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Guangjie Li,1,2,* Fei He,2,* Jianbao Feng,3 Ge Xu,1 Chengye Wu,1 Yufei Qiao,1 Yang Liu,3 Hanlin Chen,1 Pengcheng Du,4 Jizeng Wang2 1The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China; 2College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China; 3Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China; 4College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jizeng Wang, Email jzwang@lzu.edu.cnBackground: Osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent joint disease, causes immense suffering to thousands of patients, impairing their mobility and diminishing their quality of life. Current treatment methods primarily rely on analgesics or anti-inflammatory drugs to alleviate symptoms but fail to achieve the desired therapeutic outcome.Methods: To better realize therapeutic effects of OA, procyanidins (PAs), as a type of plant flavonoids with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, were designed to self-assembly with well-dispersible Pluronic F127 (PF127) through the hydrogen-bond interaction to present an injectable, biocompatibility PA nanospheres.Results: These nanospheres significantly increased the cell viability in mouse L929 fibroblasts and ADTC5 chondrocytes compared with unassembled PAs. In addition, the self-assembling PAs/PF127 nanospheres enhanced the protein expression of collagen (COL1A1 and COL3A1) in fibroblasts, and the expression of glycosaminoglycan and COL2A1 was also higher than unassembled PAs in chondrocytes, this heralded the potential to achieve OA repair strategies at the cellular level. In an enzymolysis model of rat OA, PAs/PF127 nanospheres significantly reduce joint space swelling in the early stages of cartilage destruction and accelerate the formation of subchondral bone and cartilaginous surface.Implication: This study offers valuable insights into the preparation of novel PA nanospheres for effective repair of OA.Keywords: procyanidin, self-assembling nanospheres, injectable, osteoarthritis treatment

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has evolved significantly over fifty years into a powerful analytical technique. This review aims to achieve five main goals. (1) Providing a comprehensive history of SERS's discovery, its experimental and theoretical foundations, its connections to advances in nanoscience and plasmonics, and highlighting collective contributions of key pioneers. (2) Classifying four pivotal phases from the view of innovative methodologies in the fifty-year progression: initial development (mid-1970s to mid-1980s), downturn (mid-1980s to mid-1990s), nano-driven transformation (mid-1990s to mid-2010s), and recent boom (mid-2010s onwards). (3) Illuminating the entire journey and framework of SERS and its family members such as tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) and highlighting the trajectory. (4) Emphasizing the importance of innovative methods to overcome developmental bottlenecks, thereby expanding the material, morphology, and molecule generalities to leverage SERS as a versatile technique for broad applications. (5) Extracting the invaluable spirit of groundbreaking discovery and perseverant innovations from the pioneers and trailblazers. These key inspirations include proactively embracing and leveraging emerging scientific technologies, fostering interdisciplinary cooperation to transform the impossible into reality, and persistently searching to break bottlenecks even during low-tide periods, as luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.

In this study, the cavitation erosion (CE) behavior of wire-arc directed energy deposition (DED) nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) alloys is compared with that of cast alloys, and the synergistic effect between corrosion and CE is investigated. The CE resistance of the wire-arc DED NAB alloy is better than that of the cast alloys. The CE of NAB alloys preferentially occurs at the boundaries of the α-Cu and residual β phases, and in the matrix around the κ phase. The residual β phase exhibits greater damage than the α-Cu phase. Throughout the CE, the alloys are dominated by local corrosion characteristics (selective-phase corrosion), while the wire-arc DED NAB alloys exhibit superior uniform corrosion characteristics. Notably, the uniform corrosion characteristics of all alloys are enhanced after CE. The mass loss caused by the synergistic effect of the cast NAB alloy and wire arc DED NAB alloy accounts for 56% and 52% of the total mass loss, with the corrosion-induced CE increment exceeding that of the CE-induced corrosion increment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Thermal stress is an important factor affecting the life of a DC link capacitor (DCLC). However, relevant studies on thermal stress mechanism directly influencing the lifetime of the capacitor are rarely reported. In this paper, the heat setting and thermal stress of DCLC has been analyzed, and the relevant experimental platforms have been developed to evaluate the breakdown strength of DCLC at two heat setting temperatures (HSTs). Simultaneously, the life aging analysis of DCLC at different HSTs and the life aging tests at various temperatures were also executed to attain insights into the influence of thermal stress on the lifetime of DCLC. The results showed that the stress caused by heat setting and operating temperature influenced the breakdown voltage capability and the lifetime of DCLC. With an increase in HST by 5 °C, a step-increase in the withstand voltage capability of DCLC from 7,000 V to 7,200 V was observed that demonstrated an enhancement of 2.86% in the breakdown strength performance. Correspondingly, the lifetime of DCLC with a capacitance change rate of -3% enhanced from 1,500 h to 1,700 h. However, severe deterioration in the life span of DCLC from 4,200 h to 500 h was observed with an increasing operating temperature from 55 °C to 85 °C, respectively. The lifetime could be enhanced by increasing the HST as well as reducing the operating temperature. The presented results could be termed a harbinger for industrial production of high-performance DCLC with enhanced lifetime that augers well for high-power applications., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: Glioma is the most common malignant tumor of the central nervous system, and is characterized by high recurrence, poor prognosis and especially complex pathogenesis. The synaptic plasticity-related protein DLGAP3 is mainly involved in the assembly and function of postsynaptic density complex. It's widely known that DLGAP3 participating in the occurrence of various neuropsychiatric diseases, but its role in glioma tumorigenesis remains largely unclear., Methods: We ectopically expressed and knocked down DLGAP3 in glioma cells to perform a series of functional studies in vitro. Meanwhile, western blot analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, enrichment analysis and dual-luciferase reporter system assays were performed to explore the mechanism of DLGAP3 suppressing glioma tumorigenesis and progression., Results: We found that DLGAP3 was low expressed in gliomas, and decreased DLGAP3 expression was strongly correlated with poor survival of glioma patients. Ectopic expression of DLGAP3 in glioma cell lines dramatically inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and migration. In addition, our data also showed that DLGAP3 can tightly connected with RGS12, and DLGAP3 overexpression significantly increased the expression of RGS12 and inhibited the phosphorylation levels of MEK and ERK. Furthermore, the RGS12 inhibited transcription and translation of BRAF, which further decreased the activity of MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. This suggests that DLGAP3 may act as a tumor suppressor in gliomas and inhibits glioma tumorigenesis by regulating RGS12 and the downstream MAPK/ERK signals axis., Conclusion: Our data indicates that DLGAP3 is a potential tumor suppressor and valuable prognostic biomarker in gliomas., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: The association of cardiovascular health (CVH) with asthma risk in U.S. adults remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association of Life's Essential 8 (LE8), a measurement of CVH, with asthma and investigate the potential mediating effect of inflammation and oxidative stress., Methods: The data was obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2005-2018. LE8 score (range 0 ∼ 100) was measured and categorized as low (<50), moderate (50 ∼ <80), and high (≥80) CVH. Survey-weighted logistic regression and restricted cubic spline model were employed to explore the association between LE8 score and asthma. Mediation analyses were conducted to identify the mediating effects of inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers., Results: This study included 10,932 participants aged ≥ 20 years, among whom 890 (8.14%) reported prevalent asthma. After adjusting for all covariates, the odd ratios (OR) for asthma were 0.67 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48, 0.94) in the moderate CVH group and 0.52 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.79) in the high CVH group compared with the low CVH group, respectively. The OR for asthma was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.93) for every 10 score increase in LE8 score, and linear dose-response relationship was observed ( p =  0.0642). Mediation analyses showed that inflammation and oxidative stress mediated 15.97% and 11.50% of the association between LE8 score and asthma, respectively (all p  < 0.05)., Conclusions: LE8 score was negatively associated with asthma, and inflammation and oxidative stress partially mediated this association. It is recommended that maintaining optimal CVH may prevent asthma.

