likely to trust others and be honest; however, their creativity was lower. Exposure to the lockdown was not found to significantly affect students' trustworthiness, risk preferences, or competitiveness. A follow-up study reveals that the lower creativity among students may be attributed to reduced communication frequency with friends during the lockdown, mediating the lockdown's impact. Conversely, the effects of the lockdown on trust and honesty may operate through a direct pathway, independent of changes in daily activities during the lockdown. Further analysis reveals a gender-dependent trend, with lockdowns exerting a more pronounced influence on male students than their female counterparts. These results underscore the consequences of lockdowns and advocate for enhanced support networks, emphasizing the importance of communicating with friends in similar circumstances., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

Loneliness and associated physical and cognitive health decline among the aging population is an important medical concern, exacerbated in times of abnormal isolation like the 2020-2021 Covid-19 pandemic lockdown. In this backdrop, recent "social prescribing" based health policy initiatives such as community groups as a support structure for the aging population assumes great importance. In this paper, we evaluate and quantify the impact of such social prescribing policies in combatting loneliness and related health degeneration of the aging population in times of abnormal isolation. To this end, we conduct a natural experiment across a sample of 618 individuals aged 65 and over with varying access to community groups during the Covid-19 lockdown period. Using a random-effects, probit model to compare the differences in health outcomes of participants with access to community groups (target) with those without access (control), we find that the target group was 2.65 times less likely to suffer from loneliness as compared to the control group, along with lower incidences of reported cardiovascular and cognitive health decline. These initial findings provide preliminary support in favor of the interventional power of social prescription tools in mitigating loneliness and its consequent negative health impact on the aging population., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Locking or confinement of persons with severe mental illness has been common in Indonesia. In 2010, the Ministry of Health declared a policy that persons who were locked (pasung) should be unlocked or freed (bebas) from confinement and provided mental health services. This study is an empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of one Bebas Pasung program in Indonesia at two-year follow-up., Methods: From medical records in Soerojo Mental Hospital, Magelang, Central Java, 114 persons with severe mental illness who had been unlocked, treated, and returned to the community from four districts served by the hospital were identified. At two-year follow-up, 62 caregivers were able to be contacted and willing to participate in a study. Data were collected from hospital records about condition of the patient at time of "unlocking" and at discharge, and primary caregivers were interviewed about the previous locking and care of the patient since return, as well as experiences of caregiving., Results: We provide descriptive data concerning history of illness, reasons for locking, type of confinement, and care of the individual since return. 58% of those unlocked were men, 80% had diagnoses of schizophrenia, and mean age was 35. At follow-up, 24% of this sample had been re-locked; only 44% took medications regularly, including 33% of those re-locked and 47% of those not relocked. A majority cared for themselves, half were partially or fully productive, and the quality of life of family caregivers improved significantly since their family member was unlocked, treated, and returned home., Conclusions: This program successfully unlocked, treated, and returned to their homes persons with severe mental illness living in pasung or restraints. Findings suggest such unlocking programs need to be linked more closely to community-based mental health and rehabilitation services, maintain care of the patient, and provide a path toward recovery., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Tyas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: There is growing evidence that the social blockade brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically affected college students' physical activity; however, their weight management behaviors and mental health have not been fully explored, especially among healthcare students. This study aimed to assess physical activity, weight management behaviors, and mental health among healthcare students during the campus lockdown and to analyze the factors influencing physical activity., Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1,216 healthcare students from March 24, 2022, to April 11, 2022. To collect information about students' physical activity, weight management behaviors, and mental health, they were asked to complete the Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), 11 issues related to weight management behavior, and the World Health Organization 5-Item Well-Being Index (WHO-5) questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was performed to determine the factors influencing physical activity., Results: Almost half of the participants had low levels of physical activity (45%), the mean score for weight management behavior was 39.55±6.26, and 54.6% had low levels of well-being. Healthcare students without exercise habits during the non-epidemic period reported lower levels of physical activity (OR = 1.81; 95%CI = 1.41-2.34, P<0.001). Participants with poor weight management behavior were more likely than other participants to report lower levels of physical activity (OR = 0.92; 95%CI = 0.90-0.94, P < 0.001). Likewise, the odds of being physically inactive were higher among the happier participants (OR = 0.98; 95%CI = 0.96-0.99, P = 0.031)., Conclusions: During the COVID-19 lockdown, most healthcare students in Gansu province lack physical exercise and have a low health level. Significant correlation factors for low physical activity levels were grade level, non-lockout exercise habits, weight management level, and well-being. These findings demonstrate the importance of developing targeted policies and programs encouraging physical activity among medical students., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: The appearance of the COVID-19 virus in December 2019, quickly escalated into a global crisis, prompting the World Health Organization to recommend regional lockdowns. While effective in curbing the virus's spread, these measures have triggered intense debates on social media platforms, exposing widespread public anxiety and skepticism. The spread of fake news further fueled public unrest and negative emotions, potentially undermining the effectiveness of anti-COVID-19 policies. Exploring the narratives surrounding COVID-19 on social media immediately following the lockdown announcements presents an intriguing research avenue. The purpose of this study is to examine social media discourse to identify the topics discussed and, more importantly, to analyze differences in the focus and emotions expressed by the public in two countries (the UK and India). This is done with an analysis of a big corpus of tweets., Methods: The datasets comprised of COVID-19-related tweets in English, published between March 29th and April 11th 2020 from residents in the UK and India. Methods employed in the analysis include identification of latent topics and themes, assessment of the popularity of tweets on topic distributions, examination of the overall sentiment, and investigation of sentiment in specific topics and themes., Results: Safety measures, government responses and cooperative supports are common themes in the UK and India. Personal experiences and cooperations are top discussion for both countries. The impact on specific groups is given the least emphasis in the UK, whereas India places the least focus on discussions related to social media and news reports. Supports, discussion about the UK PM Boris Johnson and appreciation are strong topics among British popular tweets, whereas confirmed cases are discussed most among Indian popular tweets. Unpopular tweets in both countries pay the most attention to issues regarding lockdown. According to overall sentiment, positive attitudes are dominated in the UK whilst the sentiment is more neutral in India. Trust and anticipation are the most prevalent emotions in both countries. In particular, the British population felt positive about community support and volunteering, personal experiences, and government responses, while Indian people felt positive about cooperation, government responses, and coping strategies. Public health situations raise negative sentiment both in the UK and India., Conclusions: The study emphasizes the role of cultural values in crisis communication and public health policy. Individualistic societies prioritize personal freedom, requiring a balance between individual liberty and public health measures. Collectivistic societies focus on community impact, suggesting policies that could utilize community networks for public health compliance. Social media shapes public discourse during pandemics, with popular and unpopular tweets reflecting and reshaping discussions. The presence of fake news may distort topics of high public interest, necessitating authenticity confirmation by official bloggers. Understanding public concerns and popular content on social media can help authorities tailor crisis communication to improve public engagement and health measure compliance., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

