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Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a severe, progressive condition with a significant economic burden. We performed a systematic review to assess the cost-effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in treating CKD., Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, INAHTA, NHS EED, and relevant websites. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, extracted data, and assessed study quality using CHEERS 2022 and Phillips's checklist., Results: Thirteen model-based cost-utility studies met the inclusion criteria, evaluating Empagliflozin ( n  = 3), Canagliflozin ( n  = 3), and Dapagliflozin ( n  = 8). Empagliflozin or Dapagliflozin plus standard care (SoC) was cost-effective compared to SoC alone in CKD patients, regardless of type 2 diabetes (T2D) status. In CKD patients with T2D, SGLT2 inhibitors combined with SoC were cost-saving in high-income countries under health system perspective whereas Dapagliflozin was not cost-effective compared to Canagliflozin. No study met all criteria of the CHEERS 2022 checklist, and most did not fully satisfy Phillips's checklist for economic models., Conclusion: Adding SGLT2 inhibitors to SoC is cost-saving for treating CKD with T2D and cost-effective for CKD patients with or without T2D., Registration: The review protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under registration number CRD42023469005.

Background: Medication errors significantly compromise patient safety in emergency departments. Although previous studies have investigated the prevalence of these errors in this setting, results have varied widely., Aim: The aim was to report pooled data on the prevalence and severity of medication errors in emergency departments, as well as the proportion of patients affected by these errors., Method: Systematic searches were conducted in Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library from database inception until June 2023. Studies provided numerical data on medication errors within emergency departments were eligible for inclusion. Random-effects meta-analysis was employed to pool the prevalence of medication errors, the proportion of patients experiencing these errors, and the error severity levels. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I 2 statistic and Cochran's Q test., Results: Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis gave a pooled prevalence of medication errors in emergency departments of 22.6% (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 19.2-25.9%, I 2  = 99.9%, p < 0.001). The estimated proportion of patients experiencing medication errors was 36.3% (95% CI 28.3-44.3%, I 2  = 99.8%, p < 0.001). Of these errors, 42.6% (95% CI 5.0-80.1%) were potentially harmful but not life-threatening, while no-harm errors accounted for 57.3% (95% CI 14.1-100.0%)., Conclusion: The prevalence of medication errors, particularly those potentially harmful, underscores potential safety issues in emergency departments. It is imperative to develop and implement effective interventions aimed at reducing medication errors and enhancing patient safety in this setting., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

