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The increasing cultural diversity in the United States means more college students identify with racial and ethnic minority backgrounds and may experience acculturative stress. Emerging research has found an association between acculturative stress and maladaptive eating. However, these studies rarely consider other theoretical factors or confounders, and individual differences. Thus, the unique contribution of acculturative stress and the generalizability of previous findings remain unclear.ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study investigated the role of acculturative stress and self-construal (i.e., how individuals define themselves in relation to others in social environments) in maladaptive eating among female college students.MethodParticipants were 446 female young adults (Mage = 20.38, SD = 1.75; MBMI = 23.42, SD = 4.62) who completed online questionnaires.ResultsStructural equation modeling results showed that acculturative stress was related to higher disinhibited eating even when accounting for traditional theoretical risk factors (i.e., body dissatisfaction, perceived sociocultural pressures on body image, and general stress) and potential confounders (i.e., age, BMI, SES, ethnic backgrounds, and birthplace). Furthermore, independent self-construal (i.e., when individuals see themselves as autonomous, prioritizing personal goals and uniqueness over social relationships) moderated this association. When independent self-construal was higher, the magnitude of the regression coefficient between acculturative stress and disinhibited eating was smaller.DiscussionGiven the increasing diversity within U.S. higher education, eating behavior theories should consider integrating acculturative stress to improve inclusiveness. College psychological services should tailor prevention and treatment strategies for maladaptive eating to address acculturative stress, while also promoting an environment that supports healthy, independent self-construal.

Abstract: Despite increasing racial diversity in the United States, and the particular growth of multiracial populations, questions about how children perceive others’ (bi)racial identities remain poorly understood. In two preregistered studies, we asked White and racially minoritized American children (N = 157; 4–11‐years old) and White and multiracial adults (N = 226) how acceptable it was for monoracial people (Black or White; Study 1) and/or biracial people (Black–White; Studies 1 and 2) to claim either a monoracial or biracial identity. Consistent with past research with adults, children said that monoracial people should claim (only) the monoracial identity which matched their ancestry. Judgements about biracial identity were more variable. White and multiracial adults (Study 2) reported that biracial targets could claim a racial identity that matched either or both of their parents, with biracial claims being evaluated most positively. Exploratory analyses on children's judgements about biracial people's identity claims (Study 1) revealed different patterns of development for White children and children from minoritized backgrounds. Whereas White children became more likely with age to report that all identity claims were acceptable, children from racially minoritized groups became more likely with age to endorse biracial targets who claimed a biracial identity. These findings suggest that children's own racial background and age may have a larger impact on their perceptions of biracial people's identities, compared to their perceptions of monoracial people's identities.

We know more about the costs of chronic stress than the benefits of the acute stress response-an adaptive response that buffers organisms from life-threatening challenges. As yet, no primate study has empirically identified how the stress response adaptively affects evolutionary fitness. Here, we take advantage of a natural experiment-an El Niño drought-that produced unprecedented mortality for wild white-faced capuchins. Using a reaction norm approach, we provide evidence from primates that a more robust stress response to a challenge, measured using fecal glucocorticoids, predicts a greater likelihood of survival. We show that individuals with greater stress responsiveness to previous droughts later had higher survival across a severe El Niño drought. Evolutionary models need empirical data on how stress responsivity varies in adaptive ways. While we cannot buffer subjects from catastrophic events, we can use them to understand which aspects of the stress response help animals to "weather the storm."

Anhedonia, the diminished drive to seek, value, and learn about rewards, is a core feature of major depressive disorder1-3. The neural underpinnings of anhedonia and how this emotional state drives behaviour remain unclear. Here we investigated the neural code of anhedonia by taking advantage of the fact that when mice are exposed to traumatic social stress, susceptible animals become socially withdrawn and anhedonic, whereas others remain resilient. By performing high-density electrophysiology to record neural activity patterns in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and ventral CA1 (vCA1), we identified neural signatures of susceptibility and resilience. When mice actively sought rewards, BLA activity in resilient mice showed robust discrimination between reward choices. By contrast, susceptible mice exhibited a rumination-like signature, in which BLA neurons encoded the intention to switch or stay on a previously chosen reward. Manipulation of vCA1 inputs to the BLA in susceptible mice rescued dysfunctional neural dynamics, amplified dynamics associated with resilience, and reversed anhedonic behaviour. Finally, when animals were at rest, the spontaneous BLA activity of susceptible mice showed a greater number of distinct neural population states. This spontaneous activity allowed us to decode group identity and to infer whether a mouse had a history of stress better than behavioural outcomes alone. This work reveals population-level neural dynamics that explain individual differences in responses to traumatic stress, and suggests that modulating vCA1-BLA inputs can enhance resilience by regulating these dynamics.

