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Introduction: Isotretinoin (13-cis-Retinoic Acid) is a part of the retinoid group, and is used in dermatology for the treatment of acne, due to its demonstrated inhibitory effect on sebaceous gland activity and proliferation. Isotretinoin is a highly lipophilic drug, for this reason taking it with food, doubles the bioavailability of the substance, during systemic treatment. Isotretinoin as a drug has been used effectively for more than 40 years in the treatment of acne, although its exact mechanism of action is not known. Objective: The objective of this study is to gather and analyze literature regarding the adverse effects of isotretinoin therapy on mental health and the digestive, cardiovascular, immune, urinary, and reproductive systems. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database with the following search terms : retinoids, isotretinoin, acne, 13-cis-retinoic acid. Current Knowledge: Isotretinoin therapy has a vast spectrum of side effects affecting various systems of the human body. During the use of isotretinoin, special caution should be taken in patients with depression, lipid disorders, and abnormal liver function. In addition, in patients of childbearing age, make sure to use contraception one month before, during and one month after the end of isotretinoin therapy due to its teratogenicity. Conclusion: Isotretinoin is still the most effective drug in the systemic treatment of severe forms of acne, nevertheless its potential side effects should be kept in mind. Regular monitoring of patients should be a mainstay during isotretinoin therapy, especially with regard to lipid profile and liver parameters.

Background: Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is among the most common gynaecological problems in women of reproductive age. The disease involves the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, which manifests as pelvic pain and infertility. The main theory for its development suggests that endometrial cells move into the abdominal cavity during menstruation and implant there. This process leads to an increase in inflammatory cells and increased concentrations of cytokines, chemokines and prostaglandins, resulting in chronic inflammation. Objective: The aim of this work is to analyse in detail the available studies on the anti-inflammatory effects of selected dietary components such as polyphenols, vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids. The work aims to evaluate their potential as future therapeutic options for the treatment of endometriosis, with a critical approach to their efficacy and possible application in the treatment of this disease. Materials and methods: A review of the literature available in the PubMed database was conducted using the following phrases in English: endometriosis, pain, diet, polyphenols, resveratrol, curcumin, vitamin D3, OMEGA-3 acids, polyunsaturated acids State of knowledge: Changing dietary patterns in patients with endometriosis may result in a reduction in levels of inflammatory markers, which are typically elevated in this disease. Polyphenols, such as resveratrol and curcumin, show anti-inflammatory effects and inhibit endometrial cell proliferation. Vitamin D3 shows anti-inflammatory effects and influences angiogenesis. Omega-3 fatty acids may reduce inflammation and endometrial proliferation. Conclusions: The literature review indicates that polyphenols, vitamin D3 and omega-3 fatty acids offer promising therapeutic properties for the treatment of endometriosis, with anti-inflammatory and proliferative, pain-relieving effects. Despite these promising results, further clinical trials are needed.

Abstract: Obesity is a chronic and insidious disease that represents a significant global. The World Health Organization has announced that almost 60% of European adults are overweight or obese. Complex hormonal and metabolic adaptations in obesity can prevent weight loss, despite changes in dietary and activity habits. Over the years, the number of anti-obesity drugs has been small and their efficacy has been inadequate, but powerful new drugs from the GLP-1 receptor agonists group have emerged. Studies indicate that drugs in the GLP-1 RA group can be effective in reducing weight in obese people both with and without diabetes. Several preparations are available on the market with varying efficacy and risk of side effects and new drugs are still being registered. Materials and Methods: Analysis of information on the treatment of obesity with GLP-1 receptor agonists using PubMed sources, including the epidemiology of obesity, types of GLP-1 RA drugs, their efficacy and safety. Aim: The aim of this publication was to gather the latest information on the treatment of obesity with GLP-1 receptor agonists. We wanted to present the epidemiology of obesity, the types of drugs, their efficacy and safety. Conclusions: Obesity is a significant problem in today's world and affects more than half of European adults. Drugs that are GLP-1 receptor agonists can effectively bridge the gap between behavioural strategies and bariatric surgery. Studies indicate that treatment with GLP-1 RAs can lead to significant weight loss in overweight and obese individuals compared to placebo, and tirzepatide appears to have the greatest efficacy. Keywords: obesity, weight loss, GLP-1 receptor agonist, dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist, semaglutide, tirzepatide.