In this study, we demonstrate the influence of crystallinity and morphology on the analytical performance of various Cu 2 MoS 4 (CMS) nanocatalysts-based electrochemical sensors for the high-efficiency detection of Ofloxacin (OFX) antibiotic. The electrochemical kinetics parameters including peak current response (Δ Ip ), peak-to-peak separation (Δ Ep ), electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), electron-transfer resistance (R ct ), were obtained through the electrochemical analyses, which indicate the single-crystalline nature of CMS nanomaterials (NMs) is beneficial for enhanced electron-transfer kinetics. The morphological features and the electrochemical results for OFX detection substantiate that by tuning the tube-like to plate-like structures of the CMS NMs, it might noticeably enhance multiple adsorption sites and more intrinsic active catalytic sites due to the diffusion of analytes into the interstitial spaces between CMS nanoplates. As results, highly single-crystalline and plate-shaped morphology structures of CMS NMs would significantly enhance the electrocatalytic OFX oxidation in terms of onset potential (E onset ), Tafel slope, catalytic rate constant (k cat ), and adsorption capacity (Γ). The CMS NMs-based electrochemical sensing platform showed excellent analytical performance toward the OFX detection with two ultra-wide linear detection concentration ranges from 0.25-100 and 100-1000 μM, a low detection limit of 0.058 μM, and an excellent electrochemical sensitivity (0.743 μA μM -1  cm -2 )., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background: Pediatric melanoma presents with distinct clinical features compared to adult disease., Objective: Characterize risk factors and negative outcomes in pediatric melanoma., Methods: Multicenter retrospective study of patients under 20 years diagnosed with melanoma between January 1, 1995 and June 30, 2015 from 11 academic medical centers., Results: Melanoma was diagnosed in 317 patients, 73% of whom were diagnosed in adolescence (age ≥11). Spitzoid (31%) and superficial spreading (26%) subtypes were most common and 11% of cases arose from congenital nevi. Sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed in 68% of cases and positive in 46%. Fatality was observed in 7% of cases. Adolescent patients with melanoma were more likely to have family history of melanoma (P = .046) compared to controls., Limitations: Retrospective nature, cohort size, control selection, and potential referral bias., Conclusion: Pediatric melanoma has diverse clinical presentations. Better understanding of these cases and outcomes may facilitate improved risk stratification of pediatric melanoma., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest SH reports honorarium from Elsevier and past consulting for Novan Pharmaceuticals., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The adsorption and degradation capacities of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) on a photocatalyst composed of TiO 2 supported on the mesoporous material MCM-41 (TiO 2 /MCM-41) were investigated using density functional theory and real-time density functional theory methods. The van der Waals interactions within the PBE functional were adjusted by using the Grimme approach. The adsorption of DDT was evaluated through analyses involving adsorption energy, Hirshfeld atomic charges, Wiberg bond orders, molecular electrostatic potential, noncovalent interaction analysis, and bond path analysis. The findings reveal that DDT undergoes physical adsorption on pristine MCM-41 or MCM-41 modified with Al or Fe due to the very small bond order (only about 0.15-0.18) as well as the change in total charge of DDT after adsorption is close to 0. However, it chemically adsorbs onto the TiO 2 /MCM-41 composite through the formation of Ti···Cl coordination bonds because the maximum bond order is very large, about 1.0 (it can be considered as a single bond). The adsorption process is significantly influenced by van der Waals interactions (accounting for approximately 30-40% of the interaction energy), hydrogen bonding, and halogen bonding. MCM-41 is demonstrated to concurrently function as a support for the TiO 2 photocatalyst, creating a synergistic effect that enhances the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 . Based on the computational results, a novel photocatalytic mechanism for the degradation of DDT on the TiO 2 /MCM-41 catalyst system was proposed., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Background: The booster vaccine is essential for maintaining the antibody against the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. This study sought to evaluate the antibody response after booster coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines and compare the immunogenic by different vaccine combination strategies., Methods: A cross-sectional study in Hanoi, Vietnam was conducted on 679 adult participants who received two doses of vaccines with any combination of AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Moderna during the COVID-19 vaccination campaign in 2021. The SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody concentrations were measured by the LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG and presented as arbitrary units., Results: We found that the median (interquartile range (IQR)) of IgG level among those who completed two doses of Moderna and Pfizer was 484.55 (284.80) AU/mL and 349.00 (362.50) AU/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the counterpart of AstraZeneca was 110.00 (128.10) AU/mL. Mixing two doses of AstraZeneca-Pfizer has higher odds of having high IgG level than two doses of Pfizer (Odds Ratios (OR) = 2.94, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 1.57-5.51), AstraZeneca (OR = 28.50, 95% CI: 15.00-54.14)., Conclusions: We found that the matching two doses of mRNA vaccines are more immunogenic as compared to the DNA vector vaccines. Furthermore, mixing AstraZeneca-Pfizer has higher antibody quantities as compared to matching vaccines, while lower the rate of advert events.

Introduction: Brain cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children and the majority of childhood brain tumors are diagnosed without determination of their underlying etiology. Little is known about risk factors for childhood brain tumors in Vietnam. The objective of this case-control study was to identify maternal and perinatal factors associated with brain tumors occurring in young Vietnamese children and adolescents., Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study at Viet Duc University Hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam. Cases consisted of children with brain tumors aged 0-14 years old admitted to the hospital from January 2020 to July 2022 while the controls were age and sex-matched hospitalized children diagnosed with head trauma. Perinatal characteristics were abstracted from hospital medical records and maternal medical, behavioral, and sociodemographic factors were collected through in-person interviews. Conditional logistic regression models were used to examine maternal and perinatal factors associated with childhood brain tumors., Results: The study sample included 220 children (110 cases and 110 controls) whose average age was 8.9 years and 41.8% were girls. Children born to mothers aged greater than 30 years at the time of the child's birth had a higher risk of childhood brain tumors compared to those born to mothers aged from 18 to 30 years old (OR = 2.55; 95% CI: 1.13-5.75). Additionally low maternal body mass index prior to the current pregnancy of <18.5 kg/m 2 significantly increased the odds of having a child with a brain tumor in relation to normal maternal body mass index from 18.5-22.9 kg/m 2 (OR = 3.19; 95% CI: 1.36 - 7.50)., Conclusion: Advanced maternal age and being markedly underweight were associated with an increased odds of having a child with a brain tumor. A population-based study with larger sample size is needed to confirm and extend the present findings., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.