A stressful condition such as the emergence of the coronavirus and its related lockdown measures might trigger alterations in college students' behaviors. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the changes in college students' dietary and lifestyle behaviors during the lockdown and the effect of lockdown-related stressors on health-risk behaviors. A web-based survey was conducted among undergraduate college students in Jordan. Weight and height were reported by the students. The students' dietary and lifestyle behaviors and their changes during 1 month of the countrywide lockdown were assessed. The Perceived Stress Scale-4 was utilized to assess stress levels. Results indicated that 77.2% of the students reported weight changes. Notably, 45.9% increased their intake of unhealthy food, while and 38% opted for healthier food choices. Most students experienced alterations in physical activity (80.0%), screen time (86.2%), smoking, and sleep patterns (85.4%), with a higher tendency toward adopting health-risk behaviors. Perceptions of curfew-related stress were associated with distance learning-related stress (OR = 2.73, CI: 1.08-6.90, P = .034), and a greater change in physical activity (OR = 3.59, CI: 1.36-9.48, P = .010). Additionally, weight changes were associated with perception of other types of stressors (OR = 3.39, CI: 1.39-8.28, P = .007). Overall, there was a considerable increase in malnutrition and health-risk behaviors among students during the lockdown. Understanding students' responses to these stressful conditions and the role of stress in driving behavioral changes are crucial for developing interventions that enhance college students' adaptation to such changes and maintaining healthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors in the future., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic affected adolescents' mental health diversely., Methods: Our objective was to examine the one-year change in well-being (WHO-5 well-being index) and self-esteem (Rosenberg self-esteem scale) among secondary school students affected by school lockdown (lockdown group) compared to control students unaffected by the pandemic (pre-pandemic group), utilizing data from a longitudinal survey study conducted in Hungary. We used linear mixed models stratified by sex and adjusted for family structure and family communication., Results: Two hundred twenty seven pre-pandemic (128 girls, 99 boys) and 240 lockdown (118 girls, 122 boys) students were included. Both boys' and girls' well-being declined in the pre-pandemic group but remained stable in the lockdown group. Post-hoc analyses on WHO-5 items revealed that the pre-pandemic and lockdown groups differed significantly on Item 4 (waking up feeling fresh and relaxed). Boys' self-esteem did not change over the observation period in neither groups. As for girls, self-esteem of girls during lockdown increased over the observation period, while it did not change in the pre-pandemic group. Better family communication was consistently associated with higher well-being and self-esteem scores for both sexes., Discussion: Our results suggested that students may have benefitted from altered academic circumstances due to lockdown (e.g., more sleep) and students struggling with waking up early benefitted the most from lockdown (as shown in our post hoc analysis). Additionally, our results also indicate that families should be involved in mental health promotion interventions, especially in time of adversities. This study underscores the multifaceted effects of pandemic-related factors on adolescent mental health and highlights the need to also investigate the unexpected benefits of pandemic-related restrictions to incorporate this knowledge in health promotion programs targeting the well-being of students., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Major, Falus, Árva, Eorsi, Terebessy, Tabak and Fazekas-Pongor.)

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had a considerable impact on both the physical and mental health of people. Resilience is a psychological characteristic reflecting the ability to overcome or adapt to difficulties such as adversity, trauma, or extremely stressful situations. People with high resilience have been shown to exhibit lower levels of anxiety, stress and depression when faced with a stressful event. Sleep is particularly sensitive to anxiety and stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sleep quantity, quality, and habits, while considering resilience as a factor. A total of 1260 individuals were recruited through an online survey. The variables that were assessed were socio-demographic, sleep habits and sleep disorders history, the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), the 25-item version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and any work/financial consequences during the first COVID-19 lockdown. The results showed that sleep habits during the lockdown changed for many of the participants. Their sleep schedule moving towards earlier or later for 9% and 67% of them, respectively; 38% of the participants were found to suffer from insomnia, based on the AIS score. A higher score on the CD-RISC was associated with better sleep. In conclusion, our study confirmed previous studies identifying quantitative and qualitative changes in sleep during the COVID-19 lockdown. It also expanded on the previous findings by identifying the correlation between sleep and resilience during the stressful period of the COVID-19 lockdown.

Background: The global COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted critical concerns surrounding mental health. Social isolation measures, such as the quarantine of incoming travelers, are essential public health strategies for the prevention and control of infectious diseases. However, quarantine can lead to adverse psychological outcomes, including feelings of confinement, boredom, perceived scarcity of supplies and information, financial hardship, and social stigma. This study aims to assess the mental states of quarantined individuals, investigate the factors affecting their mental well-being, and examine their coping mechanisms, with the objective of providing recommendations to enhance mental health in anticipation of future outbreaks, such as Disease X., Methods: We surveyed 327 individuals in quarantine from September 22, 2020 to January 9, 2021, collecting general demographic data and information related to COVID-19. Depression and anxiety were assessed using the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales, respectively, while stress coping was evaluated with a simplified version of the Cope scale. We analyzed the relationships between independent variables and mental health outcomes., Results: Among the individuals undergoing entry quarantine, 27.8% reported symptoms of depression, and 20.5% reported symptoms of anxiety. Students were more likely to experience depression compared to those with permanent jobs or no occupation. Significant risk factors for both depression and anxiety included pre-existing health conditions, lack of medical insurance, concerns about shortages of daily necessities during quarantine, and high scores for "guilt and self-blame." Additionally, participants who worried about the impact of the epidemic on their studies or work, and those with high scores for "denial," were more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms. On the other hand, participants who were concerned about potential rejection or discrimination from the outside world after quarantine were more prone to anxiety symptoms., Conclusion: Attention should be paid to the negative psychological reactions of the entry quarantined personnel, especially those with pre-existing health conditions, those without medical insurance, and students studying abroad. Accurate and effective epidemic dynamic information and preventive and control measures can be provided to the public to prevent fear and stigma against quarantined personnel., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Chen, Chu, Xu, Zhou, Hu, Wang, Jin and Lv.)