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease for which there is currently no accurate screening test to identify or predict the probability of the disease in individuals. This can often lead to delays in diagnosis. Several systemic immune-inflammation indices are currently used as predictive or supportive markers for several inflammation-associated diseases. In this study, we investigated whether these immune-inflammation indices, such as systemic immune inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and pan-immune inflammation value (PIV) could serve as predictive or supplementary markers for diagnosing endometriosis. A total of 434 women with confirmed endometriosis and 517 controls were included in this study. Data on peripheral blood tests, including total counts of white cells, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets, were collected, and systemic immune-inflammation indices were calculated. SII, SIRI, NLR, and PIV values were significantly higher in women diagnosed with endometriosis compared to controls. Using the cut-off values of 538 for SII, 0.814 for SIRI, 2.03 for NLR, and 210 for PIV, we achieved 76 % sensitivity and 70 % specificity. When the four indices were combined, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.796 (95 % CI: 0.766, 0.827), with 76 % sensitivity and 70 % specificity. In conclusion, while ultrasonography or MRI remains the gold standard for visualizing the lesions in diagnosing endometriosis, followed by laparoscopy and histologic verification, routine peripheral blood tests in combination with clinical symptoms, could provide additional clinical diagnostic value for endometriosis as a non-invasive and cost-effective test., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None of the authors have a conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Exploring highly-effective and nonprecious electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is urgent and challenging for developing the hydrogen economy. Interface engineering is a feasible approach for regulating the surface electronic distribution, thereby promoting the catalytic performance. Herein, the CoP/FeP heterostructure is fabricated via the oxidation and phosphating treatments of Fe-decorated Ni(OH) 2 nanoflakes. The hierarchically porous nanoflakes can expose more active species, while the formation of CoP/FeP heterojunctions have provided extra catalytic active sites and accelerated the charge transfer process. Theoretical calculations reveal that the interfacial electron coupling between CoP and FeP in the heterostructure has promoted the adsorption of intermediate species on catalytic sites, thereby decreasing the Gibbs free energy during the catalysis. The as-fabricated CoP/FeP catalyst requires small overpotentials of 190 mV and 280 mV to realize a current density of 10 mA cm -2 for alkaline HER and OER, respectively. The electrolytic cell with CoP/FeP as catalyst needs a voltage of 1.61 V to reach 10 mA cm -2 , and can run stably for over 25 h. The present study highlights a superiority of interfacial engineering to construct efficient electrocatalysts for water electrolysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Short sleep duration is common in the pediatric population and is associated with an increased risk of high carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. However, little is known regarding whether changes in sleep duration status over time can alter the risk of high cIMT in children., Objectives: To examine the association between changes in sleep duration status and high cIMT in a cohort study of Chinese children., Methods: A total of 1115 children aged 6-11 years were enrolled in 2017 and then followed up in 2021 in the Huantai Childhood Cardiovascular Health Cohort Study. Children were categorized into four groups based on their sleep duration status (short vs. normal) at baseline and follow-up: persistent normal sleep duration, incident short sleep duration, resolved short sleep duration, and persistent short sleep duration. High cIMT was defined as cIMT levels ≥ age- and sex-specific 90th percentile values of this population., Results: Compared with children who maintained normal sleep duration, those with incident short sleep duration (odds ratio [OR]: 1.71, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-2.77) or persistent short sleep duration (OR: 4.07, 95 % CI: 2.10-7.89) had a significantly increased risk of high cIMT at follow-up. Conversely, children who had short sleep duration at baseline but normal sleep duration at follow-up did not have an increased risk of high cIMT (OR: 1.08, 95 % CI: 0.47-2.49)., Conclusion: The development or persistence of short sleep duration is associated with an increased risk of high cIMT in children, whereas the resolution of short sleep duration may reduce such risk. These findings underscore the importance of preventing and managing short sleep duration to promote cardiovascular health in children., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Temperature is an important determinant of developmental and reproductive rates in insects. Here, we investigated the physiological responses of adult beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), to three temperatures (16, 23 and 30 °C) focusing on trehalose metabolism., Results: Exposure of moths to 30 °C accelerated eclosion and ovarian development, but shortened the oviposition period and adult longevity, whereas exposure to 16 °C had opposite effects. Transcriptome analysis revealed that vitellogenin (VG) and vitellogenin receptor (VR) genes were up-regulated at 30 °C, as were numerous genes related to energy metabolism, including those involved in the insulin signaling pathway, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and glycolysis. Expression of the trehalose transporter gene TRET1 was also induced at high temperature, primarily in the ovaries, where trehalose content increased, accompanied by lipid degradation in the fat body. Treatment with the trehalase inhibitor validamycin A reduced female fecundity and longevity at 23 °C, but enhanced the expression of genes related to stress resistance and reproduction, mimicking the effect of high temperature., Conclusion: Besides their practical utility for predicting the oviposition behavior and geographic distribution of L. sticticalis in the field, these results elucidate the various physiological roles of trehalose in L. sticticalis during exposure of moths to high temperature and may provide insights into the relationship between stress resistance and reproduction in insects more generally. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Label-free quantitative proteomics profiles combined with biochemical analysis were applied in three spore release stages to investigate the proteome responses related to spore release inducing the quality loss of mushrooms. During the spore release, the mushrooms softened, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and total free amino acids accumulated, especially bitter amino acids. Among the 2720 identified proteins, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and other glycan degradation pathways were primarily implicated. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and purine metabolism stimulated energy consumption in the second stage, which could be responsible for the spore release. Moreover, aminoacyl-tRNA ligase and ribosomal proteins were identified as hub proteins, actively expressed, and significantly associated with quality traits. The hub proteins might play a dominant role in mediating the quality deterioration triggered by the spore release in shiitake mushrooms. The results expand the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the response to spore release in shiitake mushrooms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

MYB transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in fungal growth, development, stress response, and secondary metabolism. Cell wall glycan remodeling induced by oxidative damage levels is vital for stipe quality during mature stage of yellow Flammulina filiformis fruiting bodies. In this study, we identified 15 F. filiformis MYB (FfMYB) that are ranging from 28.43 kDa-172.3 kDa, with an average of 73.51 kDa. These FfMYB genes were unevenly distributed among six chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that 15 FfMYBs were closely related to existing model fungi, while they were more distant from Arabidopsis thaliana. Based on expression analysis, a MYB TF termed FfMYB13 were isolated and identified as a potential regulator binding the promoter of Ff-FeSOD1, which was negatively correlated with tissue toughening of yellow F. filiformis stipes. The data of DAP-seq analysis suggested that the downstream target genes of FfMYB13 were significantly enriched in cell wall metabolism. The result of EMSA and dual luciferase report experiments demonstrated that FfMYB13 served as an upstream transcriptional regulatory factor that activates four cell wall synthesis metabolism related genes, FfKRE6, Ffgas1, FfHYD-1, and FfGFA1. Moreover, FfMYB13 might negatively influence tissue toughening in the inhibition of oxidative damage by activating Ff-FeSOD1., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. No financial or non-financial interests exist that could potentially influence the results or interpretation of the work presented in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Fifteen novel antioxidant peptides were identified from Asian swamp eel (ASE) hydrolysate through in silico screening, demonstrating ABTS and ORAC activities ranging from 1.17 to 3.28 and 1.94 to 5.67 times higher than Trolox, respectively. Concurrently, four new sequences (AVLW, VWPS, VPWP, and HWDGSLPR) were discovered. The critical role of the hydrogen atom on the tryptophan indole nitrogen in ABTS radical scavenging was elucidated by quantum chemical calculations and subsequent active site methylation experiments, while the significance of hydrogen atoms on both the tryptophan indole nitrogen and tyrosine phenolic hydroxyl groups for ORAC values was emphasized. Moreover, molecular docking analysis demonstrated that ASE antioxidant peptides primarily interacted with myeloperoxidase (MPO) via hydrogen bonds with Arg405, Arg499, Arg590, Gln257, Glu268, His261, and Thr266, and electrostatic interactions with Arg405, Arg590, Glu268, His261, and His502, resulting in a tight binding to MPO., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Individualized medication with peptide antibiotics, guided by therapeutic drug monitoring, is essential to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Peptide antibiotics exhibit an "on-off" elution mechanism on a C18 column, leading to adsorption at the column inlet in all-aqueous conditions. Unlike small molecules, column length minimally influences their retention, with longer columns simply broadening peptide antibiotic peaks due to unnecessary post-column volume. Our theory suggests short columns can achieve comparable separation quality and enable faster analysis. Consequently, we developed a rapid LC-MS/MS method using an ultra-short (4 × 2.0 mm) column to quantify five peptide antibiotics in human plasma simultaneously. Calibration curves demonstrated strong linear regression (R2 > 0.996). The inter- and intra-accuracy at the three QC levels ranged from 86.7 % to 109.1 %, and at the LLOQ, it was between 87.6 % and 116.0 %. The precision for QCs and LLOQ was consistently below 11.7 % and 18.5 %, respectively. This method, characterized by simplicity and universality, was undoubtedly useful in clinically tailoring peptide antibiotic medication for individual patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The ecological vulnerability and extreme physicochemical properties of tailings in high-altitude mining areas pose challenges to the ecological restoration of tailings. Therefore, the aims of the current study were to remediate tailings in high-altitude mining areas by combining ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L. ) and activated carbon. Ryegrass potting experiments with Cu and Pb-Zn tailings and the two tailings amended with activated carbon. The effects of synergistic treatment of ryegrass and activated carbon on the physicochemical properties, heavy metal content, and enzyme activity of Cu tailings and Pb-Zn tailings were studied. Compared with planting ryegrass group, activated carbon significantly improved the water holding capacity of the two tailings. After restoration, the water holding capacity of Cu tailings and Pb-Zn tailings were 47.33% and 47.67%, respectively. In addition, the combination of ryegrass and activated carbon improved the quality of tailings, effectively increasing the organic carbon and available phosphorus content of tailings. Ryegrass and activated carbon synergistically activate tailings enzyme activity. The decrease in heavy metals in the tailings was mainly attributed to uptake by ryegrass rather than immobilization by activated carbon. The synergistic remediation of ryegrass and activated carbon is a potential ecological restoration treatment for tailings in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas.