People who are higher in conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness and lower in neuroticism tend to live longer. The present research tested the hypothesis that personality trait change in middle and older adulthood would also be associated with mortality risk, above and beyond personality trait level. Personality trait change may causally influence mortality risk through corresponding changes in health behaviors, social processes, and stress experience. Alternatively, personality trait change may be a marker of successful or unsuccessful adaptation to life circumstances, which in turn influences mortality risk, or shared risk factors may impact personality trait change and mortality risk. In the latter case, personality trait change may serve as a "psychosocial vital sign" pointing toward increased risk. In 11 samples of middle-aged and older adults (combined N = 32,348), we used multilevel growth curve models to estimate personality trait level and personality trait change across three to 11 measurement occasions spanning 6-43 years. Next, we used Cox proportional hazards models to test whether personality trait level and personality trait change were associated with mortality risk. Higher conscientiousness (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.83), extraversion (HR = 0.93), and agreeableness (HR = 0.88) were associated with longer survival while higher neuroticism was associated with shorter survival (HR = 1.22). In contrast to personality trait level, we found limited evidence for associations between personality trait change and mortality risk. We discuss conceptual and methodological implications of the present findings that may guide future research on associations between personality trait change, health, and mortality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Brain inflammation, with an increased density of microglia and macrophages, is an important component of Alzheimer's disease and a potential therapeutic target. However, it is incompletely characterized, particularly in patients whose disease begins before the age of 65 years and, thus, have few co-pathologies. Inflammation has been usefully imaged with translocator protein (TSPO) PET, but most inflammation PET tracers cannot image subjects with a low-binder TSPO rs6971 genotype. In an important development, participants with any TSPO genotype can be imaged with a novel tracer, 11C-ER176, that has a high binding potential and a more favourable metabolite profile than other TSPO tracers currently available. We applied 11C-ER176 to detect brain inflammation in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) caused by early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, we sought to correlate the brain localization of inflammation, volume loss, elevated amyloid-β (Aβ)and tau. We studied brain inflammation in 25 patients with early-onset amnestic MCI (average age 59 ± 4.5 years, 10 female) and 23 healthy controls (average age 65 ± 6.0 years, 12 female), both groups with a similar proportion of all three TSPO-binding affinities. 11C-ER176 total distribution volume (VT), obtained with an arterial input function, was compared across patients and controls using voxel-wise and region-wise analyses. In addition to inflammation PET, most MCI patients had Aβ (n = 23) and tau PET (n = 21). For Aβ and tau tracers, standard uptake value ratios were calculated using cerebellar grey matter as region of reference. Regional correlations among the three tracers were determined. Data were corrected for partial volume effect. Cognitive performance was studied with standard neuropsychological tools. In MCI caused by early-onset Alzheimer's disease, there was inflammation in the default network, reaching statistical significance in precuneus and lateral temporal and parietal association cortex bilaterally, and in the right amygdala. Topographically, inflammation co-localized most strongly with tau (r = 0.63 ± 0.24). This correlation was higher than the co-localization of Aβ with tau (r = 0.55 ± 0.25) and of inflammation with Aβ (0.43 ± 0.22). Inflammation co-localized least with atrophy (-0.29 ± 0.26). These regional correlations could be detected in participants with any of the three rs6971 TSPO polymorphisms. Inflammation in Alzheimer's disease-related regions correlated with impaired cognitive scores. Our data highlight the importance of inflammation, a potential therapeutic target, in the Alzheimer's disease process. Furthermore, they support the notion that, as shown in experimental tissue and animal models, the propagation of tau in humans is associated with brain inflammation.

Youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit impairments in mathematics, but long-term math development into adulthood, particularly in females, is underexplored. We characterized trajectories of math achievement in girls with ADHD and an age- and ethnicity-matched comparison sample from childhood through early adulthood across four waves and examined childhood cognitive predictors (global executive functioning, working memory, processing speed) of trajectories. The ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample comprised 140 girls with carefully diagnosed ADHD and 88 neurotypicals, ages 6 to 12 years at baseline. Using latent growth curve models, we examined predictors of 16-year math achievement trajectories. In both the ADHD and neurotypical groups, scores declined over time; rates of change did not differ significantly. Yet in the ADHD sample, math difficulties (defined as scores at least 1 SD below the national average) increased notably over time, with many such difficulties emerging after childhood. By adulthood, nearly half of women with ADHD exhibited clear math difficulties. Worse baseline global executive functioning predicted slower math growth over time. Girls with ADHD may benefit from math supports before concerns emerge or worsen after childhood. Additional research on preventive interventions for math difficulties, including investigation of executive functioning, is warranted.

BackgroundPreliminary evaluations of 212 drinking offspring from the San Diego Prospective Study (SDPD) indicated that over 50% developed alcohol use disorder (AUD) by their mid-20s. The present analysis evaluated if those findings remained robust when the group increased to 454 individuals, a sample size that facilitated a search for potential contributors to the high AUD prevalence.MethodsSemistructured interviews were used to evaluate lifetime AUD diagnoses in 224 daughters and 230 sons from the SDPS (N = 454) by mean age 26. Analyses compared participants with and without AUD regarding demography, alcohol use, personality, and psychiatric diagnoses. Characteristics associated with AUD were entered together in a backward elimination regression analysis, and the results were entered in a structural equation model (SEM) to evaluate potential mediation of risks for alcohol problems.ResultsLifetime AUD was documented for 61% of the sons and 41% of the daughters. Offspring with AUD reported averages of 13 maximum and five usual drinks per occasion and endorsed an average of 4 DSM AUD criteria. Even after considering personality characteristics, family AUD histories, and personal psychiatric histories, significant contributions to the regression analysis were limited to lower levels of response to alcohol, higher positive alcohol expectancies, and drinking to cope. Key elements of the hypothesized SEM were supported, and mediation between the low alcohol response and the number of alcohol problems was documented for expectancies, drinking to cope, and peer heavier drinking.ConclusionThe results support prior high AUD rates in SDPS offspring and demonstrate that the AUD diagnoses were associated with robust alcohol intake and problems. The data also indicated mediation of the impact of the low alcohol response on the development of AUD through several characteristics proposed by prior work in other populations.