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges globally, with a notable surge in gender-based violence (GBV) incidents. This descriptive, exploratory study conducted in the Golden Valley mining community in Kadoma, Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe, delves into the challenges faced by GBV survivors during and after the pandemic, alongside community perceptions of GBV in the post-COVID-19 era. Guided by Bronfenbrenner's Social-Ecological Model which offers insights into the various levels of influence on GBV behavior and experiences,aiding in the development of contextually relevant prevention strategies. The study used qualitative methods such as interviews and focus group discussions, there were 24 study participant classified by random and convenient sampling techniques including traditional and community leaders, gbv surviours medical personnel and male and female, community members. The research followed the COREQ guidelines to transparently document the research process and findings. The research sheds light on the multifaceted nature of GBV exacerbated by societal norms and economic instability in a low-income, masculine-dominated work culture experience in the COVID-19 period. Findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive prevention programs, effective legislation, and community engagement to address GBV in post-pandemic communities. The research provides valuable lessons for enhancing GBV prevention efforts globally, emphasizing the significance of survivor voices and addressing root causes of GBV., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The COVID-19 lockdown affected children, especially those with autism spectrum disorder, due to the disruption in rehabilitation and educational activities. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 315 preschool-aged children, 35 of which had autism, to investigate this impact. A questionnaire was administered to explore socio-demographic status, familiar/home environment, and COVID-19 exposure. The clinical features of autistic subjects were also examined. Seven variables were considered to describe the effect of pandemic: Remote learning, Behavior changes, Home activities, Sleep habits, Night awakenings, Physical activity, Information about the virus. The lockdown had a significant impact on Remote learning, Behavior changes, and Information about the virus in participants with autism. Moreover, we found a worsening in repetitive movements, echolalia, restricted interests, and aggressive behaviors., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The emergence of the novel COVID-19 disease and the social distancing measures implemented to curb its spread affected most aspects of daily life. Past work suggests that during times of more severe stress, people respond to daily stressors with relatively higher negative affect. However, little is known about how people responded to daily stressors and positive events at different moments in time during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, we examined longitudinal changes in daily event-related affect (covariation of daily stressors or positive events with same-day affect) from Spring 2020 (wave 1) to 2022 (wave 2). The sample consisted of 324 adults aged 18-80 (mean = 52 years; 89% women) from the US and Canada who completed weeklong daily diaries at both waves. The results revealed improvements in affective well-being, stressor-related affect (i.e., smaller fluctuations in affect on stressor days vs. nonstressor days), and positive event-related affect (i.e., lower negative affect on days with vs. without positive events). Furthermore, as people gradually resumed their social activities from 2020 to 2022, people reported being exposed to an increased frequency of both stressors and positive events. This study highlights the potential influence of socio-historical phenomena, such as an ongoing pandemic, on the events that people encounter and how they emotionally respond to them., (© 2024 The Author(s). Stress and Health published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background : Groups at high risk of severe illness/death from COVID-19 (older people and those identified as clinically extremely vulnerable: CEV) experienced increased restrictions, poor mental health and loneliness during the first UK lockdown. Methods : Seventeen older adults, eight CEV adults, one parent of a CEV child, and two family carers of CEV adults, shared their experiences of the first UK lockdown through various media: written reflections, interviews, poetry, videos, photographs, and visual artwork. Results : Through a positive psychology lens, five themes were identified: experiencing loss; community and connection; finding joy, hope and optimism; adapting to change; and sense- and meaning-making. Conclusion : High-risk groups fostered wellbeing and flourishing and formed a sense of coherence in a time of great loss. Engagement with artistic, creative, and cultural activities facilitated this. The arts not only provided a creative means of collecting data but was also identified as a central thread in the findings.

To understand whether the mental health of children and young people (CYP) with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were differentially affected by COVID-19. We analysed data (n = 6507) from the Co-Space study, a UK web-based longitudinal survey. CYP with ADHD (n = 160;2.5%), ASD (n = 465;7%), and ADHD + ASD (n = 155;2.4%) were compared with a reference group (n = 5727;88%) using parent-completed questionnaires [Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) & Pandemic Anxiety Scale (PAS)]. Baseline to 1-month follow-up differences were compared using linear regression models. CYP with ADHD and/or ASD had higher scores at baseline than other CYP. At follow-up, CYP with ASD showed small but significant improvements in symptoms (SDQ), compared with the reference group. CYP with ASD experienced a worsening of disease anxiety (PAS) and CYP with ADHD a deterioration in functional impairment. These findings indicate a mixed pattern of pandemic-related impact for CYP with ADHD and/or ASD., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Objective: We aimed to estimate prevalence and incidence of stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms in Brazilians during the COVID-19 pandemic., Method: We assessed 103 (54 women, 49 men) participants online in three periods of the pandemic: March 2020 (T1), April 2020 (T2), and June 2020 (T3). Estimates of prevalence and incidence were identified when mental health scores were two standard deviations above the mean compared to normative data. Mental health indicators were measured using the Perceived Stress Scale, the Filgueiras Depression Index, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - State Subscale., Results: At T1, 89% of individuals were below cut-off scores for stress, anxiety, and depression, which dropped to 35% by T3. Estimated stress prevalence was 1.9% at T1, 7.8% at T2, and 28.2% at T3. Estimated depression prevalence was 0% at T1, 23.3% at T2, and 25.2% at T3. Estimated state anxiety prevalence was 10.7% at T1, 11.7% at T2, and 45.6% at T3. Stress incidence increased by 7.8% from T1 to T2, and 23.3% from T2 to T3. Depression incidence increased by 23.3% from T1 to T2, and 15.5% from T2 to T3. Anxiety incidence increased by 9.7% from T1 to T2, and 39.8% from T2 to T3. Stress severity scores significantly increased from 16.1 ± 8.7 at T1 to 23.5 ± 8.4 at T2, and 30.3 ± 6.0 at T3. Depression severity scores significantly increased from 48.5 ± 20.5 at T1 to 64.7 ± 30.2 at T2, and 75.9 ± 26.1 at T3. Anxiety increased from 49.0 ± 13.4 at T1 to 53.5 ± 12.5 at T2 and 62.3 ± 13.4 at T3. Females had significantly higher anxiety scores than males by T3 (66.7 ± 11.8 vs. 57.4 ± 13.5)., Conclusion: Prevalence and incidence of stress, depression, and anxiety significantly increased throughout the pandemic. The largest increase in stress and anxiety occurred between T2 and T3, and between T1 and T2 for depression. Severity of stress, depression, and anxiety increased throughout the study., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Introduction: Loneliness is a pressing public mental health issue. So far, there has been a paucity of investigations focused on the individual differences modulating this subjective feeling in the face of difficult