Intestinal mucus, a viscoelastic medium with mucin2 (MUC2) as its main component, covers the surface of intestinal epithelial cells and protects the intestine from invasion, forming the first barrier of the intestinal tract. Unlike the small intestine, where the mucus layer is a single layer, the colonic mucus layer can be divided into a sterile inner layer and an outer layer with bacterial colonization. Many of the substances in the mucus layer have beneficial effects on the intestinal epithelium, but the mucus layer is often affected by a variety of factors, mainly microbiological, dietary, and immunological. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disease of increasing morbidity worldwide, with a complex etiology and a high relapse rate. In recent years, the mucus barrier in IBD has received increasing attention and is considered a key factor in the pathogenesis of IBD. Loss of goblet cells (GCs) and changes in the composition and properties of the mucus layer material are commonly found in the colon of IBD patients. Damage to the mucus layer may make it easier for microorganisms to access the intestinal epithelium and cause inflammation. There are currently a number of herbs and other therapies that can be used to treat IBD and repair the damaged mucus barrier. This review highlights the important role of the mucus layer in IBD and the therapies that target the mucus layer in IBD., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors hereby declare to have no conflict of interest regarding this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Beaveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (BEA) and cinnamaldehyde (CA), primarily derived from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) named Bombyx batryticatus and Cinnamomum cassia, play an immunomodulatory role in different disease., Aim of the Study: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent malignant tumor characterized by immune dysfunction. In this study, we investigated BEA and CA's regulate ability on T cell mitochondrial metabolism and anti-HCC effect., Materials and Methods: We used RT-qPCR, Western blot, Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), Flow CytoMetry (FCM) methods to examine BEA and CA's regulation of T cell mitochondrial function and anti-HCC ability. Furthermore, the mechanism of PGC-1α/DRP1 pathway on the morphology and function of T cell mitochondria was investigated., Results: Our data demonstrated that the administration of BEA and CA, either alone or in combination, effectively suppressed HCC growth and mitigated T cell apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, assessed by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP level. Moreover, BEA and CA could enhance the release of tumor-killing factors (Perforin (PF) and Granzyme B (Gzm B)) from T cells, inducing H22 cell apoptosis. Additionally, BEA and CA-treated T cell reinfusion into BALB/c nude HCC mice could significantly inhibited HCC growth by promoting T cell infiltration into tumor tissue. T cell mitochondrial biogenesis/fission balance and apoptosis in tumor mice were regulated by PGC-1α/DRP1 pathway., Conclusions: Our findings reveal that BEA and CA enhance anti-HCC effects of T cells by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and fission through the PGC-1α/DRP1 pathway., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None of the authors has any conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important human pathogen that frequently causes disease in hospital and community settings. Due to the pervasive emergence of virulent and multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, S. aureus infections have become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality., Objectives: We aimed to develop a reliable and effective detection method that can be used for preventing and managing infections caused by S. aureus., Methods: A novel S. aureus detection platform that combines immunomagnetic separation via immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) and the phage lysin LysGH15-based colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA) (named IMBs-GICA) was developed. IMBs-GICA was performed on 426 consecutive samples, including 185, 107, 74 and 60 samples from sputum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum samples, respectively. S. aureus culture and PCR assays were routinely conducted in parallel., Results: By targetingS. aureus, the IMBs-GICA platform could detect as little as 40 CFU/mL within 35 min. Among the clinical specimens, 38 samples were S. aureus culture positive, and 36 were IMBs-GICA positive, resulting in an IMBs-GICA sensitivity of 89.5 % (95 % confidence interval 74.3-96.6) and a specificity of 99.5 % (97.9-99.9)., Discussion: IMBs-GICA can rapidly and sensitively detect for S. aureus, demonstrating the potential utility of this developed method in the field of testing., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Despite their critical role in context-dependent interactions for protein functions, intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are often overlooked for designing peptide assemblies. Here, we exploit IDRs to enable context-dependent heterotypic assemblies of intrinsically disordered peptides, where "context-dependent" refers to assembly behavior driven by interactions with other molecules. By attaching an aromatic segment to oppositely charged intrinsically disordered peptides, we achieve a nanofiber formation. Although the same-charged peptides cannot self-assemble, oppositely charged peptides form heterotypic nanofibers. Cryo-EM analysis reveals a β-sheet arrangement within the ordered core of these nanofibers, conformational heterogeneity, and a disorder-to-order continuum and shows a high number of hydrogen bonds between tyrosine and lysine ε-amine. Additionally, this work demonstrates a post-assembly morphological change resulting from local conformational flexibility. While equal molar mixtures of the charged intrinsically disordered peptides yield nanofibers, doubling the positively charged peptides after assembly produces bundles of nanofibers. Furthermore, reducing the number of aromatic amino acid residues reduces bundle formation. Demonstrating context-dependent self-assembly of intrinsically disordered peptides and revealing atomistic insights into heterotypic assemblies of intrinsically disordered peptides for the first time, this work illustrates a straightforward approach to enable heterotypic intrinsically disordered peptides to self-assemble for the design of adaptive, multifunctional peptide nanomaterials.

