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Background and Objective: Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common inflammatory disorder in sinonasal mucosa that could be developed with or without nasal polyps. Cellular proliferation is suggested as a possible mechanism of nasal polyp development. However, conducted studies in this context are limited. So, the present study's aim is the comparison of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in nasal polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis., Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 70 nasal polyp and 60 chronic rhinosinusitis samples from patients referred to Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Tehran from 2017 to 2022 were immunohistochemically stained by PCNA marker. The percentage of PCNA nuclear expression was determined in two groups and its association with the type of pathological lesion and the patient's age and sex was analyzed by SPSS statistic software version 24 statistical software (IBM Statistics, USA)., Results: The mean percentage expression of PCNA in nasal polyp and chronic rhinosinusitis samples was 16.55 ± 13.66 and 17.58 ± 12.68 respectively (ranging from 0 to 57 in both groups) however, there was no significant statistical difference between the two groups (p = 0.479). No relationship was found between PCNA expression with age and sex in none of the chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyp groups., Conclusion: Proliferative activity of the nasal epithelial cell is similar in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps and it is considered that the increase of epithelial cell proliferative activity probably has no role in nasal polyp development in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)