Empathy plays a crucial role in promoting older adults' interpersonal experiences, but it remains unclear how these benefits of empathy occur. To address this gap, we examined associations between empathy and how older adults behave and express emotions during their daily interpersonal encounters. Participants included 268 adults aged 65+ (46% men, n = 124) from the Daily Experiences and Well-being Study. They reported background characteristics and empathy in baseline interviews and indicated interpersonal encounters every 3 hours across 5 to 6 days. Participants wore electronically activated recorders (EAR), an app that captured 30-second snippets of ambient sounds every 7 minutes. Verbatim transcripts were coded for positive and negative social behaviors (e.g., praise, complain) and text was analyzed via Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software for verbal expressions of positive and negative emotions (e.g., happy, hope, hate, hurt). Multilevel models showed that greater empathy was associated with greater variety in positive social behaviors throughout the day. More empathic older adults expressed more positive emotions while engaging in positive behaviors and less negative emotions when engaging in negative behaviors. This study innovatively draws on naturalistic data to delineate how more empathic older adults may have more positive and less negative social experiences than their less empathic counterparts. Findings may inform interventions that can incorporate empathy training to target those at higher risk of poor interpersonal experiences and outcomes (e.g., social isolation).

Working memory (WM) plays a crucial role in human cognition. Previous candidate and genome-wide association studies have reported many genetic variations associated with WM. However, little research has examined genetic basis of WM by using transcriptome, even though it reflects gene function more directly than does the genome. Here we propose a new approach to exploring the genetic mechanisms of WM by integrating connectome, transcriptome, and genome data in a high-quality dataset comprising 481 Chinese healthy adults. First, relevance vector regression was used to define WM-related brain regions. Second, genes differentially expressed within these regions were identified using the Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA) dataset. Finally, two independent datasets were used to validate these genes' contributions to WM. With this method, we identified 24 novel genes and 20 of them were confirmed in the large-scale datasets of ABCD and UK Biobank. These novel genes were enriched in the cellular component of collagen-containing extracellular matrix and the CCL18 signaling pathway. Our method offers an effective approach to integrating multimodal gene discovery and demonstrates the superiority of expression data. This new method and the newly identified genes deserve more attention in the future.

Aggression is ubiquitous among social species and can function to maintain social dominance hierarchies. The African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni is an ideal study species for studying aggression due to their dominance hierarchy and robust behavioral repertoire. To further understand the potential sex differences in aggression in this species, we characterized aggression in male and female A. burtoni in a mirror assay. We then quantified neural activation patterns in brain regions of the social behavior network (SBN) to investigate if differences in behavior are reflected in the brain with immunohistochemistry by detecting the phosphorylated ribosome marker phospho-S6 ribosomal protein (pS6), a marker for neural activation. We found that A. burtoni perform both identical and sex-specific aggressive behaviors in response to a mirror assay. Females had greater pS6 immunoreactivity than males in the Vv (ventral part of the ventral telencephalon), a homolog of the lateral septum in mammals. Males but not females had higher pS6 immunoreactivity in the ATn after the aggression assay. The ATn (anterior tuberal nucleus) is a homolog of the ventromedial hypothalamus in mammals, which is strongly implicated in the regulation of aggression in males. Several regions also have higher pS6 immunoreactivity in negative controls than fish exposed to a mirror, implicating a role for inhibitory neural processes in suppressing aggression until a relevant stimulus is present. Male and female A. burtoni display both similar and different behavioral patterns in aggression in response to a mirror assay. There are also sex differences in the corresponding neural activation patterns in the SBN. In mirror males but not females, the ATn clusters with the POA, revealing a functional connectivity of these regions that is triggered in an aggressive context in males. These findings suggest that distinct neural circuitry underlie aggressive behavior in male and female A. burtoni, serving as a foundation for future work investigating the molecular and neural underpinnings of sex differences in behavior in this species to reveal fundamental insights into understanding aggression.

While viewing a visual stimulus, we often cannot tell whether it is inherently memorable or forgettable. However, the memorability of a stimulus can be quantified and partially predicted by a collection of conceptual and perceptual factors. Higher-level properties that represent the "meaningfulness" of a visual stimulus to viewers best predict whether it will be remembered or forgotten across a population. Here, we hypothesize that the feelings evoked by an image, operationalized as the valence and arousal dimensions of affect, significantly contribute to the memorability of scene images. We ran two complementary experiments to investigate the influence of affect on scene memorability, in the process creating a new image set (VAMOS) of hundreds of natural scene images for which we obtained valence, arousal, and memorability scores. From our first experiment, we found memorability to be highly reliable for scene images that span a wide range of evoked arousal and valence. From our second experiment, we found that both valence and arousal are significant but weak predictors of image memorability. Scene images were most memorable if they were slightly negatively valenced and highly arousing. Images that were extremely positive or unarousing were most forgettable. Valence and arousal together accounted for less than 8% of the variance in image memorability. These findings suggest that evoked affect contributes to the overall memorability of a scene image but, like other singular predictors, does not fully explain it. Instead, memorability is best explained by an assemblage of visual features that combine, in perhaps unintuitive ways, to predict what is likely to stick in our memory.