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition that involves long-term treatment and chronic idiopathic inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. The predominant forms of IBD are: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. These diseases cause significant physical as well as psychological dysfunction - patients with this condition are thought to have an increased risk of depression as well as anxiety. Standard treatment for IBD most commonly includes aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulatory drugs, and biologic therapy. In some cases, particularly when it comes to Crohn's disease, it is necessary to remove a portion of the inflamed bowel. Multiple segmental bowel resections can result in the rare but serious complication of short bowel syndrome, which leads to intestinal failure and necessitates parenteral nutrition. Glucagon-like peptide-2 exhibits intestinotropic properties and also acts as a growth factor in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby increasing intestinal perfusion, causing increased absorption of nutrients, and enhancing proliferative mechanisms while inhibiting apoptotic processes. Methods: We carefully reviewed the medical literature on inflammatory bowel disease, short bowel syndrome and the potential treatment of this condition with GLP-2 and its analogs. The materials for the analysis we presented came from the PubMed database. Conclusions: Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) analogs may prove to be new treatments for short bowel syndrome (SBS). They exhibit growth-stimulating effects on the intestinal membrane and promote normal function.

Introduction: Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin found primarily in animal-derived products such as red meat, dairy, and eggs. An essential substance for its absorption is the intrinsic factor, produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. After absorption in the distal ileum, cobalamin acts as a coenzyme in DNA synthesis and the metabolism of fatty acids and homocysteine. In addition to its well-known influence on the nervous system, it has been associated with gastrointestinal diseases according to numerous authors. Objective: The objective of this study is to gather and analyze literature regarding the associations between vitamin B12 deficiency and gastrointestinal diseases, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), and hepatitis C (HCV). Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database with the following search terms: vitamin B12, cobalamin, deficiency, gastrointestinal diseases, GERD, IBD, SIBO, HCV. Current Knowledge: Vitamin B12 deficiency can be caused by autoimmune factors, dietary insufficiencies, toxin exposure, and malabsorption disorders related to gastrointestinal diseases. Gastrointestinal conditions such as GERD and IBD can both lead to and be exacerbated by cobalamin deficiency. Furthermore, vitamin B12 deficiency may be worsened by prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and Helicobacter pylori infection. Conclusions: An adequate amount of vitamin B12 is crucial for gastrointestinal health. Deficiency can significantly impact the course and symptoms of many gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, monitoring and supplementation of vitamin B12 should be an integral part of managing patients with gastrointestinal conditions.

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder with complex and elusive etiology with a significant role of genetic factors. The aim of this study was to identify structural variants that could be associated with familial GTS. The study group comprised 17 multiplex families with 80 patients. Structural variants were identified from whole-genome sequencing data and followed by co-segregation and bioinformatic analyses. The localization of these variants was used to select candidate genes and create gene sets, which were subsequently processed in gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis. Seventy putative pathogenic variants shared among affected individuals within one family but not present in the control group were identified. Only four private or rare deletions were exonic in LDLRAD4, B2M, USH2A, and ZNF765 genes. Notably, the USH2A gene is involved in cochlear development and sensory perception of sound, a process that was associated previously with familial GTS. In addition, two rare variants and three not present in the control group were co-segregating with the disease in two families, and uncommon insertions in GOLM1 and DISC1 were co-segregating in three families each. Enrichment analysis showed that identified structural variants affected synaptic vesicle endocytosis, cell leading-edge organization, and signaling for neurite outgrowth. The results further support the involvement of the regulation of neurotransmission, neuronal migration, and sound-sensing in GTS.