Objectives: PD15, a novel natural steroidal saponin extracted from the rhizomes of Paris delavayi Franchet, has demonstrated a strong cytotoxic effect against HepG2 and U87MG cells. However, its therapeutic effects on colorectal cancer (CRC) and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear., Methods: MTT assay, clonogenic assay, Hoechst 33258 staining, flow cytometry, molecular docking, and western blot were used to investigate the mechanism of PD15 in HCT116 cell lines. Additionally, the anti-CRC effects of PD15 were evaluated in vivo using HCT116 xenograft models., Key Findings: PD15 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced G0/G1 phase arrest in HCT116 cells. Furthermore, PD15 upregulated cleaved Caspase 3 and 9, cleaved PARP, and Bax expression levels while downregulating Bcl-2, leading to apoptosis. Further experiments revealed that PD15 downregulated the protein expression of p-Akt and p-GSK3β, with LY294002 (a PI3K/Akt inhibitor) enhancing PD15-induced apoptosis and its effects on Akt/GSK3β-associated proteins. In addition, molecular docking demonstrated that PD15 exhibited strong binding affinity with Akt and GSK3β. Critically, PD15 inhibited CRC growth in vivo without causing apparent toxicity in mice., Conclusions: These findings indicate that PD15 could trigger apoptosis by suppressing the Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway in HCT116 cells., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Hypertrophic scar (HS) is a common fibroproliferative disorders with no fully effective treatments. The conversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts is known to play a critical role in HS formation, making it essential to identify molecules that promote myofibroblast dedifferentiation and to elucidate their underlying mechanisms. In this study, we used comparative transcriptomics and single-cell sequencing to identify key molecules and pathways that mediate fibrosis and myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Epidermal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EpiSC-EVs) were isolated via ultracentrifugation and filtration, followed by miRNA sequencing to identify miRNAs targeting key molecules. After in vitro and in vivo treatment with EpiSC-EVs, we assessed antifibrotic effects through scratch assays, collagen contraction assays, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Transcriptomic sequencing and rescue experiments were used to investigate the molecular mechanism by which miR-203a-3p in EpiSC-EVs induces myofibroblast dedifferentiation. Our results indicate that PIK3CA is overexpressed in HS tissues and positively correlates with fibrosis. EpiSC-EVs were absorbed by scar-derived fibroblasts, promoting dedifferentiation from myofibroblasts to quiescent fibroblasts. Mechanistically, miR-203a-3p in EpiSC-EVs plays an essential role in inhibiting PIK3CA expression and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway hyperactivation, thereby reducing scar formation. In vivo studies confirmed that EpiSC-EVs attenuate excessive scarring through the miR-203a-3p/PIK3CA axis, suggesting EpiSC-EVs as a promising therapeutic approach for HS., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The present study was received approval from the Ethics Committee Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (No. 2020–292). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All animal studies were identified by the Ethics Committee Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University and performed in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (No. 2020–292). Consent for publication: All authors gave permission for the manuscript to be published. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) system commonly enhances the efficiency of optical-acoustic-electrical energy conversion by increasing the laser power, optimizing the resonance characteristics of the photoacoustic cell (PAC), and improving the sensitivity of acoustic sensors. However, conventional systems using a single-microphone or a dual-microphone differential setup for point sampling of the photoacoustic signal fail to account for its spatial distribution, leading to a loss of spatial gain. Drawing on microphone array theory derived from sonar technology, this study, for the first time, presents a PAS sensing system based on a four-microphone array, which is applied to detect chloroform gas. The microphones are positioned at 90° intervals around the PAC resonance chamber wall, enhancing the spatial sampling rate of the signals. A digital phase-locked algorithm demodulates the combined signals from the four microphones into the concentration data. Experimental results show that, compared to a single-microphone system, the four-microphone array system increases sensitivity by a factor of 4, doubles the signal-to-noise ratio, and achieves a minimum detection limit of 69 ppb, demonstrating a significant improvement in sensitivity by capturing the spatial distribution of PA signals.

Spirometry findings, such as restrictive spirometry and airflow obstruction, are associated with renal outcomes. Effects of spirometry findings such as preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) and its trajectories on renal outcomes are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of baseline and trajectories of spirometry findings on future chronic kidney disease (CKD) events. This UK Biobank cohort study included participants with CKD who underwent spirometry at baseline (2006-2010). Lung function trajectories were determined using baseline and follow-up spirometry (2014-2020). Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the association between lung function and the incident CKD. In the baseline analysis (n = 282,354), fully adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for PRISm participants (vs. normal spirometry) were 1.20 (1.07-1.34) for CKD and 1.51 (1.04-2.19) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Over an average 13.8-year follow-up period, 789 participants developed CKD. Trajectory analysis revealed higher CKD incidence with persistent AO (HR = 1.47(1.03-2.12)) and PRISm (HR = 1.28(0.88-1.88)) compared to normal lung function. Transitioning from AO to PRISm was associated with lower CKD incidence (HR = 0.27(0.08-0.93)). Recovery of normal lung function from AO could avert 16% of CKD cases. Our study indicated that baseline PRISm and airflow obstruction are associated with higher risk of incident CKD. Moreover, those with persistent AO findings had a higher risk of CKD incidence. These findings underscore the complex link between spirometry findings and renal outcomes and highlight the importance of considering respiratory and renal health in clinical assessments., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval and consent to participate: The UK Biobank’s study protocol was approved by the U.K. North West Multicenter Research Ethics Committee (reference no. 06/MRE8/65). This approval means that researchers do not require separate ethical clearance. UK Biobank obtained written informed consent from all study participants before the assessment center visit. Consent for publication: Not applicable., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: Ciprofol, a novel intravenous anesthetic, which has primarily been used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in adults, is characterized by rapid onset, short duration of action, and quick and smooth recovery. However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of continuous infusions and the correlation between the plasma concentration and the bispectral index (BIS) in elderly patients are still unknown., Method: In this randomized, controlled study, thirty elderly patients (62-78 years old) undergoing elective gastrointestinal tumor resection were treated with propofol (N = 15) or ciprofol (N = 15) as sedatives during anesthesia. After induction, ciprofol/propofol was continuously infused intravenously until the end of the operation. Perioperative vital signs, injection pain, adverse events (AEs), BIS values, eyelid reflex disappearance times, and recovery times were recorded. The plasma concentrations of ciprofol and propofol were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‒MS/MS) and the pharmacokinetics were determined by noncompartmental analysis., Results: Both drugs caused a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate after induction. Eight cases (53. 3%) of hypotension and 3 cases (20%) of bradycardia occurred in the propofol group, while 8 cases (53. 3%) of hypotension and 5 cases (33. 3%) of bradycardia occurred in the ciprofol group. At intubation, the ciprofol group experienced fewer fluctuations in blood pressure than the propofol group. Ciprofol resulted in only one case (6.7%) of mild injection pain, less than that produced by propofol (10/15, 66.7%) (P < 0.05). Anesthesia induction was successfully completed with both drugs, and there were no significant differences in eyelash reflex disappearance or recovery time between the two groups. The plasma concentrations during maintenance were relatively stable in both groups (propofol 1.78 ± 0.67 μg/mL, ciprofol 0.71 ± 0.23 μg/mL), and a suitable depth of sedation was achieved with a BIS of 40-60. The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters for ciprofol are listed as follows: Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) 6.02 ± 2.13 μg/ml; Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) 0.18 ± 0.62 min; Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vz) 3.96 ± 0.84 L/kg; Total Clearance (CL) 0.83 ± 0.14 L/h/kg; Half-life (t½) 3.47 ± 1.85 h; Area Under the Curve (AUC) 5000 ± 900 L/h/kg; Terminal Elimination Rate Constant (λz) 0.23 ± 0.07 1/h. Similar to propofol, the plasma concentration of ciprofol was linearly correlated with the BIS., Conclusion: Ciprofol, a novel intravenous anesthetic, can be safely and effectively used in elderly patient continuous infusion with minimal injection pain. Plasma concentrations of ciprofol correlate well with BIS values, helping control sedation depth. For elderly patients undergoing gastrointestinal tumor surgery, an optimal maintenance dose of 0.8 mg/kg/h is recommended., Trial Registration: This clinical trial (registration No: ChiCTR2100047580, https://www.chictr.org.cn . The pre-registration date was June 20, 2021, and the review approval and official case solicitation began in December 2021; Retrospectively registered) was conducted in accordance with the World Medical Congress Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. All study subjects provided written informed consent., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethics approval number: 2021-KL-108-04. Name of the Ethics Committee: Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University. Consent for publication: All authors agreed to the publication of this study. We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) results from prolonged exposure to intense noise, causing damage to sensory outer hair cells (OHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). The blood labyrinth barrier (BLB) hinders systemic drug delivery to the inner ear. This study applied a retro-auricular round window membrane (RWM) method to bypass the BLB, enabling the transport of macromolecular proteins into the inner ear. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), which has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, is conjugated to a prestin-targeting peptide 2 (PrTP2) using N-succinimidyl-3-maleimidopropionate (SMP) to form PrTP2-SMP/PEDF. This compound specifically targeted Prestin and accumulated around OHCs for sustained release, effectively reducing OHC and SGN loss. Functional and structural tests, including auditory brainstem response (ABR), confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealed significant hearing restoration and cellular protection. Additionally, the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining and immunoblotting show that noise exposure may induce pyroptosis in the cochlea by activating the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) - cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase (Caspase-1) pathway and PrTP2-SMP/PEDF alleviates the inflammatory response by inhibiting pyroptosis. Toxicity analysis indicates no adverse effects, suggesting that PrTP2-SMP/PEDF has a promising therapeutic prospective for NIHL., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Rare-earth (RE) metals are known as industrial vitamins and show significant regulatory effects in many fields. In this work, we first demonstrated that the vitamin effect of RE metals can also be applied to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Using a Sn 8 RE oxo cluster as the universal platform, different individual RE metal ions were successfully doped to obtain a series of isomorphic heterometallic clusters (RE = Y, Sm, Eu, Ho, Er). Lithography experiments have shown that the doped RE ions displayed a significant influence on technical parameters. As a result, an electron-beam lithography (EBL) line width of 11.95 nm was achieved by Sn 8 Er, and an EUV lithography critical dimension (CD) of 15.90 nm was obtained by Sn 8 Ho under an exposure dose of 52.64 mJ/cm 2 . These findings expand the applications of rare earths in high-precision semiconductor manufacturing and provide a new strategy for the development of high-resolution EUV photoresists.