We study an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for estimating product-term regression models with missing data. The study of such problems in the frequentist tradition has thus far been restricted to an EM algorithm method using full numerical integration. However, under most missing data patterns, we show that this problem can be solved analytically, and numerical approximations are only needed under specific conditions. Thus we propose a hybrid EM algorithm, which uses analytic solutions when available and approximate solutions only when needed. The theoretical framework of our algorithm is described herein, along with three empirical experiments using both simulated and real data. We demonstrate that our algorithm provides greater estimation accuracy, exhibits robustness to distributional violations, and confers higher power to detect interaction effects. We conclude with a discussion of extensions and topics of further research.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) increasingly affects aged individuals, where functional impairment and mortality are highest. However, the aging-dependent mechanisms underpinning tissue damage remain elusive. Here, we find that natural killer-like T (NKLT) cells seed the intact aged human and murine spinal cord and multiply further after injury. NKLT cells accumulate in the spinal cord via C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 6 and ligand 16 signaling to clonally expand by engaging with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I-expressing myeloid cells. NKLT cells expressing natural killer cell granule protein 7 (Nkg7) disrupt myeloid-cell-dependent wound healing in the aged injured cord. Nkg7 deletion in mice curbs NKLT cell degranulation to normalize the myeloid cell phenotype, thus promoting tissue repair and axonal integrity. Monoclonal antibodies neutralizing CD8+ T cells after SCI enhance neurological recovery by promoting wound healing. Our results unveil a reversible role for NKG7+CD8+ NKLT cells in exacerbating tissue damage, suggesting a clinically relevant treatment for SCI.

Some interventions for smoking cessation such as quit smoking aids show sex-specific effects on outcomes, but behavioral interventions such as mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) for smoking cessation lack formal reporting of sex-intervention tests of interaction to date. To address this gap, we conducted a secondary analysis of a RCT dataset (N = 213), recruiting participants from California, to statistically test a sex-intervention interaction effect on complete 7-day point prevalence abstinence (PPA), proportion of days abstinent, and daily cigarettes smoked. Smoking was assessed using the timeline follow back method spanning the four weeks following a daily 14-day app-based intervention and a planned smoking quit date immediately following the intervention phase. All models adjusted for baseline nicotine dependence. The study groups had comparable sex proportions (MBI: 56 % female; control: 55 % female) and the ratio of outcome assessment completion by group was not dependent on sex. Adjusted analyses revealed a significant sex-intervention interaction effect for daily cigarettes smoked ([female coded 1]: two-way interaction effect IRR = 0.59, 95 % CI: 0.46-0.77, p

BackgroundPoor affect recognition is an early sign of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here, we applied the abbreviated version of the Comprehensive Affect Testing System (CATS-A) battery to Italian FTD cases and healthy controls (HC) to provide cut-offs of emotional dysfunction in the whole group and in different FTD clinical syndromes.MethodsOne hundred thirty-nine FTD patients (60 behavioural variant [bvFTD],13 semantic behavioural variant of FTD [sbvFTD], 28 progressive supranuclear palsy [PSP], 21 semantic [svPPA] and 17 nonfluent [nfvPPA] variants of primary progressive aphasia) and 116 HC were administered the CATS-A, yielding an Affective Recognition Quotient (ARQ), which was used as outcome measure. Age- and education-adjusted, regression-based norms were derived in HC. In patients, the ARQ was assessed for its internal reliability, factorial validity and construct validity by testing its association with another social cognition paradigm, the Story-Based Empath Task (SET). The diagnostic accuracy of the ARQ in discriminating patients from HC, genetic cases from HC and patient groups among each other was tested via ROC analyses.ResultsIn the whole FTD cohort, CATS-A proved to be underpinned by a mono-component factor (51.1%) and was internally consistent (McDonalds ω = 0.76). Moreover, the ARQ converged with the SET (r(122) = 0.50; p

AimTo evaluate the mechanosensitivity of muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) and fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) in cerebral palsy (CP) and the efficacy of the drug verteporfin in restoring cells' regenerative capacity.MethodMuscle biopsies were collected from six children with CP and six typically developing children. MuSCs and FAPs were isolated and plated on collagen-coated polyacrylamide gels at stiffnesses of 0.2 kPa, 8 kPa, and 25 kPa. Cells were treated with verteporfin to block mechanosensing or with dimethyl sulfoxide as a negative control. MuSC differentiation and FAP activation into myofibroblasts were measured using immunofluorescence staining.ResultsSurprisingly, MuSC differentiation was not affected by stiffness; however, stiff substrates resulted in large myonuclear clustering. Across all stiffnesses, MuSCs from children with CP had less differentiation than those of their typically developing counterparts. FAP activation into myofibroblasts was significantly higher in children with CP than their typically developing peers, but was not affected by stiffness. Verteporfin did not affect differentiation or activation in either cell population, but slightly decreased myonuclear clustering on stiff substrates.InterpretationCells from children with CP were less regenerative and more fibrotic compared to those of their typically developing counterparts, with MuSCs being sensitive to increases in stiffness. Therefore, the mechanosensitivity of MuSCs and FAPs may represent a new target to improve differentiation and activation in CP muscle.

Parenting that is warm and supportive has been consistently linked to better emotion regulation in children, but less is known about this association in adolescents. Adolescence is thought to be an important period for emotion regulation development given that it coincides with the emergence of mental health issues. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is a measure of parasympathetic regulation linked to emotion and behavior regulation. Despite the well-documented links between parenting practices and emotion regulation, and between RSA and emotion regulation, few studies have focused on the association between positive parenting and adolescent RSA or included both mothers and fathers. The current study analyzed the influence of warm parenting throughout adolescence (ages 10-16) on basal RSA at age 17 in 229 Mexican-origin youths. Latent-growth curve models were used to analyze associations between maternal and paternal warmth and baseline RSA. Changes in maternal, but not paternal, warmth from age 10 to 16 were related to youths' basal RSA at age 17. Specifically, youths who perceived increasing (or less decreasing) maternal warmth across adolescence had higher basal RSA. This finding suggests that positive maternal parenting experiences during adolescence "get under the skin" to enhance parasympathetic functioning that supports youths' emotion regulation capacities.