circumstances, e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic. As such, the present study aimed to investigate the role of mentalization; given that the construct comprises reflection abilities that might be particularly relevant to the pandemic's interpersonal challenges., Methods: A survey representative of the German population was conducted from May to June 2020 (N = 2503). We examined mentalization, operationalized as reflective functioning (RF) and measured using the Mentalization Questionnaire (MZQ), both as a protective factor against loneliness on its own and as a moderator of the association of social isolation with loneliness., Results: Of the overall sample, 822 (32.8 %) individuals reported social isolation. Worse RF was moderately associated with higher levels of loneliness (r = 0.433, p < .001). A linear regression model (controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and general personality pathology) confirmed this positive association, but also indicated an interaction effect of RF and social isolation in the statistical prediction of loneliness. Stratified models showed that RF was a comparatively weaker statistical predictor of loneliness among the socially isolated., Discussion: This representative population study expanded our knowledge about the factors shaping loneliness in the population. RF emerged as a potentially modifiable protective influence. Further research needs to clarify the mechanisms through which it mitigates loneliness., Limitations: The cross-sectional design does not give insight into the temporal association of RF and loneliness., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The COVID-19 pandemic has critical implications for mental health in children. This study examined how the COVID-19 lockdown affected sleep duration and anxiety symptoms in Chinese school-aged children and the bidirectional association between sleep and anxiety before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. A school-based longitudinal cohort study was conducted to examine the relationship between sleep duration and anxiety scores before and after the COVID-19 lockdown from January to May 2020. Generalized estimating equations model was used to identify variables that contributed to the changes in sleep duration. The bidirectional relationship between sleep duration and anxiety symptoms was explored by cross-lagged analysis. 7681 children completed two waves of surveys were included in the analysis. The daily exercise duration, anxiety symptoms, and sleep duration decreased significantly during the lockdown compared with that before the lockdown. Based on generalized estimating equations model, older age, secondary school, and higher anxiety scores of participants were positively associated with sleep duration, while female and no COVID-19 infection history were negatively associated with it. Cross-lagged analysis showed higher anxiety score of children before the lockdown was significantly associated with shorter sleep duration during the lockdown; and shorter sleep duration of children before the lockdown was also significantly associated with a higher anxiety score during the lockdown. Under the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, there were longitudinal, bidirectional associations between children's anxiety symptoms and sleep duration. For school students, mental health services and sleep education should be considered in the daily health education curriculum., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Aim: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on sleep patterns and quality among nursing students in our college., Design: A cross-sectional study was carried out., Methods: A total of 302 nursing students aged 18-25 years, representing both genders and various academic levels, participated in this study. A pre-validated, self-administered questionnaire was used to assess sleep quality during COVID-19 and it was distributed through various social media platforms for data collection., Results: Female students comprised the majority (92.1%) of participants. Of 332 nursing students, 302 completed the questionnaire, yielding a 91% response rate. Statistically significant differences were observed before and during the COVID-19 lockdown regarding the need to sleep after waking, feeling refreshed upon waking, satisfaction with individual sleep patterns and experiencing restless and troubled sleep (p = 0.001). Additionally, approximately one-third of nursing students (32.9%) reported poor sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic, with minimal impact on the total sleep hours among the studied cohorts., Public Contribution: The COVID-19 pandemic has statistically significant impacted nursing students' sleep quality and levels. Acknowledging these challenges and planning for providing supporting measurements is essential to ensuring that nursing students can maintain their physical and mental health, which is critical for their ability to provide quality healthcare., (© 2024 The Author(s). Nursing Open published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: The current study aimed to explore changes in health-related behaviors and social practices in Hispanic cancer patients during a government-mandated lockdown and their relationship to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics., Methods: Secondary analyses were conducted on data gathered by a longitudinal cohort study to describe the unmet needs of Hispanic cancer patients living in Puerto Rico exposed to Hurricane Maria in 2017, earthquakes in 2020, and COVID-19. However, our study solely focuses on the data from the COVID-19 pandemic period., Results: Most participants were women (n = 72) with breast cancer (81.2%). Participants exhibited changes in religious practices (60%), physical activity (58.4%), and sedentary behavior (50%); 31.4% experienced changes in eating habits and sleeping patterns. Responses to the study questionnaire involved staying connected with family (85.5%) through phone calls (78.2%); 69.9% of the participants reported observing shifts in the family dynamics. A strong majority endorsed the government-imposed isolation measures (95.6%). Patients not undergoing treatment were likelier (r = -0.324; P = .010) to support the measures. Finally, younger patients experienced more work-related changes (r = -0.288; P = .017) and were less inclined (r = -0.293; P = .011) to find the isolation measures appropriate., Conclusion: This paper describes the lockdown related changes in health and social behaviors sustained by cancer patients, changes which could potentially impact their overall health and health-related quality of life. Our results fill an existing gap in our findings and contribute to understanding the experiences of cancer patients (in particular, Hispanic patients) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objectives: COVID-19 infection is not limited to medical aspects, but may have significant negative impacts on education, tourism, the economy as well as sociocultural, ethical, and legal aspects. We aimed to assess the multidimensional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatricians by examining their COVID-19 infection, domestic life and quarantine, as well as work patterns, educational activities, and psychosocial impact., Methods: An online survey consisted of seven sections and 68 questions was prepared through 'Google Forms.' The survey was sent via e-mail to physicians who are members of the National Pediatric Association of Turkey., Results: The pandemic has affected pediatricians working in our country in a multifaceted aspect. They experienced significant anxiety/depression/stress, 8% of them felt it at a pathological level and were receiving treatment, and women and young pediatricians were more vulnerable to the pandemic. The more adequately informed about the disease, the more prepared for COVID-19 and lower levels of psychological distress, which emphasizes the importance of education and institutional continuing support. Our study showed that academic education was seriously disrupted and the satisfaction rate with virtual education was low., Conclusion: Although COVID-19 has less impact today, it has taught us that it is necessary to be ready for new pandemics in the future. The required measures should be taken urgently and effectively healthcare professionals should follow a rational and applicable disaster plan.