Background：Neurological deterioration following acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a common clinical phenomenon associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, neurological deterioration can be attributed to diverse mechanisms in different clinical contexts. Further, there is still a lack of standard and well-recognized definitions of neurological deterioration, which compounds the complexities and challenges of its early identification and management of neurological deterioration. As AIS becomes increasingly common, the need to address neurological deterioration after AIS in clinical practice and further improve functional outcomes is becoming more urgent. Summary: To facilitate earlier recognition and more precise interventions, in this review, we comprehensively outline the evolution of the definition of neurological deterioration, its incidence in various patient groups, and the potential underlying causes rooted in multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. We further highlight the diverse risk factors associated with neurological deterioration and provide an overview of the scientific basis and practical applications of preventative and therapeutic strategies. Key messages: Early identification and management of neurological deterioration in AIS patients is crucial but challenging due to lack of unified assessment criteria and diverse mechanisms. Standardizing definitions and developing targeted strategies based on pathological mechanisms and pharmacological profiles are needed to improve outcomes., (S. Karger AG, Basel.)

This research mainly explored the effects of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) on the financial performance of Chinese listed companies and the determinants of post-M&A financial performance of mergers by incorporating adjustments for business cycle fluctuations. The research was divided into two parts. The first part applied data envelopment analysis (DEA) models for the calculation of the financial performance scores of mergers and non-mergers in six major sectors before and after M&As. Comparative analyses of financial performance trends between mergers and non-mergers in similar sectors revealed that M&As often decrease financial performance scores of mergers compared with non-mergers. The second part adopted regression analyses and robustness test to evaluate the effects of listing duration, financial leverage level, free cash flow and target type on post-M&A financial performance. The results showed that mergers' sufficient listing duration, high financial leverages, adequate free cash flow and asset as target had significant positive impact on the post-M&A performance of mergers. Opposite to the free cash flow hypothesis, this study revealed that free cash flow is beneficial for mergers in China. These findings emphasized that lack of experience and managerial hubris are the primary factors contributing to the underperformance observed within the Chinese M&A market., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2025 Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Purpose: Dexamethasone has shown promising efficacy in alleviating pain and enhancing outcomes undergoing TKA. However, an optimal route of administration, dosage, and treatment duration have not yet been established. This study is to assess the effects of intravenous dexamethasone administration on postoperative pain management and prognosis in patients undergoing TKA., Methods: Data were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to compare the effects of intravenous dexamethasone administration versus non-administration on outcomes following TKA. Primary endpoints included pain scores and morphine consumption. Secondary endpoints comprised walking distance, ROM, patients requiring rescue analgesics and antiemetics, LOS, levels of CRP and IL-6, QoR, and the incidence of adverse events., Results: This meta-analysis included 15 RCTs involving 2,584 patients. The study indicated that intravenous dexamethasone can decrease VAS scores at rest (24 h, 95% CI: -0.71 [-0.86, -0.55], I²=66%, P < 0.00001; 48 h, 95% CI: -0.30 [-0.43, -0.18], I²=46%, P < 0.00001) and movement (24 h, 95% CI: -0.89 [-1.23, -0.55], I²=91%,P < 0.00001; 48 h, 95% CI: -0.42 [-0.62, -0.23], I²=84%, P < 0.0001). Moreover, it can reduce morphine consumption (24 h, 95% CI: -3.06 [-4.82, -1.30], I²=46%, P = 0.0006; 48 h, 95% CI: -5.23 [-8.28, -2.18], I²=76%, P = 0.0008) and increase walking distances on postoperative days 1 to 3, and improve the ROM on postoperative day 1 to 2. Furthermore, intravenous dexamethasone reduced the need for requiring rescue analgesics and antiemetics, shortened LOS, lowered CRP and IL-6 levels, and improved the quality of life after TKA. The incidence of infection, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, wound healing, or deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism did not differ significantly. Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between single-administration and repeat-administration groups, except in the context of rescue antiemetic requirements., Conclusion: Our study revealed that a single intravenous dose of dexamethasone, ranging from 8 to 16 mg administered before or after the induction of anesthesia or one hour prior to surgery, is efficacious in diminishing postoperative pain and cumulative morphine consumption, reducing the necessity for rescue analgesics and antiemetics, and shorten LOS for TKA. Additionally, it contributed to an increase in postoperative walking distance, ROM, and overall quality of postoperative recovery., Trial Registration: We conducted literature selection, eligibility criteria evaluation, data extraction and analysis on the research program registered in Prospero (CRD42024521224) in January 2025., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interest: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The periocular mesenchyme (POM) gives rise to key structures in the ocular anterior segment, and its malformation leads to anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) with iridocorneal angle (ICA) abnormalities. However, the transcriptional profile of the POM and the regulatory mechanisms governing cell-fate decision during anterior eye and ICA development remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed a comprehensive time-series analysis by sequencing rat anterior ocular samples collected at five consecutive perinatal stages: embryonic days 16.5 and 18.5, the day of birth, and postnatal days 4 and 8, at the single-cell level and validated a portion of in silico findings with immunostaining. High-quality transcriptomes were obtained from 59,416 cells with diverse embryonic origins. A prominent transcriptional shift was observed in POM cells, coinciding with anatomical alterations around the ICA shortly after birth. We illustrated the molecular signatures of five POM subclusters while tracing their developmental trajectories. Additionally, we identified key driver genes, as well as cell type-specific and stage-wise gene modules underlying lineage specification. Furthermore, the switch of regulon network and cellular crosstalk associated with POM maturation were unveiled. Lastly, we mapped ASD-relevant genes to this single-cell atlas, revealing distinct expression patterns. Collectively, this study provides a transcriptomic blueprint for understanding normal POM and ICA development, as well as a valuable reference for future research into ASD pathogenesis., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a major contributor to chronic back pain and disability, with limited effective therapeutic options. Current treatment options, including conservative management and surgical interventions, often fail to effectively halt disease progression and come with notable side effects. IVDD is characterized by the breakdown of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the infiltration of inflammatory cells, which exacerbate disc degeneration. This study presents a novel therapeutic strategy aimed at addressing the dual challenges of inflammation and ECM degradation in IVDD. We developed a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel system loaded with interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, and kartogenin (KGN), a small-molecule compound known for its regenerative properties. The KGN + IL-10@GelMA hydrogel was designed to deliver these agents in a controlled manner directly to the degenerated disc, targeting both the inflammatory microenvironment and the promotion of nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue regeneration. In a puncture-induced IVDD model, this hydrogel system effectively delayed the degenerative progression and facilitated NP regeneration. Our findings suggest that the KGN + IL-10@GelMA hydrogel holds significant potential as a nonsurgical treatment option for IVDD, offering a promising approach to mitigate the progression of IVDD and enhance disc repair.