Learning structures that effectively abstract decision policies is key to the flexibility of human intelligence. Previous work has shown that humans use hierarchically structured policies to efficiently navigate complex and dynamic environments. However, the computational processes that support the learning and construction of such policies remain insufficiently understood. To address this question, we tested 1026 human participants, who made over 1 million choices combined, in a decision-making task where they could learn, transfer, and recompose multiple sets of hierarchical policies. We propose a novel algorithmic account for the learning processes underlying observed human behavior. We show that humans rely on compressed policies over states in early learning, which gradually unfold into hierarchical representations via meta-learning and Bayesian inference. Our modeling evidence suggests that these hierarchical policies are structured in a temporally backward, rather than forward, fashion. Taken together, these algorithmic architectures characterize how the interplay between reinforcement learning, policy compression, meta-learning, and working memory supports structured decision-making and compositionality in a resource-rational way.

It is well known that people will exert effort on a task if sufficiently motivated, but how they distribute these efforts across different strategies (e.g., efficiency vs. caution) remains uncertain. Past work has shown that people invest effort differently for potential positive outcomes (rewards) versus potential negative outcomes (penalties). However, this research failed to account for differences in the context in which negative outcomes motivate someone - either as punishment or reinforcement. It is therefore unclear whether effort profiles differ as a function of outcome valence, motivational context, or both. Using computational modeling and our novel Multi-Incentive Control Task, we show that the influence of aversive outcomes on one's effort profile is entirely determined by their motivational context. Participants (N:91) favored increased caution in response to larger penalties for incorrect responses, and favored increased efficiency in response to larger reinforcement for correct responses, whether positively or negatively incentivized. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: People have to constantly decide how to allocate their mental effort, and in doing so can be motivated by both the positive outcomes that effort accrues and the negative outcomes that effort avoids. For example, someone might persist on a project for work in the hopes of being promoted or to avoid being reprimanded or even fired. Understanding how people weigh these different types of incentives is critical for understanding variability in human achievement as well as sources of motivational impairments (e.g., in major depression). We show that people not only consider both potential positive and negative outcomes when allocating mental effort, but that the profile of effort they engage under negative incentives differs depending on whether that outcome is contingent on sustaining good performance (negative reinforcement) or avoiding bad performance (punishment). Clarifying the motivational factors that determine effort exertion is an important step for understanding motivational impairments in psychopathology.