This study sought to examine gender differences in emotional reactions and compliance with Ministry of Health (MOH) guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel, with the goal of gaining a deeper understanding of these gender-related variations throughout the lockdown periods. A longitudinal study comprising 2509 participants was conducted during two of Israel's lockdowns: 1424 participants completed a questionnaire during the first lockdown (23 April-5 May 2020); of these, 1085 completed a follow-up questionnaire during the second lockdown (September 30-October 10, 2020). Participants exhibited higher levels of compliance with MOH guidelines (e.g., wearing face masks, maintaining social distancing) and knowledge about COVID-19 during the second lockdown, whereas they exhibited more negative emotional reactions during the first lockdown. Female participants scored higher than male participants on all measures. Multiple regression results showed that about 21% of the variance in compliance with MOH guidelines was explained by lockdown type (i.e., first or second), gender, and age, while knowledge and negative emotional reactions added another 19% to the explained variance. The results suggest that the impact of the pandemic on emotional reactions decreased over time, with people exhibiting greater compliance with MOH guidelines and more knowledge about COVID-19. Moreover, the behavioral and psychological impact of the pandemic was greater on women than on men. The results suggest that healthcare professionals should pay more attention to mental health issues during a pandemic. Moreover, policymakers should focus on women as a vulnerable group and suggest appropriate solutions to reduce their emotional distress. Furthermore, governments and employers should provide greater flexibility and support for single mothers during the pandemic. In addition, gender inequality during lockdowns may place women at greater risk of psychological distress., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Objectives: Lack of physical activity has a critical effect on the physical and mental health of adolescents. This study examined the influence of family adversities on the longitudinal changes in physical inactivity among adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic., Methods: The study used multi-wave data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, including 2590 Korean adolescents aged 12-14 years. The longitudinal trajectory of physical inactivity among adolescents and the effects of related factors were estimated using a latent growth modeling method., Results: Our results revealed a significant increase in physical inactivity among adolescents over time. At the onset of the pandemic, approximately one-seventh of Korean middle schoolers reported a lack of physical activity. However, 3 years later, during the quarantine, nearly one-fifth of these adolescents reported a significant increase in their physical inactivity. Initially, low level parental education was predictive of adolescents' physical inactivity, but this effect diminished over time, becoming statistically insignificant by the end of the 3-year period. Moreover, the increase in physical inactivity over the 3 years was significantly influenced by parental rejection., Conclusions: These findings suggest that adolescents who experience parental rejection are more likely to report an increase in sedentary behaviors in contexts such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: As a result of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related lockdown restrictions, people with musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders could be at increased risk of physical and psychological disabilities. This review aimed to summarise the impact of COVID-19 related lockdown restrictions on people with MSK disorders., Methods: Six electronic databases were searched for studies in the English language published until June 10, 2024. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research. Two reviewers independently abstracted data from the included studies. Data were summarised using narrative synthesis, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment., Results: The search strategy identified 637 articles, 129 of which were removed as duplicates. Fifteen studies that met the inclusion criteria were analysed. The sample size the studies reviewed ranged from 40 to 1800. Having MSK disorders during COVID-19 related lockdown restrictions led to increased risk of pain, stress, depression, anxiety, MSK related injuries, decreased quality of life and increased use of emergency department., Conclusions: This is the first study to report that COVID-19 related lockdown restrictions led to increased risk of pain, MSK injuries and healthcare resource utilisation as well as decreased quality of life among patients with MSK disorders. These results may help inform policy and management strategies in future for people with MSK disorders to mitigate the negative impact of pandemic., (© 2024 The Author(s). Musculoskeletal Care published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on the mental health of individuals with serious mental illness, with restricting social gatherings and limiting access to essential community and psychosocial support services. For programs like clubhouses, adapting typically in-person programming to online settings led to the creation of virtual clubhouse programming that persists at many sites even after reopening. Although it has been documented how clubhouses adapted their programming online, it has not been investigated at the individual level how those programs were utilized over time, by different member cohorts, and how they persist in comparison to one another., Method: The present article presents descriptive and inferential statistics, analysis of variance, and secondary trend analysis of the Fountain House clubhouse in-person and virtual engagements of three member cohorts who enrolled in either three time periods before pandemic restrictions (the prior cohort), during pandemic restrictions (the pandemic cohort), and after lockdown restrictions (the reopening cohort)., Result: Initial findings show that the prior cohort sustained their overall rate of engagement across time periods. The pandemic cohort had a significantly higher rate of engagement than the prior cohort within the during period but demonstrated a significant decrease in engagement rate between the during and after period. Prior and pandemic cohorts had statistically similar virtual and in-person engagement ratios in the after period, but the reopen cohort differed significantly with a predominant ratio of in-person engagements., Conclusions and Implications for Practice: Member engagement trends within in-person and virtual offerings across the three different pandemic related time periods indicate important considerations for the sustainability and innovation of clubhouse virtual programming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objectives: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a long-term debilitating illness characterised by profound and persistent fatigue (JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 313, 2015, 1101). The current study aims to explore the experiences of women with ME/CFS living with their partners during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom., Design: The study adopted a qualitative design comprising semi-structured interviews with participants. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis (TA)., Methods: Participants were women with ME/CFS (n = 21) recruited through ME/CFS support groups in the United Kingdom. All participants were in romantic relationships and lived with their partners., Results: Data were organised into three themes: (1) lockdown disrupting routine, (2) reducing difference and (3) fear of getting COVID-19. People with ME/CFS found that lockdown disrupted their well-established routines. Although routines were disrupted by partners and increased working-from-home practices, participants found having partners at home helpful. People with ME/CFS believed that the changes induced by the pandemic reduced the differences between themselves and the outside world which, prior to lockdown, had felt prominent. They were fearful of getting COVID-19 as they believed this would make their ME/CFS worse. This meant that for people with ME/CFS, the lifting of the lockdown restrictions was an anxiety-provoking time, hence impacting symptoms. People with ME/CFS continued to adhere to government guidelines after national restrictions were eased., Conclusions: This study outlines the experiences of women with ME/CFS during COVID-19, alongside the long-term impact this has had due to the changes that the pandemic imposed. These findings may have implications for those with long COVID., (© 2024 The Authors. British Journal of Health Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Psychological Society.)