Background: White matter damage is closely associated with cognitive and psychiatric symptoms and is prevalent in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD); although the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in CSVD remain elusive, inflammation plays a crucial role. We sought to investigate the relationship between systemic inflammation markers and imaging markers of CVSD, namely white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and microstructural injury., Methods: We conducted a study involving both cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the UK Biobank Cohort. We performed multiple linear regression analyses, adjusted for potential confounders, to explore the associations between systemic inflammation markers (e.g., systemic immune-inflammation index [SII], neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR], C-reactive protein [CRP] levels, monocyte count, neutrophil count) and macro- and microstructural white matter injury, as markers of CSVD. We performed Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate the genetically predictive effect of monocytes on WMH, as well as mediation analysis to clarify whether inflammatory markers affected cognitive function via white matter injury., Results: We included 36 411 participants (mean age 54.8 ± 7.5 yr, 51.9% female) from the UK Biobank Cohort. We found that SII was significantly associated with both WMH and microstructural injury markers (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, intracellular volume fraction, and isotropic compartment volume fraction [ISOVF]), and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was significantly associated with WMH and some markers of microstructural injury (mean diffusivity and ISOVF). Our analysis revealed that the CRP level was significantly associated with WMH and WMH progression but not with microstructural injury. We also demonstrated that monocyte count was significantly associated with WMH and ISOVF, and that neutrophil count was significantly associated with WMH, mean diffusivity, and ISOVF. In 2-sample Mendelian randomization analyses, we found positive associations between genetic determinants of monocytes and WMH. The mediating role of WMH suggested that a higher SII value and monocyte count could contribute to cognitive impairment through white matter injury., Limitations: Although the study includes both cross-sectional and longitudinal components, the sample size for the longitudinal aspect is limited, and the use of blood biomarkers from a single timepoint is also a limitation of this research., Conclusion: The SII and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio may be early detection markers for white matter damage in patients with CSVD, whereas the CRP level is more closely associated with disease severity and progression. Our findings highlight the clinical relevance of systemic inflammation markers with white matter macro- and microstructural injuries, revealing that systemic inflammation is likely involved in the mechanism of early white matter injury among patients with CSVD., Competing Interests: Competing interests:: None declared., (© 2025 CMA Impact Inc. or its licensors.)

Among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), metastasis accounts for the majority of deaths, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important in the metastatic process. However, the mechanism underlying the correlation between the two in CRC is unknown. Here, we verified that a receptor-independent protein, G-protein signaling modulator 1 (GPSM1), was increased in CRC and had a significant positive correlation with matrix metalloproteinase 19 (MMP19). GPSM1 and MMP19 knockdown or overexpression decreased and increased proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells, respectively. In addition, overexpression or knockdown of GPSM1 and MMP19 upregulated and inhibited EMT, respectively. Interfering with MMP19 reversed EMT activation via GPSM1 overexpression. Apoptosis was induced by GPSM1 and MMP19 knockdown and activated the caspase3/Bcl-2/Bax signaling pathway. In conclusion, these results support the role of GPSM1 and MMP19 in CRC progression., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that we have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Stress hyperglycemia ratio is a novel indicator of acute coronary synthesis (ACS), which is closely related to the severity and complications of ACS and other cardiovascular diseases. However, its relationship with the progression of non target coronary lesions remains unclear. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between stress hyperglycemia ratio and the progression of non target coronary lesions., Methods: This study retrospectively enrolled patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome who underwent stent implantation and follow-up evaluations by coronary angiography at Zhongda Hospital between January 2019 and January 2024. Patients were classified into progression and non progression groups based on follow-up angiography findings. Logistic regression models, restricted cubic spline analysis, and machine learning algorithms (LightGBM, decision tree, and XGBoost) were utilized to analyse the relationship of stress hyperglycemia ratio and non target lesion progression., Results: A total of 1,234 ACS patients were included; 29.1% experienced non target lesions progression. Logistic regression analysis showed that stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) was a risk factor for non target disease progression (P < 0.001), and after adjusting for other variables, SHR was still independently associated with non target disease progression (OR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.30-3.44, p = 0.003). RCS analysis revealed a near-linear relationship between SHR and nontarget lesions progression (P = 0.14). With the increase of SHR, the risk of non target lesions progression continued to increase, and the risk was significant when the SHR was greater than 0.96, but tended to be stable when the SHR was greater than 1.36 (p = 0.0047). A hybrid model combining logistic regression and XGBoost yielded the best predictive performance, with an AUC of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.72-0.85), incorporating SHR, number and stenosis severity of non target lesions (NTLs), hypertension and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). Subgroup analysis showed that elevated SHR was a stronger predictor of NTL progression in non-diabetic patients (OR = 3.76, p = 0.007) compared with diabetic patients (OR = 1.69, p = 0.083)., Conclusion: Stress hyperglycemia ratio is closely related to the progression of non target lesions. This study provides a novel insight for optimizing the long-term management of non target lesions after PCI., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhongda Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Innovative Behavior (IB) is a key prerequisite for nurses in solving clinical problems. However, existing research on IB among clinical nurses is relatively limited., Objective: To identify profiles and characteristics of IB among clinical nurses and explore the associated predictors, as well as the relationships with research outputs., Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted on 354 clinical nurses in Shanghai from April 2023 to May 2023 (response rate 98.06%). IB was measured by the Innovative Behavior Scale for Nurses (IBSN), future time perspective was measured by the Future Time Perspective Scale (FTPS), and work engagement was measured by the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-9 (UWES-9). Socio-demographic and professional data and research output indicators were measured by a self-designed questionnaire. We used latent profile analysis (LPA) by Mplus 7.0 to identify latent classes of IB. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relevant predictors on the different profiles. And then Pearson's chi-squared was used to analyze the association between IB level and research output., Results: Among the respondents, individuals aged 25 to 35 accounted for 55.9%, and females comprised 94.6%. IB of clinical nurses can be identified into 3 groups: low-level (n = 108, 30.51%), moderate-level (n = 149, 42.09%), and high-level (n = 97, 27.40%) groups. Based on the results of LPA, marital status, education level, work experience, monthly income, night shifts, future time perspective scores, and work engagement scores can be the predictors of IB among different profiles. Statistically significant associations were found between IB level and research productivity, including publishing academic papers (χ 2  = 15.307, p < 0.001), registering patents (χ 2  = 17.163, p < 0.001), and winning Sci. & Tech awards (χ 2  = 27.814, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: According to our research, clinical nurses have three unique IB profiles. The current level is predominantly at a moderate level, with less than 30% demonstrating a high level of innovation. It revealed that better socio-demographic status and professional characteristics, future time perspective, and work engagement positively influenced innovative behavior among clinical nurses. The findings also highlight the potentially important role of IB in contributing to nurses' research output., Practical Implications: As far as we know, it might be the first study to employ LPA to clarify the heterogeneity in the levels of IB and their specific distribution among nurses. Our findings may provide a new viewpoint for promoting IB among clinical nurses. Nursing administrators should pay attention to IB of clinical nurses and develop targeted interventions to enhance their IB levels., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This research meticulously addressed the aspects of informed consent, non-harm, and confidentiality pertaining to the individuals participating in the survey. It was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Approval No. IS24022). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for next-generation photovoltaic technologies. However, perovskite films deposited by blade-coating usually exhibit inferior film morphology compared to those fabricated by spin-coating, which hinders the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of the scalable perovskite solar modules (PSMs). Herein, ellipsoidal colloids are tailored in the perovskite precursor solution by incorporating perovskite colloids and polymer additives. Compared to unregulated spherical colloids, the ellipsoidal colloids demonstrate more oriented packing during the blade-coating process, which is due to the anisotropic driven force from the fluidic flow in the meniscus. As a result of the improved film morphology, the regulated PSCs and PSMs achieve superior PCE of 24.31% and 21.67% (21.37% certified), respectively, for aperture areas of 0.09 and 13.94 cm 2 , and 89% initial PCE after 600 h continuous operation., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The gut microbiome has emerged as a growing focus of research and public health interest, leading to the frequent exploration of probiotic dietary supplements as potential treatments for various disorders, such as anxiety and depression. In the present report, changes in inflammation and microbiome composition were assessed in model mice exhibiting depressive-like behaviors that were exposed to the probiotic Lactobacillus zhachilii HBUAS52074 T . It was found that L. zhachilii HBUAS52074 T alleviated the severity of depressive-like behaviors while increasing serum 5-HT concentrations. Moreover, L. zhachilii HBUAS52074 T modulated the composition of the gut microbiota, resulting in a decrease in the abundance of Prevotella and an increase in the abundance of Lactobacillus . Additionally, supplementation with L. zhachilii HBUAS52074 T enhanced intestinal barrier function and reduced inflammation in peripheral blood, as well as in the hippocampal and prefrontal cortical tissues. Correlational analyses indicated that the abundance of Lactobacillus was positively correlated with the social interaction ratio, time spent in the center, entries into the center, as well as serum 5-HT and serum IL-10 levels but negatively correlated with immobility time. Overall, chronic social defeat stress was found to be associated with inflammation and the exacerbation of depressive-like behaviors. The above findings suggested that L. zhachilii HBUAS52074 T supplementation was sufficient to alter the parameters. Collectively, these data suggest that L. zhachilii HBUAS52074 T , derived from naturally fermented foods, may possess therapeutic potential for the treatment of depression.

Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing and controlling the transmission of infectious diseases within populations. However, the phenomenon of waning immunity can induce periodic fluctuations in epidemic spreading. This study proposes a coupled epidemic-vaccination dynamic model to analyze the influence of immunity waning on the epidemic spreading within the context of voluntary vaccination. First, we establish an SIRSV (susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible-vaccinated) compartment model to describe the transmission mechanism of infectious diseases based on the mean-field theory. Within this model, we incorporate a nonlinear infection rate with network topology and consider the waning natural and vaccine-induced immunity at the individual level. The evolutionary model of voluntary vaccination strategy is integrated into the SIRSV model to characterize the impact of vaccination behavior on the infectious disease transmission. We also consider two individual risk assessment methods, namely, the individual-based risk assessment (IB-RA) method and the society-based risk assessment (SB-RA) method, originating from local and global perspectives, respectively. Then, utilizing the next-generation matrix method, we derive the time-varying effective reproduction numbers of the model. Also, the theoretical analysis of optimal strategy thresholds in the individual decision-making process is also conducted. The results indicate that the thresholds obtained from the agent-based model (ABM) simulation method are consistent with the theoretical analysis, demonstrating the effectiveness of our model. Finally, we apply the coupled model to the COVID-19 pandemic in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. This study analyzes the impact of waning immunity and provides early warning for the outbreak of the epidemics., (© 2025 Society for Risk Analysis.)

Palatogingival groove is a developmental anomaly that can lead to significant periodontal and periapical diseases, particularly in Type III, which extends to the apex and communicates with the periodontal membrane through the apical foramen. This case report details the management of a Type III palatogingival groove in a maxillary lateral incisor, combining root canal treatment and intentional replantation, followed by a 3-year follow-up to assess the mid-term efficacy of this approach. The patient presented with a narrow and deep periodontal pocket on the palatal side, destruction of the palatal root surface and labial bone plate, and a persistent sinus tract. Initial treatment involved controlling the intracanal infection using root canal treatment under a dental microscope. One week later, the tooth was extracted for ex vivo preparation, including apical retrofilling and segmented filling of the root surface groove, before replantation and stabilization with elastic fixation on the labial side. At the 2-month follow-up, the labial sinus tract had completely healed. The palatal area, which initially exhibited a probing depth of 10 mm, demonstrated an 8-mm gain in clinical attachment. Probing revealed no signs of bleeding or pus discharge. Radiographic examinations showed the disappearance of periapical radiolucency. Regular follow-ups at 12, 24, and 36 months indicated no discomfort, with radiographic evidence of new bone formation at the apex and gradual recovery of the periodontal membrane, achieving new periodontal attachment. This case demonstrates that root canal treatment combined with intentional replantation, with a focus on infection control, is an effective treatment method for managing Type III palatogingival groove in maxillary lateral incisors., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2025 Jia, Cheng, Shi and Qiao.)

The respiratory system is continuously exposed to the outside world, making it vulnerable to airborne particles and harmful pathogens like bacteria and viruses that can enter through breathing. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) have a vital function in the innate immune response as they present antigens to T cells and initiate the response of adaptive immune cells. Professional APCs engulf foreign microorganisms and display their peptides to T lymphocytes using MHC molecules. MHC II on their cell surface and potentially present antigen to CD4 + T cells. Furthermore, various other types of cells have similar function that can also serve as APCs by expressing MHC II, thus impacting the progression of lung diseases, such as alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), endothelial cells (ECs), fibroblasts, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), eosinophils, interstitial cells, mast cells, etc. express MHC II and present antigen. The non-professional APCs type and the extra signals it provides have a direct impact on CD4 + T cell programming and downstream effector mechanisms. Here, we summarize the existing research on the expression of MHC II on non-professional APCs in different lung diseases and its influence on CD4 + T differentiation types and disease outcomes, in order to further clarify the role of MHC II of different non-professional APCs in lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), etc., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 Wang, Qiao, Wei, Su and Lu.)

Bacterial peptidoglycan, the essential cell surface polymer that protects bacterial integrity, also serves as the molecular pattern recognized by the host's innate immune system. Although the minimal motifs of bacterial peptidoglycan fragments (PGNs) that activate mammalian NOD1 and NOD2 sensors are well-known and often represented by small canonical ligands, the immunostimulatory effects of natural PGNs, which are structurally more complex and potentially can simultaneously activate both the NOD1 and NOD2 signaling pathways in hosts, have not been comprehensively investigated. In particular, many bacteria incorporate additional structural modifications in peptidoglycans to evade host immune surveillance, resulting in diverse structural variations among natural PGNs that may influence their biological effects in hosts. The focus of this study is on the amidation status of γ-d-glutamic acid and meso -diaminopimelic acid (mDAP) at the second and third positions of stem peptides in peptidoglycan, which represent key structural features that vary across different bacterial species. With four synthetic mDAP-containing disaccharide PGNs of different amidation states, we systematically investigated their structure-activity relationship in stimulating host innate immune responses in vitro . Our findings revealed that the amidation of disaccharide PGNs has distinct effects on NOD1 and NOD2 induction, along with their differential immunostimulatory activities in macrophage cells. Additionally, we found that, like the canonical NOD2 ligand, natural PGNs confer immune tolerance to LPS, and amidation states do not affect this outcome. Overall, our work highlights the potential immunological implications of these differentially amidated mDAP-type disaccharide PGNs in host-microbe crosstalk.

Advancements in technology and technical expertise increasingly enable neurointerventionalists to deliver safer and more effective endovascular treatments to cancers of the brain, spine, head, and neck. In addition to established neuro-oncological interventions such as pre-surgical tumor embolization and percutaneous ablation, newer modalities focused on direct arterial infusion of chemotherapy, radioisotopes, and radiosensitizers continue to gain traction as complementary treatment options, while stem cell-mediated delivery of theranostic nanoparticles and oncolytic virus are being explored for even greater specificity in targeting cancers across the blood-brain barrier. This article aims to provide an overview of the current state of the art and future directions for the field of interventional neuro-oncology, as well as opportunities and challenges presented by this emerging treatment modality., Competing Interests: Competing interests: PK receives grants/contract funding from NIH, Siemens, Joe Niekro Foundation, and Medtronic; unrelated consulting fees from Stryker Neurovascular and Imperative Care; serves on the Editorial Board of the Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery; and is an unrelated shareholder of Vena Medical. CRW receives grants/contract funding from Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Siemens, Guerbet, and NIH/NIDDK; consulting fees from Medtronic and Boston Scientific; serves as Vice Chair of the Society of Interventional Radiology; and has special interests with Avasys Medical and Shuriken Medical., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)

In this Letter, we propose a high-performance optimized detection scheme based on a neural network (NN) in a receiver digital signal processing (DSP) for bandwidth-limited intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) transmission systems. The NN-based optimized detection scheme consists of two components, an NN-based lookup table (NN-LUT) and an NN-based log-maximum a posteriori estimation with a fixed number of surviving state (NN-MAP) decoder. The NN-LUT provides more accurate and sufficient a priori information (PI) to the decoder than the conventional filter-form PI without increasing computational complexity. The NN-MAP decoder can be optimized for detection using the NN-form PI. The proposed scheme is implemented in a 122-Gbps IM/DD optical 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) system with a 3.7-GHz 3-dB bandwidth. The results demonstrate that the proposed NN-MAP scheme can enhance receiver sensitivity by 1.4 dB under the same complexity compared to conventional optimized detection, achieving a 20% forward error correction threshold. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the inaugural instance of NN being employed for optimized detection.