Purpose: Pain is a complex, intimate, and subjective experience influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. This case report investigates the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary team approach in addressing chronic pain and pain-related fear. Case description: The case report describes a 22-year-old female who experienced anterior knee pain for seven years, despite undergoing two knee surgeries and physiotherapy without improvement. Following a comprehensive assessment, which included a detailed medical history, clinical examination, and thoughtful clinical analysis, a multidisciplinary approach was recommended. Employing an evidence-based methodology that integrated neurocognitive rehabilitation techniques, including Pain Neuroscience Education, Graded Motor Imagery, and Tactile Discrimination Training, alongside psychological rehabilitation strategies such as Mindfulness, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Problem-Solving Therapy, the report presents a comprehensive in-depth rehabilitation plan exemplifying the application of this multimodal approach within a clinical setting in a patient with chronic pain. This approach is designed not to address the biomechanical aspects but to delve into the cognitive facets associated with pain perception and avoidance, as well as potential psychological factors that may be influencing the onset and persistence of symptoms. Outcomes: The scores from the rating scales provided valuable insights into patient progress in pain management, functional improvement, fear of movement, and overall physical, psychological, and emotional well-being, at six months. Conclusion: This case report offers valuable insights into the usefulness of this multidisciplinary and multimodal approach, highlighting its potential as an avenue in the management of chronic pain and pain-related fear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians have noted that many 19th-century founders and members of psychic societies were clergy, or had fathers who were clergy, seeking evidence for the survivalist hypothesis. One such member, psychologist Gardner Murphy, was influenced in childhood both by the Episcopalian faith of his father and the Transcendentalism of his mother's hometown, Concord, Massachusetts. We propose that these religious and philosophical influences, as well as his childhood experiences informed his life's work. They also prompted Gardner Murphy to focus on the survivalist hypothesis and commit to discovering a scientific approach that might yield evidence of paranormal phenomena. Murphy was highly respected for his biosocial theory of personality and his contributions to the discipline of psychology, even while he persisted in studying parapsychology, an area of contention in the relatively new science of psychology. He drew on the potential synergy of world religions and philosophical traditions as a means of understanding human behavior – in each case revealing him as the polymath and ethical humanist for which he is remembered. Like William James, he viewed reported psychic experiences as simply another human phenomenon to be examined using the scientific method. His ability to entwine these interests seems motivated by his religious upbringing and academic training in the sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many fields, from psychology and biology to quality control, logistics and risk management, the coefficient of variation (CV) and in particular the multivariate coefficient of variation (MCV), can be applied as measures of variability. Consequently, several parametric and nonparametric inference methods for CV and MCV have been introduced in the literature. These include a recently introduced permutation-based James-type studentized statistic for making inferences about MCV. In this article, we propose a new permutation-based solution exploiting the Non Parametric Combination (NPC) methodology. This new extension presents some major advantages: it can be applied to test both the one and two-sided ordered alternatives, it can deal with high-dimensional settings, even in the case of small sample sizes, and it can be used to deal with isotonic inference problems. In this paper, we present an extensive simulation study to address both one-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)-like problems and isotonic inference problems. A case study is then provided to show a real data application of the new NPC-based solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on teacher leadership tends to omit mention of the dark side of leadership. This is troubling since, after all, examples of bad leaders come readily to mind. This paper delves into the literature on bad leadership, illuminating it with reference to Iris Murdoch's moral psychology, to elaborate an explanation as to why leaders often go bad. This framework is then applied to teacher leadership in order to lay out certain ethical and educational risks associated with the indiscriminate promotion of teacher leadership, as well as concerns related to the theme of social change. The paper concludes that we should be careful if we decide to promote teacher leadership, lest such efforts lead to the proliferation of bad leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concepts related to the future are abundant in research on im/mobilities. However, studies rarely explain the forces that impinge on who can imagine what future, and how these futures are funnelled to govern im/mobilities. Using a sociocultural psychological model of the imagination, I propose that regimes of im/mobilities, detailing how some movements are engendered while others are prohibited, also operate through imaginations of the future. I argue that when different technologies make some futures visible while making others invisible, this process represents a mode of governing and differentiating im/mobilities by disciplining people's imagination. I incorporate existing research on indefinite detention in the British, Danish, and Swedish asylum systems, as well as my own fieldwork in the Faroe Islands. These examples show two opposing ways by which the future is fashioned to impact im/mobilities. I detail how various technologies of the imagination guide people's imagination differently and serve as a crucial component of regimes of im/mobilities. These shifting forces correspond to the constantly changing nature of the regime of im/mobilities. Furthermore, the varying imaginations also emphasise the need to pay more attention to how people experience and navigate the imaginative arm of regimes of im/mobilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present text presents partial results of the research "Young people with disability due to gunshot wounds: an exploratory study from the Memorialistic Narratives", which aimed to problematize the effects of violence and criminality in the juvenile sphere by investigating, beyond the increase in mortality and incarceration rates, the transformation of these young people into people with disabilities, specifically, people in wheelchairs. To achieve this goal, we used as a method the Memorialistic Narratives and worked on the categories of exclusion, violence and a body marked by trauma. We will reflect on the case of Guilherme, a poor, marginalized young man with a disability and a wheelchair user due to a gunshot wound. The choice for his case relates to the different forms that violence can assume, influencing lives and leaving marks, besides, we believe that his life story can contribute to qualifying psychology's look at young people in contexts of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: Psychological formulation brings together a service user story and expertise, with psychological knowledge, research, and practitioners clinical experience to make sense of a service users' presentation (thinking about their difficulties but also strengths).Evidence into the effectiveness of formulation is largely anecdotal, qualitative, or small scale. Although this is very valuable research, there is not a lot of research which quantitatively evidences the role of formulation for service users or services. Quantitative evidence that does exist is also conflicting.Considering how widely psychological formulation is used, and the governing guidelines that recognize this as a core competency for psychological practitioners, it is important to continue to add to the evidence base. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: Psychological formulation can increase staff empathy and hope. This could help service users to feel more understood and hopeful.Formulation; however, did not impact feelings of personal distress in staff.This research may suggest a need for the two distinct processes (i.e. team formulation and reflective practice) to support all components of empathy within inpatient services.Psychological formulation could support the provision of psychologically informed care within inpatient services, of which promotes effective care delivery. Objectives: National Health Service (NHS) values, such as empathy and therapeutic optimism, are integral when supporting service users with complex mental health presentations. There is some evidence to suggest that psychological formulation can increase empathy and optimism in healthcare professionals. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate whether a psychological formulation of a hypothetical service user with a complex presentation, typically labelled with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD), increased empathy and therapeutic optimism in professionals working in mental health inpatient services. Method: Sixty‐six mental health professionals working in NHS inpatient services took part in a pre‐ and post‐vignette study. Participants were asked to read a case vignette about a hypothetical service user, with a diagnostic label of BPD, and complete questionnaires capturing levels of empathy and therapeutic optimism. Participants were then randomized into two conditions and either asked to read the same information again (control condition) or read a psychological formulation based on the same hypothetical service user (intervention condition). The findings were analysed using a series of ANCOVAs/ANCOHETs. Results: Two constructs of empathy (i.e. perspective taking and empathic concern), and therapeutic optimism significantly increased following exposure to the psychological formulation when compared to the control group condition. Conclusion: This study warrants further replication. These initial findings; however, indicate that psychological formulation can significantly increase the ability to perspective take, display empathic concern, and hold therapeutic optimism towards service users with a presentation associated with a diagnosis of BPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bystanders play a role in school bullying; more specifically, the defending behaviors of bystanders play an important role in stopping bullying. This study explores the relationship between defending behaviors and family functioning in the context of school bullying from a family perspective. The role played by individual characteristics (empathy and gender) in this relationship was also focused on. The participants were 994 adolescents (average age = 13.34 ± 0.92 years) from the east of China. They completed the McMaster Family Assessment Device, the Basic Empathy Scale, and the Defending Behaviors subscale of the Participant Role Questionnaire. After controlling for residence and age, we found that family functioning significantly and positively influenced defending behaviors, and cognitive empathy rather than affective empathy mediated the relationship between family functioning and defending behaviors. In addition, family functioning influenced defending behaviors in boys more strongly than in girls. This study may increase the likelihood that bystanders will engage in defending behaviors by informing interventions for school bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores how the experience of sexuality intersects with the desire for recognition and power dynamics in the lives of trans women from childhood onward. Social science literature on trans women in the Global South has predominantly focused on health issues related to HIV, often neglecting other crucial factors that contribute to a comprehensive understanding of this group. Additionally, in psychology, there is a lack of studies addressing the role of sexuality in children with diverse sexual orientations and how sex/gender dimensions influence the development of their identities. Methodologically, this study uses a qualitative approach, involving 17 semi-structured interviews with trans women aged 23–47 in Lima, Peru. The research highlights that sexuality emerges at an early age and contrasts with the desire for recognition as feminine. This study will demonstrate how sexuality, though often hidden, plays a critical role in shaping the identities and subjectivities of trans women in the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the degree to which hunter-gatherers exhibited concern for animals. Six types of concern (sympathy, consequential, identity-based, respectful, protective, and indifference) were assessed in twenty-eight hunting-gathering groups from around the world using eHRAF World Cultures. Findings demonstrated that sympathy for animal agents was low, and indifference was high. High levels of consequential concern and moderate levels of identity and respectful concern were evident. Protective concern was found in about a third of the groups. Higher levels of concern were experienced when the animals were perceived as either pseudo-humans or pseudo-spirits. The transition from hunter-gatherer to agro-industrial lifestyle has led to fewer interactions and less overall concern for animals, but it has not produced a decrease in sympathy for animal agents, which was already relatively low among foragers. These findings lend support to the theory that humans did not evolve to experience high levels of sympathetic concern for animals as animal agents, and it helps to explain the widespread present exploitation of animals. It also demonstrates that concern can and does arise when animals take on pseudo-human agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the study of emotions in archaeology has increased considerably in recent years, loneliness remains understudied. This paper aims to challenge that bias and demonstrate how identifying and exploring loneliness can provide invaluable insights into the human experience, enabling a greater understanding of past societies and their social dynamics. This study, bridging sciences and humanities, aims to promote a debate to address the gap in the archaeological study of loneliness. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, with insights from history, anthropology, and psychology, two case studies are presented using three different lines of archaeological analysis: one from architectural structures which contribute to the feeling of loneliness; one from lonely landscapes that may contribute to the same negative feeling; and one from the social (or individual) strategies used to fight that feeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anxiety and depression are frequently associated with migraine, and antidepressant use can complicate treatment. These analyses assessed the safety and tolerability of rimegepant in participants with migraine and anxiety and/or depression, or using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and/or other antidepressants. Methods: Data were from a phase II/III safety study of rimegepant for the acute treatment of migraine. Participants with a history of 2–14 migraine attacks per month of moderate or severe pain intensity self-administered rimegepant 75 mg as needed up to once daily for up to 52 weeks. These post hoc subgroup analyses assessed safety according to self-reported history of anxiety (yes or no) or depression (yes or no), and current use of SSRIs (yes or no) or other antidepressants (yes or no). Results: Of 1800 treated participants, 23.2% (n = 417) had a self-reported history of anxiety, 23.7% (n = 426) had a self-reported history of depression, and 11.2% (n = 202) reported both anxiety and depression. A total of 10.1% (n = 181) of participants were using an SSRI, 10.8% (n = 195) were using other antidepressants, and 1.8% (n = 32) were using both. Across the subgroups with anxiety, without anxiety, with depression, without depression, using SSRIs, not using SSRIs, using other antidepressants, and not using other antidepressants, respectively, similar proportions of participants reported adverse events (67.1%, 58.4%, 62.0%, 60.0%, 64.1%, 60.0%, 66.2%, 59.8%), serious adverse events (3.6%, 2.3%, 2.8%, 2.5%, 3.3%, 2.5%, 5.1%, 2.3%), and discontinuation of rimegepant due to adverse events (4.1%, 2.2%, 3.1%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 2.4%, 3.1%, 2.6%). Numerical improvements in a variety of participant-reported outcomes were also observed at weeks 12 and 52. Conclusions: Rimegepant showed favorable safety and tolerability in adults with migraine and a history of anxiety and/or depression and with SSRI and/or other antidepressant use. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03266588. Plain Language Summary: People with migraine often have anxiety and depression, and the use of antidepressants can complicate the choice of migraine treatment. These analyses of a long-term, open-label, phase II/III study assessed the safety and tolerability of rimegepant in adults with migraine according to history of anxiety and/or depression, and the use of antidepressants. Rimegepant, when used as an acute treatment for migraine, was generally safe and well tolerated in adults with migraine and a history of anxiety and/or depression, and with antidepressant use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People spend a substantial amount of time at home, so it is important that homes are safe, healthy environments. Damp and mould represent common housing problems but little is known about their potential psychological effects. This scoping review explores existing literature on the relationship between household damp/mould and psychological wellbeing. Systematic searches of six databases were conducted, supplemented by hand-searches. Thirty studies were included; 21/24 (87.5%) found significant univariate associations between damp/mould and psychological outcomes and 13/17 (76.5%) found that damp/mould remained significant independent predictors in multivariate analyses. Qualitative data from six studies revealed that participants feared potential physical health consequences of damp/mould and felt self-conscious about clothes/homes smelling damp. Our findings suggest that exposure to damp and mould accounts for a significant amount of variance in psychological outcomes. Improving housing quality, ensuring healthcare professionals are aware of the psychological health effects of damp/mould and campaigns to educate the public about how to remove damp and mould may be useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1924 and 1955 factory managers introduced personality tests as a new tool to discriminate amongst large pools of potential employees. The new worker protections granted by New Deal legislation alarmed factory managers who developed personality tests to identify the 'best workers,' or least politically active ones, amongst a rising group of union sympathizers. Personality tests became important tools in the emergence of Human Resource Management, whose foundational thinkers compared themselves against the dominant model of factory management: Taylorism. They argued that Taylorism focused exclusive attention on the refinement of the physical movements of workers in order to maximize productivity and ignored the workers' emotional needs. Traditional scholarship has drawn sharp distinctions between Human Resource Management and Taylorism by praising the former's interest in protecting worker emotions and morale. However, this article argues that by incorporating personality tests, Taylorist managers assessed worker psychology in order to control their workers more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current understandings of disability experience are centered around individuals who hold the disability identity and membership in the marginalized group. This perspective does not include the experiences of disability allies, such as parents, who act alongside their children to support their access and engagement in the education setting. This partial perspective is of concern because it does not reflect the depth and complexity of disability experience for those in allyship roles. This paper builds on current understandings of disability experience by introducing an emerging conceptual lens that defines and describes the nature of disability experience for those acting in allyship roles. Attention is focused on children with dyslexia and their parents to illustrate this conceptual lens. Extending on ecological models of interactions and understandings of subjective experience, the authors highlight how the proximity of the parental experience to the child's dyslexic identity shapes parental allyship and present a lens of disability experience that includes primary, vicarious, and primary adjacent experience. The proposed conceptual lens offers researchers and educators an opportunity to view disability experience and allyship from an alternative perspective, and in doing so, consider a broader understanding of disability experience and allyship that would potentially provide insights into parent–school partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the Psychology of Working Theory, the present study investigates whether and how mobility constraints and educational experiences predict access to future decent work among two samples of Chinese undergraduates. The results reveal that educational experiences are directly related to future decent work access, while also indirectly linked to future decent work access via career adaptability and work volition, respectively. In addition, both objective and subjective mobility constraints are not associated with future decent work access, yet they are indirectly linked to future decent work access through career adaptability and work volition, respectively. Moreover, subjective mobility constraints but not objective mobility constraints are indirectly linked to future decent work access through educational experiences. The results provide empirical evidence for the recent expansion of decent education and of the school-to-work transition expansion of the Psychology of Working Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inferences are familiar movements of thought, but despite important recent work on the topic, we do not yet have a fully satisfying theory of inference. Here I provide a functionalist theory of inference. I argue that the functionalist framework allows us the flexibility to meet various demands on a theory of inference that have been proposed (such as that it must explain inferential Moorean phenomena and epistemological 'taking'). While also allowing us to compare, contrast, adapt, and combine features of extant theories of inference into one unified theory. In fleshing out the inference role, I also criticize the common assumption that inference requires rule-following. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the research are to evaluate the factorial validity, internal consistency, measurement invariance, discrimination, and difficulty of the Covid-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS) applied to a sample of Ecuadorian adults (N = 451). The study is based on an instrumental design with Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) technics. The results confirmed the validity of the CAS single-factor structure, with measurement invariance across gender and high internal consistency. Additionally, all CAS items displayed adequate discrimination indexes and proper ordering of the difficulty thresholds. In a conclusion, the CAS is a valid measurement scale for Ecuadorian adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Care-related beliefs are considered risk factors for decreased mental health in family caregivers of people with dementia. However, their exact role in the caregiver stress process remains unclear. Hence, we tested a cognitive vulnerability-stress model of depression and anxiety in family caregivers of people with dementia. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using baseline data from a caregiver intervention trial (N = 322). Within Bayesian moderated mediation analysis, we examined mediation of effects of objective demands (severity of dementia, challenging behavior, caregiving intensity, caregiving duration) on depression and anxiety via subjective caregiver burden and moderation by care-related beliefs in four domains (dysfunctional caregiving standards, dysfunctional attitudes towards dementia, functional self-care-related beliefs, functional acceptance-related beliefs). Results: The relation between objective demands and subjective burden was amplified by dysfunctional caregiving standards and dysfunctional attitudes towards dementia and mitigated by functional self-care-related beliefs. Further, functional acceptance-related beliefs attenuated the effect of subjective caregiver burden on depression. Conclusion: The study provides preliminary evidence for a cognitive vulnerability-stress model of depression and anxiety in family caregivers of people with dementia. The results indicate that the four-domain model of care-related beliefs is a valuable framework for future research and may serve as a heuristic model for cognitive-behavioral therapy in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this brief paper, I examine a specific section of Martin Heidegger's Letter on Humanism, where the German philosopher attempts to define the foundational relationship between ontology and ethics. More precisely, I aim to offer an interpretation of this passage that emphasizes the role of disciplines somewhat removed from the core of ontological theory - ranging from sociology of knowledge and depth psychology to the philosophy of science. My study does not shy away from presenting "heretical" ideas, which have yet to be considered by others, and I am willing to take responsibility for the potential criticism this may incur. The argument includes the theory of the unconscious as proposed by Freud, as well as aspects of deconstructionism, which later achieved prominence in the postmodern era. In the final section of the paper, I devote special attention to a startling conclusion: an anecdote about Heraclitus, as discussed by Heidegger, leads me to infer that "das Man", granted total anonymity by Being and Time, can, in certain historical contexts, become identifiable with specific individuals or powers. While I explore these interdisciplinary connections, I remain anchored in the primary issue: how does Heidegger, in his later works, envision the grounding of ethics through ontology?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]