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate (1) definitions of self-isolation used during the COVID-19 pandemic; (2) measures used to quantify adherence and their reliability, validity, and acceptability; (3) rates of self-isolation adherence; and (4) factors associated with adherence., Study Design: This was a systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines (PROSPERO record CRD42022377820)., Methods: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, PsyArXiv, medRxiv, and grey literature sources were searched (1 January 2020 to 13 December 2022) using terms related to COVID-19, isolation, and adherence. Studies were included if they contained original, quantitative data of self-isolation adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic. We extracted definitions of self-isolation, measures used to quantify adherence, adherence rates, and factors associated with adherence., Results: We included 45 studies. Self-isolation was inconsistently defined. Four studies did not use self-report measures. Of 41 studies using self-report, one reported reliability; another gave indirect evidence for the lack of validity of the measure. Rates of adherence to self-isolation for studies with only some concerns of bias were 51%-86% for COVID-19 cases, 78%-94% for contacts, and 16% for people with COVID-19-like symptoms. There was little evidence that self-isolation adherence was associated with sociodemographic or psychological factors., Conclusions: There was no consensus in defining, operationalising, or measuring self-isolation, resulting in significant risk of bias in included studies. Future definitions of self-isolation should state behaviours to be enacted and duration. People recommended to self-isolate should be given support. Public health campaigns should aim to increase perceived effectiveness of self-isolation and promote accurate information about susceptibility to infection., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study was designed to assess stress levels and related factors during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic among individuals in centralized quarantine camps in Wenzhou, China., Methods: The survey was conducted using a questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions on sociodemographic characteristics, life events related to the COVID-19 and stressful situations, as well as Perceived Stress Scale-14. Participants included close contacts of patients with COVID-19 or at-risk individuals in quarantine camps. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze different factors affecting perceived stress., Results: The prevalence of high stress among quarantine camp participants was 37.45%. Of the 881 respondents, 51.99% were concerned about the difficulty of controlling the epidemic, 46.20% were concerned about the health of themselves and their family members and 39.61% were concerned about not being able to leave their homes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the prevalence of stress among different groups for certain variables, including occupation, education level and knowledge of COVID-19 (all P < 0.05). Our study found that at-risk individuals and close contacts experienced high levels of stress in quarantine camps during the COVID-19 pandemic., Conclusions: These findings suggest that centralized quarantine policies should be adapted and optimized to minimize negative psychological effects on quarantined individuals., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

During the pandemic, there were a lot of lockdowns that brought changes to the population's daily routine, reducing social interactions, changing work and study methods, isolating the family at their home, which brought changes to family dynamics. These changes sparked the interest of nursing students in carrying out a research study. Starting from the question: What is the role of the dog in the family dynamics in times of pandemic? and the objective: identify the guardians' perceptions about the role of the dog in the family dynamics in a period of confinement, a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study was carried out, collecting data through a focus group with six guardians from different families. Bardin's protocol was used to analyze and process the data. Three categories emerged in this study, highlighting the benefits in terms of mental health, physical and psychological well-being of the family with the presence of the dog, its importance in strengthening family ties and the lessons learned from adopting the dogs. We conclude that, in nursing, it is necessary to highlight the presence of the dog in the family since it brings benefits to its dynamics.

Background: During the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020, the General Council of Psychology in Spain, together with the regional Official Colleges of Psychology, launched the Psychological Care Telephone Program (PCTP) to provide mental health services to the population., Method: The aim of the present study was to perform a descriptive analysis of the PCTP by analysing the data collected during the lockdown and at the 12-month follow-up, and to develop a brief protocol designed to standardise data collection procedures., Results: A total of 10,119 inbound telephone calls were made to the PCTP from March to May 2020, and 337 follow-up calls at 12 months. The most common reasons for contacting the PCTP were to consult for symptoms of anxiety (66.8%), depression (30.5%), and/or family problems (13.9%). At the 12-month follow-up, many users experienced anxiety (38%), depressive (35%), and panic (34%) symptoms. More than half of users reported using psychopharmacological medicines., Conclusions: This study demonstrates the need to offer the population telephone-based mental health consultations during times of crisis. It also shows the importance of systematising intervention and data collection procedures for future crises. We propose a data collection protocol for use with emergency telephone psychological assistance programmes.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the extensive lockdown measures implemented for disease mitigation triggered a surge in round-the-clock social media use, giving rise to widespread concerns regarding its impact on sleep health. This meta-analysis examined the association between social media use and sleep disturbance during the pandemic, along with potential moderators. The dataset included 43 independent samples comprising 68,247 residents of 21 countries across 7 world regions. The three-level mixed-effects meta-analysis revealed a weak, positive overall effect size ( r = 0.1296, 95% confidence interval: 0.0764-0.1828, k = 90). The magnitude of the effect size varied by the type of social media use: compulsive use exhibited a moderately strong effect size, whereas information-focused use showed marginal significance. The effect size was more pronounced in countries imposing stricter (vs. less strict) lockdown measures. Lockdown status also moderated this association, with a marginally significant effect size observed during lockdowns but a significant effect size after lockdowns. For demographics, samples involving emerging adults demonstrated moderately strong effect sizes, whereas those involving the general population had modest effect sizes. Notably, the interaction between the type of social media use and lockdown status was significant. Specifically, the positive association with information-focused use was significant only during lockdowns, whereas that with general use was significant after, but not during, lockdowns. However, compulsive use showed a moderately strong effect size both during and after lockdowns. These findings underscored the importance of considering multiple factors-such as the type of social media use, context, and demographics-when studying social media use and sleep health.

This study sought to understand the effects of COVID-19, including movement-related restrictions such as shelter-in-place, quarantine, and isolation orders, on intimate partner violence (IPV) from the perspective of health care providers (HCPs) working at a public hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. From November 2020 to May 2021, we conducted 12 interviews. Three themes emerged: (1) HCPs perceived that COVID-19 movement-related restrictions likely exacerbated IPV; (2) HCPs encountered many practice-oriented and community barriers in IPV care provision during COVID-19; and (3) HCPs suggested process and partnership improvements for IPV response. These findings can inform future pandemic preparedness including improved communication, improved IPV screening and follow-up, and strengthened hospital-community partnerships., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

This case study evaluated the effects of a health package (HP) of a light intensity individualised exercise program and advice on anxiety management and nutrition, on the physical and mental health of people with or without COVID-19, who were quarantined in hotels used as Special Health Accommodation and admitted to the Royal Prince Alfred Virtual Hospital, Sydney during the COVID-19 pandemic. After initial screening and consenting, participants completed three surveys: Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale; Brief Fatigue Inventory; and the European Quality of Life 5-Dimensions 5-Levels, and were provided with the HP for the duration of their quarantine. The three surveys and a participant reported experience measure were completed prior to discharge. The HP for people in quarantine demonstrated stability of health outcomes and reduction in fatigue. Most participants reported that the HP helped them cope with isolation. Provision of a HP during quarantine could be useful to support physical and mental health.