Modulation technology is the necessary means for generating periodic acoustic waves in photoacoustic gas detection, primarily including intensity modulation and wavelength modulation. In multi-gas detection, when multiple lasers employ the same modulation technique, current technologies include time-division multiplexing (TDM) for measurements at different times and frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) for simultaneous measurements; when multiple lasers employ different modulation techniques, the only available technology is TDM with measurements conducted at different times, and whether simultaneous measurement can be achieved has not yet been verified. We propose, for the first time, a multi-gas photoacoustic sensor using multi-mode demodulation. This sensor employs multi-mode frequency division multiplexing (MMFDM) technology to separate and demodulate the multi-mode photoacoustic signal, thereby enabling the simultaneous measurement of multiple gases under different modulation techniques. To demonstrate the feasibility of this method, we used SO 2 and HF, the SF 6 decomposition products in gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), as target gases and simultaneously detected their mixture using different modulation modes. Experimental results show that when the frequency difference is 10 Hz, multi-mode photoacoustic signal can be successfully separated, with the minimum detection limits for SO 2 and HF reaching 117.9 ppb and 65.5 ppb, respectively. This study is the first to validate the separability of multi-mode photoacoustic signal and achieve multi-gas simultaneous measurement under multi-mode modulation, thereby eliminating the limitations of modulation mode in simultaneous photoacoustic multi-gas detection., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2025 The Authors.)

China witnessed an Omicron COVID-19 outbreak at the end of 2022. During this period, medical crowding and enormous pressure on the healthcare systems occurred, which might result in the occurrence of occupational burnout among healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aims to investigate the prevalence of occupational burnout and associated mental conditions, such as depressive symptoms, anxiety, PTSD symptoms, perceived social support, resilience, and mindfulness among HCWs of the Chinese mainland during the Omicron COVID-19 outbreak, and to explore the potential risk and protective factors influencing occupational burnout of HCWs. A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted among HCWs working in the Chinese mainland from January 5 to February 9, 2023. A total of 6552 participants were recruited by convenience sampling. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, occupational burnout, depressive symptoms, anxiety, PTSD, perceived social support, resilience, and mindfulness by online questionnaires. Descriptive analyses were performed to describe the participants' demographic characteristics. Univariate-Multivariate analyses were used to determine the influencing factors of occupational burnout. The results showed that the prevalence of occupational burnout and associated mental disorders, such as depressive symptoms, anxiety, and PTSD in HCWs were 44.56%, and 70.75%, 47.87%, and 37.49%, respectively. Older age, female gender, higher income, more doses of COVID-19 vaccine, a higher level of mindfulness, resilience, and perceived social support were protective factors of occupational burnout. Working as nurses, in a department currently taking charge of the treatment of COVID-19 patients, perceived high risk of contracting COVID-19 due to work, perceived high work intensity, and a higher level of anxiety and depressive symptoms were risk factors of occupational burnout. Tailored interventions on perceived social support, resilience, and mindfulness should be implemented to alleviate occupational burnout and associated mental disorders among HCWs., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Chinese Academy of Medical Science on December 29th, 2022 (CAMS&PUMC-IEC-2022-83). Consent for publication: Not Applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Few studies have examined the underlying mechanisms of education, diets, and cognitive function in older adults. This study analyses the relationship between cognitive trajectories, education, and different dietary patterns in older adults from a network perspective, and further explores their longitudinal associations and mediation effects., Methods: Data on cognitive trajectories were derived from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) between 2008 and 2018. Group-Based Trajectory Model (GBTM) was used to identify potential heterogeneity in the longitudinal changes in cognitive function. Multinomial logistic regression and network analysis were then applied to examine the relationships between different cognitive trajectories and years of education, food variety (FV), and plant-based dietary patterns. Cross-lagged panel model was used to examine the longitudinal associations between education, FV, and plant-based diet patterns. Furthermore, we constructed a mediation model based on categorical variables for cognitive trajectories to investigate the mediating effect of FV and plant-based diet index on education and cognitive., Results: A total of 2,115 older adults were included in this study, revealing three distinct cognitive function trajectories. After controlling for potential confounders, education and dietary-related variables were associated with a cognitive stable decline trajectory (OR: 0.857/0.929/1.027) and a cognitive rapid decline trajectory (OR: 0.859/0.914, 95% CI: 0.775-0.882) compared to the cognitive stable trajectory. In the education, diet, and cognition network model, overall Plant-Based Diet Index (PDI) [expected influence (EI) = 1.82] and years of education (EI = 0.54) were the most central domains. There were longitudinal associations between education, FV, and plant-based dietary patterns, which were significant only in the slow decline group. FV acting as a mediator between education and cognitive trajectories., Conclusion: Years of education are longitudinally associated with the diet of older adults in the slow cognitive decline group. Food diversity partially mediates the relationship between years of education and cognitive trajectories. Interventions targeting education and dietary behaviors may help alleviate cognitive decline in older adults., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 Wang, Qiao, Zhang, Cui, Ren, Hao and Qiu.)

Aim: This study aims to elucidate the impact of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) on major depressive disorder (MDD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) globally, regionally, and nationally, informing targeted public health interventions and policy., Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019, we assessed the impact of CSA on MDD and AUD, analyzing disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 population. Our analysis included age, sex, geographic locations, temporal trends in age-standardized rates (ASR), and examined the relationship between the social development index (SDI) and the burden of these disorders., Results: From 1990 to 2019, the global ASR for MDD attributable to CSA increased by 1.9 %, while AUD decreased by 17.1 %. Significant gender disparities emerged, with females showing higher ASRs for MDD and males for AUD. The highest burden was observed in the 35-44 age group. Geographical analysis revealed the highest ASRs for MDD in Sub-Saharan Africa and for AUD in Eastern Europe, Central Europe, and High-income North America. A U-shaped relationship between SDI and disorder burdens was also identified., Conclusions: Our findings indicate a slight increase in MDD and a significant decrease in AUD burdens globally due to CSA, underscoring the need for targeted interventions considering gender, geographical, and developmental differences. This calls for strategies tailored to each country's unique development, culture, and regional specifics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. They have not received any financial support or other benefits from any individuals or organizations that could potentially bias their work or influence their decision-making., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of three different cold maceration times on the color, volatiles, and sensory of Syrah wine. The results showed that the physicochemical parameters were not influenced by maceration time. Extending the maceration time significantly increased the color intensity and decreased the hue of the wines. The content of monomeric anthocyanins and monomeric phenols increased gradually with the prolongation of immersion time, however, there was no significant difference between 72 and 120 h. Malvidin-3-O-glucoside was the most abundant monomer in anthocyanins, accounting for 67 % of the total content. Moreover, the highest flavanol content (95.42 ± 0.66 mg/L) was found in 120-h sample. The aroma contents of wines macerated for 72 and 120 h were significantly higher than that of 24 h (p < 0.05). Sensory evaluations showed that extended maceration enhanced the color intensity and floral-fruity aromas of the Syrah wines, while increasing astringency., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)