Previous studies indicate that COVID-19 confinement has led to an increase in psychological distress and a decrease in overall well-being. This longitudinal study aims to investigate how stress mindset and personality traits moderate the impact of life stress on the development of emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic confinement. Our study collected daily life stress and emotions data from 134 participants over 14 consecutive days using the diary method. We used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to analyze the data, examining within-person and between-person effects. Life stress predicted moderate increases in positive emotions and strong increases in negative emotions over time. A stress-is-enhancing stress mindset was associated with greater positive emotions at baseline and mitigated the link between life stress and negative emotions. Among the Big Five personality traits, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were associated with higher baseline levels of positive emotions. Agreeableness and conscientiousness mitigated the link between life stress and negative emotions. Neuroticism was associated with higher baseline levels of negative emotions and moderately mitigated the link between life stress and positive emotions. The interaction between neuroticism and stress-is-enhancing mindset predicted greater negative emotions and mitigated the link between life stress and positive emotions. In contrast, the interaction between stress-is-enhancing mindset and the other four personality traits mitigated the positive link between life stress and negative emotions. Overall, these findings suggest that life stress from confinement leads to a decrease in daily emotional well-being as the confinement prolongs. Personality traits-agreeableness, conscientiousness, and a stress-is-enhancing stress mindset-act as protective roles in mitigating life stress' effect on reduced emotional well-being over time. The findings advance our knowledge in understanding the roles of personality traits and stress-is-enhancing mindset in explaining the heterogeneity in the impact of life stress on emotional well-being., (© 2024 International Association of Applied Psychology.)

Introduction : College students experience high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress during the academic year as they juggle the competing demands of young adulthood and their studies. The COVID-19 pandemic heightened this experience. Healthful diets and sleep patterns are associated with improved physical and mental well-being. Purpose : The goal of this study was to identify if there was a relationship between changes in sleep and diet during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods : A group of college students was surveyed online using Qualtrics software during the first two months of lockdown restrictions at a large, midwestern university in the United States. Results : More participants reported no changes in diet and increased hours of sleep than reported declines or improvements in diet, or reductions or retained sleep patterns. Participants who maintained their diet were likely to maintain their current sleep pattern. Conclusion : College students demonstrated resilience in healthful behaviors during the first two months of COVID-19 lockdown.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted adolescent mental health worldwide. The current study aims to assess the feelings of French adolescents and the factors related to anxiety among these adolescents during the first lockdown due to COVID-19. A sample of 284 French adolescents from the Grand Est region aged 12-18 years completed an online survey evaluating their pandemic-related anxiety symptoms, behaviors, and feelings regarding the contingent strategies of lockdown that were taken and their living and learning conditions, family relationships, and social support. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-6) was used to assess anxiety. Data on parents' mental health status were also collected. A word cloud was generated to visualize respondents' feelings according to word use frequency. Cross-sectional analysis with linear regression was performed to identify the factors associated with a higher level of anxiety in adolescents. Higher anxiety scale scores were observed among females than among males (β = 1.2; P = 0.0005), among adolescents experiencing conflicts at home (β = 0.9; P = 0.03) and difficulties in isolation (β = 1.1; P = 0.02) than among those who did not report any difficulty, and among those working less than 2 h a day (β = 1.1; P = 0.003) than among those working more. Anxiety scale scores were lower in adolescents with higher family social support (β = -0.66; P < 0.001) and those with parents with no anxiety (β = -2.28; P < 0.001), lower anxiety (β = -1.38; P = 0.018), and higher mental health-related quality of life (β = -0.04; P = 0.03). These findings suggest a need to support interventions targeting parents' anxiety, develop strategies to increase family support, and establish consistent work schedules for children., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked or amplified many mental health problems. The aim of this study was to compile evidence from existing systematic reviews to provide an overall assessment of the impact of social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic on people affected by eating disorders (EDs). PubMed and Scopus were searched up to August 16, 2023. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were selected using the PRISMA 2020 statement. The quality assessment of the included studies was conducted using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses. Eleven studies were included in this umbrella review. Six main categories emerged from the studies described in the review: dietary changes and psychopathological effects showed an overall worsening of symptomatology; in studies concerning the impact of isolation and restrictive measures, it was found that social distancing was associated with feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and depression; limited access to direct care was found and therapeutic changes were made; the influence of mass media negatively impacted people with ED; several studies reported positive findings regarding symptomatology; finally, studies regarding 'impact on vulnerable populations showed that vulnerable people are more at risk of reporting body image distortion and eating disorders. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted most of the population with ED leading to a worsening of specific symptomatology. In addition, this worsening of the condition may be caused by limited access to care and treatment, changes in routine, or to the negative influence of the media., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The present study examines the effects of the COVID-19 confinement on health-related behaviors (physical activity, sedentary behaviors) of young French children., Methods: Parents of 348 French children under 6 years of age completed an online survey launched during the first days of the initial COVID-19-related confinement. They were asked to indicate whether their kids increased, decreased or maintained their physical activity level, time spent in sedentary behaviors, and sleep time. Information regarding the configuration of their home environment (access to outdoor facilities, implantation area) and lifestyle habits (solitary activity, parents' solicitation; nap time; night waking episodes and night duration) were also collected., Results: A total of 25.0% of the children were reported to decrease, 24.7% maintained and 50.3% increase their physical activity during the confinement. Greater proportions of kids who had access to a collective (51.4%) or individual (53.7%) outdoor area increased their physical activity. Regardless of the housing situation (urban, suburban or rural) or access to outdoor facilities, the majority of children increased their screen time (60.4%). Two-thirds (66.7%) of parents reported nap time remained unchanged for their kids. Fifty-one percent of parents admitted a link between teleworking and their kids' screen time., Conclusions: Health behaviors were differentially impacted in very young kids during a confinement period. Importantly, a majority of parents admitted a causal effect of telecommuting on their kids' screen exposure. The present results also show that the proneness to increase physical activity during confinement is positively related to access to a favorable outdoor environment.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an inestimable impact worldwide, challenging the daily lives and interactions of children and their families. In 2022, Shanghai implemented a three-month lockdown in response to an acceleration of positive cases during the pandemic period. This restrictive policy provided insight into the impact of the lockdown on children's social adjustment and the role of parent-child conflict during this process. Mothers of preschool-aged children participated in this study and completed the Chinese version of Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method, two matched groups were formed: pre-lockdown group and post-lockdown group, with a total of 574 preschoolers (N = 297 in each group; M age  = 4.36, SD = 0.86) were recruited. The results showed that the lockdown directly impacted children's emotional symptoms. Additionally, the parent-child conflict mediated relationship between the lockdown and children's adjustment. Specifically, parent-child conflict deteriorated children's emotional symptoms, hyperactivity-attention problems, and prosocial behaviors. These findings highlight the significant impact of the severe lockdown on children's social adjustment and the role of parent-child interactions during this period., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: To explore the food insecurity experienced by the Roma population of the Valencian Community (Spain) and the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown., Method: Quantitative, cross-sectional exploratory study using a questionnaire that collected information on socioeconomic status and situations of food insecurity experienced before and during lockdown, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. The questionnaire was applied by health workers from the Roma community with people over 18 years of age. A descriptive analysis was carried out stratifying by sex, calculating Chi-square test to identify differences in the variables of the experiences of food insecurity., Results: 468 people participated (57.1% women/42.9% men) who expressed: worry about a lack of food (67.3%); eating the same type of food (37.2%); not being able to eat healthy foods (34.4%); feeling hungry and not being able to eat (9.6%). Around 2.1 percent stated that they could not eat for a whole day, and 65 percent reported that they had to ask for or provide help to be able to eat. When stratifying by sex, it was found that women had more experiences of food insecurity. Except in the case of having stopped eating for a full day, where the percentage remained constant, an increase was observed in the other experiences of food insecurity during lockdown., Conclusions: A large part of the Roma population studied, especially women, experienced situations of food insecurity before COVID-19 that were aggravated during lockdown. This situation was compensated for by community support networks., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Soares et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Despite the end of the COVID-19 lockdown and reopening of schools, the long-term effects of quarantine on the weight status, eating habits, and lifestyle of children and adolescents remain unknown. This study aimed to determine the long-term effects of the lockdown on the weight status, eating habits, and lifestyle changes of children and adolescents in Iran., Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2022. The target population comprised one hundred students aged between 10 and 16 years old. Our study obtained students' weight and height data from records maintained by school principals or physical education instructors before and after the quarantine period. The BMI z-score (zBMI) was calculated for each time point. The researchers also provided a questionnaire to collect the students' demographic and lifestyle status changes during school closures., Results: We found that the zBMI increased significantly from - 0.02 ± 1.64 to 0.36 ± 1.12, and the number of individuals with overweight and obesity increased by 3% during quarantine (P ≤ 0.05). These changes were more pronounced in males and students aged 14-16 years old. We also found that eating habits, sleeping time, sleeping patterns, screen time (time spent on social media per day), and physical activity had significant negative changes during quarantine, and a significant increase in zBMI was observed among students who experienced negative eating behaviors, altered sleeping patterns, and decreased physical activity during school closures., Conclusion: As prolonged school closures due to the COVID-19 lockdown aggravated students' health and lifestyle status, our findings can aid in proper planning to establish an appropriate framework for the diet, physical activity, and sleeping quality of students during extended school closures., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In order to slow the spread of COVID-19, on March 23, 2020, a strict lockdown was implemented in the UK. This was followed by alternating periods of less restrictive lockdowns until most public health restrictions were lifted in the summer of 2021. While these measures were necessary, they significantly affected people's daily activities, lifestyles, and mental well-being.This paper presents a longitudinal research study that focused on females aged 55 + in the UK, aiming to understand how COVID-19 and the subsequent 15-month period of lockdowns affected their lifestyles and emotions. The study collected data through online surveys, where respondents reported the frequency and mode of access to activities, and their positive and negative emotional experiences during distinct study phases that encompassed both lockdown and less strict periods.In contrast to previous studies highlighting vulnerabilities for females and the elderly during lockdowns, this research found that the studied group maintained an overall positive outlook throughout the study period and successfully adapted to the lockdowns by increasing their engagement in certain activities, in particular, activities like 'getting active'. In addition, our findings indicate rapid adaptive behaviour change towards many online activities, such as cultural activities. However, the study also revealed negative emotions and a decrease in some activities during the second lockdown in 2020 and the subsequent lockdowns in 2021, underscoring the challenges inherent in prolonged periods of confinement. In addition, the study found negative affect associated with some activities, including working and studying from home.The findings provide valuable insights into how females aged over 55 coped with stressful circumstances, which can inform the development of resilient and mental health-conscious public health policies and responses in preparation for future pandemics or other hazards., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Missed or delayed child healthcare caused by the COVID-19 lockdown has threatened young children's health and has had an unpredictable influence on caregivers' child healthcare preferences. This study investigated caregivers' child healthcare preferences and the factors that influence them among families with young children (0-3 years) during the lockdown in Shanghai., Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional study were enrolled through random encounter sampling. Questionnaires were distributed online from June 1 to November 10, 2022, in Shanghai. A total of 477 valid questionnaires were received. The demographics of caregivers and their families, children's characteristics, COVID-19-related information, and caregivers' healthcare preferences were analyzed. The statistical analyses included frequency and percentage, chi-square tests, and multinomial logistic regression., Results: Caregivers preferred child healthcare professionals in the community health service system (CHS; 47.6%) followed by hospital pediatricians (40.0%) during lockdown. Caregivers with the following characteristics preferred CHS: those with an annual household income of CNY 200,000-300,000, those whose youngest children were aged 8-12 months, and those who experienced early childhood physical development issues. Caregivers preferred hospitals if they had experienced healthcare-seeking-related difficulties in accessing professional guidance from hospital pediatricians., Conclusions: During pandemic lockdowns, policymakers should allocate more resources to CHS to meet caregivers' childcare demands. Moreover, special attention should be given to the healthcare needs for CHS among families with specific demographics., Trial Registration: Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine School of Public Health (SJUPN-202,109; June 1, 2022)., (© 2024. The Author(s).)